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In the Ancient Days, if the defenders force the attackers of the field and suffer less absolute casualties, they are considered the winner.

There had been plenty of times Romans lost Legion Standards in lost battles (usually they retreat to fight another day, but with so many campaigns, some of the lost battles were disasters). Commanders were usually disgraced if there was any action during the battle they could have taken to avoid this event, even if such actions are only known in hindsight.

These were humiliations to the commanders and Rome herself that demanded retribution. Outcomes tended to be total humiliation of the offender (Carthage, although there are other reasons the Romans demanded harsh terms) to simply defeating the enemy in a rematch and demanding the standards be returned in a negotiated peace.

Well, what would happen if a commander won a battle, but lost a standard? This isn't very likely because if you force the enemy off the field, you can pick them off of a dead standard-bearer. This is possible however. One example is if the enemy manages to beat back a legion and starts looting before the Roman cavalry punish the enemy for breaking ranks. If this sounds stupid, remember OTL Battle of Kadesh (before Roman times, but I'm sure there are more recent examples of poor discipline), the Hittites started to loot after killing many of Rames's men and getting in the Egyptian camp. The Romans would win, but some of the survivors might have carried away something light and portable like... a shiny standard.

Anyways, so what happens if the Romans lost a standard (disaster) but won the battle (which is usually cause for celebration if you wanted the battle to happen and a relief if you didn't plan on said battle happening at ALL)
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