Vignette: France - Le Congrés Rouge
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Time Period: 1900 - July, 1920
From the economic and cultural heights of
La Belle Époque, to the darkness of The Great War, France and her republic had weathered many challenges; though none greater than what she faced in the Summer of 1920. Moscow, Berlin, Milan and Budapest had, albeit in different ways, fallen to Marxist Revolution; all eyes were now on Paris. “Workers – arise! The time of our liberation is at hand!” shouted a Picardie factory worker at a small, night rally.
Yet, even as the political situation that France had found herself in seemed destined, given the parliament’s flirtations with leftist
politik, this particular turn of events was far from pre-ordained.
With the utter collapse of the Paris Commune in 1871, socialist doctrine, at least as it had related to Marxist political action, had been ousted from the public discourse. Though the French Communards were not
communists, many of the revolutionary programmes enacted during their brief usurpation of power mirrored those ordered by Marx’s manifesto; Yet, with its fall, and the execution of many of its leaders and participants, revolutionary socialism of the type championed by the most radical elements of the Commune had, for the time being, been utterly discredited.
However, with French
revanchism sending the Third Republic hurdling into the catastrophe of the Great War, coupled with the slow accumulation of political influence by many of those who had either privately or publically sympathized with the cause of Communards, the economic and political stresses placed upon the people once again prompted many to consider if a different, more revolutionary path may once again be preferable than that of offered by the wartime polity.
Though the
Union Sacree, which served as the national coalition government during the wartime had been chaired primarily by a solid political majority of French Socialists, its anti-strike programme in the early years of the war caused fissures to arise within the overarching French left. While the majority of the political parties had been swept up in the nationalistic fervor of 1914, some had voiced trepidations over the sacrifices such a total conflict would have on the working class. Chief among those were several key members of the French Section of the Worker’s International (SIFO). However, with patriotism drowning out such critique, the French Left, by in large, marched in solidarity with all other political groups onward into the soon to be blood soaked trenches.
With Verdun in
1916, and then the disaster of Nivelle’s offensive in 1917 which had too been buttressed by the February Revolution in Russia months prior, this solidarity soon broke as army mutinies and general strife on the French home front coerced the left to once again take sides.
“We knew of from the beginning, the savagery that this chauvinistic conflict would wrought upon the working class!” shouted Ludovic-Oscar Frossard, leading member of the small pacifist clique within SIFO, at an intra-party rally. “It is clear that supporting this war was a mistake and thus we must do all we can to champion the Republic’s immediate extrication from this conflict.” The room of leaders applauded.
By the middle of 1917, SIFO had begun to shift back-over over toward anti-war agitation, and with Frossard’s election to Secretary-General of SIFO in 1918, this anti-war sentiment became demonstrably the chief focus of party activity.
However, with the war’s end in November of that same year, coupled with the political ripples that Bolshevism on the march in Russia, and Rosa Luxemburg’s successes in the mileu of the German Revolution had created for leftist parties across the world, another debate began to arise from within the party’s leadership.
Would revolution provide not only the most expedient path toward liberation for the French working class, but also the clearist? And if so, should Froussard lead SIFO down a path of party vanguardism or mass action?
Though a party Congress was scheduled to debate this and other topics for the winter of 1920, Clemenceau’s disaster at the Odessa Front, which prompted the mass munity of the French army of occupation forced a change in the date.
Thus, with the mutinous French forces expelled from the Ruhr by the German Red Army and now marching on Paris, Clemenceau’s national unity government in disarray and teetering on political collapse, Froussard and the leadership of the French Section of the Worker’s International met in Tours in July of 1920. With Bolshevism and Luxemburgism expanding in the east, the destiny of the French radical left laid in the hands of these men and women.
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