In 1962, US Secretary of Defence, Robert McNamara, authorised Project 112 . The project expanded bioweapons testing and pumped new funds into research. Project 112 was a highly classified military testing program which was aimed at both offensive and defensive human, animal, and plant reaction to biological and chemical warfare in various combinations of climate and terrain.
In March 1964, President Lyndon Johnson sent Averell Harriman to the capital, Leopoldville-Kinshasa, to assess the situation in Congo. In which, a leftist umbrella group called the National Liberation Council had taken control of much of the country with backing from China and the Soviet Union. A hand-written memo is added to Project 112 stating that :
"The support of insurgent groups in Congo by Communist States is a clear evidence of the insidious encroachment of Soviet imperialism down the African continent. This encroachment in Africa, South America and in South East Asia shows that special weapons have to be tested in similar environments to fight against the red threat. Therefore our scientists do recommend tests in tropical and subtropical climates, instead of focusing on temperate climate and terrains".
.
It was the origin of Project Liberty, named after Liberia. Liberia, a former colony of the USA, never became a party to the Biological Weapons Convention and was considered far enough to minimize the risks of contamination or public scrutiny. Liberia was thus chosen as the main extraterritorial site for Project 112.
The Vietnam War soon brought public awareness to the U.S. biological weapons program. The use of chemicals, riot-control agents, and herbicides like Agent Orange drew international criticism, and negatively affected the U.S. public opinion on the development of biological weapons. The Nixon administration felt an urgent need to respond to the growing negative perception of biological weapons. Subsequently, President Nixon announced that the U.S. was unilaterally renouncing its biological warfare program, officially signing the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1972.
Both the U.S. bio-weapons ban and the Biological Weapons Convention restricted any work in the area of biological warfare to defensive in nature. In reality, this gives BWC member-states wide latitude to conduct biological weapons research because the BWC contains no provisions for monitoring or enforcement. The treaty, essentially, is a gentlemen's agreement amongst members backed by the long-prevailing thought that biological warfare should not be used in battle.
Small stocks of U.S. biological weapons, or contingency stocks, were quietly moved to Liberia over the next few years. They included :
Smallpox, EEE and WEE, AHF, Hantavirus, BHF, Lassa fever, glanders, melioidosis, plague, yellow fever, psittacosis, typhus, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever (RVF), CHIKV, late blight of potato, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, bird flu, the toxin ricin and six mass-produced, battle-ready biological weapons in the form of agents that cause anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, Q-fever, VEE, and botulism.
Besides the numerous pathogens that afflict human beings, the U.S. had developed an arsenal of anti-agriculture biological agents. These included rye stem rust spores (stored at Edgewood Arsenal, 1951–1957), wheat stem rust spores (stored at the same facility 1962–1969), and the causative agent of rice blast (stored at Fort Detrick 1965–1966).
A U.S. facility at Fort Terry focused primarily on anti-animal biological agents. The first agent that was a candidate for development was foot and mouth disease (FMD). Besides FMD, five other top-secret biological weapons projects were commissioned on Plum Island. The other four programs researched included RVF, rinderpest, African swine fever, plus eleven miscellaneous exotic animal diseases. The eleven miscellaneous pathogens were: Blue tongue virus, bovine influenza, bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), fowl plague, goat pneumonitis, mycobacteria, "N" virus, Newcastle disease, sheep pox, Teschers disease, and vesicular stomatitis.
Those stocks kept in Liberia weren’t the only ones owned by USA, as official stocks were still used in civilian and military laboratories for scientific research and to work on vaccines. On the request of former CIA director Richard Helms, who feared a sole military control on such numerous apocalyptic weapons, Liberian stocks were put under joint-control of the military and the CIA in 1973. The containment and research unit in Liberia was ironically nicknamed Pandora box.
The existence of those stocks wasn’t a problem until 1980. After his coup, Samuel Doe suspended the constitution and headed the country's military junta for the next five years. In 1985 he ordered an election and officially became the 21st President of Liberia. The election was marked by controversy as there was evidence of election fraud. Despite this fraud, Doe had immediate support from the United States, when he threatened to reveal the existence of Pandora box.
During a decade from 1973 to 1985, millions of Liberians and other Africans had been used for biological experiments by US and Allied scientists. The arrival of Samuel Doe in power forced them to open new sites in Africa for large-scale experiments resulting in the spread of rare diseases in other regions of the continent.
Unfortunately for the world and Africa, Pandora box was left opened at the end of Samuel Doe’s reign. On 24 December 1989, rebels entered Liberia through Ivory Coast with the intent of capturing Doe on the behalf of USA. The US Defense Intelligence Agency confirmed that Taylor first started working with US intelligence in the 1980s but refused to give details of his role or US actions, citing national security.
On 1st January 1990, Pandora Box was looted. When US special units reached the complex, they could only find corpses and hundreds of broken vials and used syringes on the floor. A later investigation showed that many sets of vials were missing. This incident was buried by intelligence communities and widely considered as a conspiracy theory.
The perpetrators of this destruction are still unknown in 2019, but Africa is doomed.
Dozens of years later, newspapers would reveal that many of those broken vials and syringes were actually used by fighters who thought they could render them invulnerable. Infecting themselves, they contaminated their neighbors, friends and refugees who unknowingly propagated weaponized and often incurable diseases outside of the country.
Sets of missing vials were later sold on blackmarkets and were used by hostile groups and organizations including the Lord’s Resistance Army in Central Africa, fringe fractions of Umkhonto we Sizwe in South Africa (Johannesburg incident) or the recent PanAfrican Caliphate born in Nigeria.
... to be continued ...