I’ve always thought Richard III of England marrying his niece Elizabeth of York was icky, but it’s also something I think has potential and since Richard is getting a bit of attention at the moment he’s my take on it all.
Now you could quite easily have Richard III marry his niece, but to have it stick is harder, and no matter the context it is always going to be controversial. But if, say Joanna of Portugal fails to live up to her bargain (possible) or dies on the journey there. That, plus added pressure, and maybe rumours that his de la Pole cousins can't be trusted, might force Richard into a marriage with Elizabeth. Say he wins against Henry Tudor in 1485, Joanna dies en route in 1486, and in 1487, with no clear option for a bride, he marries his niece, maybe having applied for a dispension to marry her as a last resort sort of thing after Joanna is made unavailable. They have the first of a few children in 1488, but it's probably no more than 3-4, as Richard didn't sire that many children OTL, and it's a fairly close marriage genetically. So, say, 2 sons and a daughter, with a stillborn child of either sex to end it off. Here's an example of how this family tree much start looking like:
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466) (a)
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Now I'm not saying they might not potentially have more, but let's say that, for this example, they only have this. Marrying Elizabeth doesn't really dilute the "royal blood" of the children so to speak, but the uncle/niece marriage is going endear Richard to his fellow Kings, and while they're not going to be immediately ignored for the marriage pool, it'll be harder to find them partners easily, particularly as European monarchs had better options to choose from.
In another world, the easiest choice for Richard would be France, to prevent a repeat of the Anglo/French Wars. He's not so strong a King as to be able to leave his country to wage war for a little bit, so it makes sense to push for his strongest opponent. However, France really doesn't have many options from the main royal line. Maybe Suzanne de Bourbon would work, but until she has a brother, Anne of France, Duchess of Bourbon isn't going to let her daughter marry anyone but her rival for the Duchy of Bourbon. Margaret of Angouleme would make a great match for Richard, Duke of York but that relies on her being available at the right time, and OTL that was not the case. We'll put a pin in her and come back further into the timeline I'm going over here, but let's say France, as of the late 1490's, has no French Princesses or Princes available for the English Royals.
So who do they go for? Edward, Prince of Wales would make a good husband for Catherine of Aragon, who is a favourite to marry Richard III's alternate timeline eldest son, and for a reason. She's beautiful, intelligent and probably the most eligible match that would even be considered for the young Edward, so she's probably going to immediately be put on if Richard can get it. She does not, however, have a younger sister or niece that is easily available for the brother, and no brother or nephew available for the Princess Cecily, so that's unlikely.
So who's likely for Princess Cecily? Well, if her aunt and namesake doesn't marry him, I'd say James IV, King of Scots. Old for her, he's not the perfect husband, but if there's no other option, he's an ally England wants to ensure peace and an easy turnover of power between Richard III and his son. However, let's say he's married elsewhere in this timeline, and his son is a bit young for Cecily. My idea is that James marries an escaped Margaret of Clarence and tries to use her claim, with theoretical support from France, to take the English Throne, which actually makes an Anglo/Scottish union less likely that OTL for a bit so that's nice, and also may lead to another match for Cecily. That is, one of James IV's brothers, probably James of Ross, the favourite brother. Yes, if we have James of Ross leave to England and have Richard invade Scotland and place Ross as his puppet King and son-in-law, you'd have an interesting situation, particularly if James IV has a son with Margaret of Clarence, but let’s say there’s no son by the time Richard invades of Ross’ behalf. The former King and Queen are going to be separated, partially as punishment for Margaret defecting, and if, say, they have already had a daughter and no son as of yet, there's going to be increased pressure for Cecily to have a son and that son is going to marry his cousin to prevent issues in future for Scotland.
Richard, Duke of York is still unattached at this point, but by, say, 1505, we have England having successfully involved themselves in Scotland, having removed one King (either in exile or in captivity, let's say exile for the fun of it), and bringing a new one, with the heir (the Earl of Mar) in safe keeping if he doesn’t behave. If Cecily has a son around this time, it’s a little young for Margaret of Clarence’s potential daughter, but not so much that it won’t at least be informally thought of, at least until later. That means the Duke of York needs a wife, and Margaret of Angouleme isn’t it. Here, we have James IV off in exile, most likely in France, and thus that makes France unavailable for marriages. Navarre would work, but it’s so out of the way it’s better to leave it, and instead, let’s say he has no firm betrothal, but there’s discussions being had, as there always is.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466) (a)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a)
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Now that means that, as of 1505, we have Richard III, King of England in a pretty good place. He’s done what no English King has, by taking and holding Scotland, and his eldest two children are starting families. If no one has forgotten, if his rule is going strong and no one has any reason to complain, it’s likely he and Elizabeth of York are fairly popular, particularly in the North, who will be thinking of him very well indeed. Yes, the drama with the death of Anne Neville won’t be forgotten, but he’s the hero who squashed the Scots, and that will give him an aura of awe.
By 1505, if Catherine of Aragon and her new husband aren’t expecting, they probably will be soon, and without her OTL trauma, it’s likely her anorexia never develops or develops in a less severe way, and thus we can expect the first of a few healthy children by 1510, say a daughter in 1507 (I’m guessing she doesn’t get sent to England until 1505/1506, after Scotland is settled), followed by a son in 1508 and another in 1510. I’m not saying she’ll have 10 sons and live to her late 60’s, but with a healthier lifestyle and a kinder father-in-law, she’s going to be able to have more and healthier children.
Now to discuss what Elizabeth of York is doing, we’ll have to quickly establish what made her act the way she did OTL: Margaret Beaufort. Without a rival mother-in-law, Elizabeth of York is likely to be a more visible part of the monarchy, although her scandalous marriage in itself is likely to force the already naturally shy woman to stay away from doing anything that might smack of a “loose woman” or anything of the like. She’ll probably maintain the same style of reputation she did OTL, for a kind disposition and a beautiful personage, although perhaps with more mention than she did as Henry VII’s wife. Possibly ending her string of pregnancies in the 1490’s rather than 1500’s will allow her to be more active, and while we have no evidence she’s likely to be involved in the actual invasion of Scotland, she will likely be involved in her cousin’s captivity, maybe even having her as a “guest”.
This leaves, by 1510, how the issue of two Scottish Kings would be dealt with. Now, you could claim the “throne by force, but that means James IV is able to come back and force his way back, so let’s say the other, more legally interesting way happens. They declare him legally dead. Say, around 1507, they declare that he legally died shortly after he married Margaret of Clarence, making James of Ross the rightful King, but also in some ways securing James IV’s daughter’s rights, so that they can pass on to her future husband, the Duke of Rothesay. It’s a windy legal road but one I can see being made to shut James up. Hell, they might even marry Margaret of Clarence off to truly seal the deal, if Richard III is feeling ballsy enough. But let’s say the newly minted Queen Dowager of Scotland is left alone, in Elizabeth of York’s care. Up until Elizabeth of York dies, around 1512.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466: d.1512) (a)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a)
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With Elizabeth of York dead, Richard, now about 60, is going to feel the weight of the world on his shoulders. He’s got so much responsibility resting on his shoulders, from making sure Scotland stays stable to preparing his eldest son is ready for the throne and his younger son is safely, at least betrothed. And so, around this time he’s probably going to look for either a Burgundese bride or someone connected to the Hapsburgs. Let’s say that he’s fine with waiting, and in 1512 the Duke of York is finally betrothed with full intention to Dorothea of Denmark, niece to the King of Denmark and cousin to the future King of Denmark, Christina of Denmark, betrothed to Isabella of Burgundy. It isn’t a grand match with much potential for greatness, but lord knows Richard knows it’s better for a second son not to get too far ahead of themselves, and it’s easier if she’s royal but not a Princess. The dowry isn’t amazing but the Duke of York inherited most of Elizabeth of York’s private wealth, so money isn’t a problem. The Duke of York mostly just agrees. He’s been theoretically unattached since birth, and going for a little longer won’t hurt anything.
In France, a theoretically dead James IV writes to the Pope asking if his theoretical deadness means he’s free to marry and sire an heir, and if not, can the Pope please annul his marriage so he can take a new wife and that way sire and heir. However, he doesn’t receive anything promising either way, and in a fit of annoyance, remarries anyway to Catherine of Navarre, teenaged daughter of the Queen of Navarre, who agrees to the marriage believing the Pope has okayed it and James has France waiting to invade England. Instead, she finds the King of Scots is penniless, the King of France is too busy negotiating with Burgundy for the hand of Eleanor of Burgundy as his bride to even consider invading Burgundy’s ally England to give Scotland back to James, and that her precious, always pious daughter is trapped in a bigamous marriage. The Pope excommunicates the King, who leaves with a pregnant Catherine of Navarre to Paris before the news can reach the Queen of Navarre, who is trapped herself, pregnant for the thirteenth time, and the last dregs of her country be swallowed up by the King of Aragon. James will never be a popular man in Navarre or any of the d’Albert lands again.
That being said, he’s a fair bit more popular in Paris, as many lawyers and men of religion agree he should be able to take a wife, although they all agree he should have just reapplied to the Pope and not entered a bigamous marriage, particularly to Catherine of Navarre, a plain, pious young woman racked with guilt over what she believes to be an unholy union. They two are, however, allowed to remain in the city until Eleanor of Burgundy arrives in Paris, and then they are to leave to an establishment in the country, where Catherine gives birth to a son, named James for his father. It’s great for James IV and only James IV, who believes that Scotland will flock to him and his son as rightful rulers. Unfortunately, Scotland is actually quite fond of their new monarchs.
Yes, James V and Cecily of England are enormously popular. Despite only two children surviving so far, but 1515 they’re the image of prosperity and wealth. The Queen is a woman of traditional beauty and elegant style, while her husband’s natural affability pleases everyone he comes in contact with. Those who don’t like how they came to the throne are fine with the two themselves, and in 1520, the country celebrates the marriage of James and Margaret Stewart, now Duke and Duchess of Rothesay, future King and Queen. Both are tall and handsome, and that height makes many forget that the new Duchess of Rothesay is 8 years her husband’s senior, although none forget that she was his rival for the throne. They two are, however, a united front, particularly against James IV in France.
France would undergo a regency from 1515 onwards, with the death of Louis XII, King of France and the succession of the elder of his two sons from a brief marriage to Eleanor of Burgundy. His Queen Dowager would shortly be shipped back to Burgundy, upon orders of her brother and grandfather, after rumours circulated the Count of Angouleme meant to divorce his pregnant wife and marry the Dowager, which was not to be by her family’s standards. Instead, she married the King of Portugal in 1518, and was left a widow again in 1522. Her eldest son was betrothed, in 1516, to Louise of Angouleme, the daughter of the Regent and his niece. The Pope did not support the betrothal.
It’s around 1521 that the rot of time truly begins to take Richard III, King of England, and he worries for his country, even as his younger son marries the woman of his wishes, although half-heartedly and without true excitement. He sees it through until Catherine of Aragon’s latest and final pregnancy, a daughter named Mary for the first daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales, who unfortunately did not make it to adulthood. Despite this and other losses, the King knows he leaves a strong Kingdom, with a good King and an obvious line of succession. Scotland will need support, but he’s sure his son is up to the task.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466: d.1512) (a)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a), Catherine of Navarre (b.1495) (b) -bigamous-
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Louis XII, King of France (b.1462: d.1515) m. Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (b.1464: d.1505) (a), Anne I, Duchess of Brittany (b.1477: d.1512) (b), Eleanor of Brittany (b.1498) (c)
Now you could quite easily have Richard III marry his niece, but to have it stick is harder, and no matter the context it is always going to be controversial. But if, say Joanna of Portugal fails to live up to her bargain (possible) or dies on the journey there. That, plus added pressure, and maybe rumours that his de la Pole cousins can't be trusted, might force Richard into a marriage with Elizabeth. Say he wins against Henry Tudor in 1485, Joanna dies en route in 1486, and in 1487, with no clear option for a bride, he marries his niece, maybe having applied for a dispension to marry her as a last resort sort of thing after Joanna is made unavailable. They have the first of a few children in 1488, but it's probably no more than 3-4, as Richard didn't sire that many children OTL, and it's a fairly close marriage genetically. So, say, 2 sons and a daughter, with a stillborn child of either sex to end it off. Here's an example of how this family tree much start looking like:
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466) (a)
1a) Edward, Prince of Wales (b.1488)
2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491)
3a) Richard, Duke of York (b.1493)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491)
3a) Richard, Duke of York (b.1493)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
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Now I'm not saying they might not potentially have more, but let's say that, for this example, they only have this. Marrying Elizabeth doesn't really dilute the "royal blood" of the children so to speak, but the uncle/niece marriage is going endear Richard to his fellow Kings, and while they're not going to be immediately ignored for the marriage pool, it'll be harder to find them partners easily, particularly as European monarchs had better options to choose from.
In another world, the easiest choice for Richard would be France, to prevent a repeat of the Anglo/French Wars. He's not so strong a King as to be able to leave his country to wage war for a little bit, so it makes sense to push for his strongest opponent. However, France really doesn't have many options from the main royal line. Maybe Suzanne de Bourbon would work, but until she has a brother, Anne of France, Duchess of Bourbon isn't going to let her daughter marry anyone but her rival for the Duchy of Bourbon. Margaret of Angouleme would make a great match for Richard, Duke of York but that relies on her being available at the right time, and OTL that was not the case. We'll put a pin in her and come back further into the timeline I'm going over here, but let's say France, as of the late 1490's, has no French Princesses or Princes available for the English Royals.
So who do they go for? Edward, Prince of Wales would make a good husband for Catherine of Aragon, who is a favourite to marry Richard III's alternate timeline eldest son, and for a reason. She's beautiful, intelligent and probably the most eligible match that would even be considered for the young Edward, so she's probably going to immediately be put on if Richard can get it. She does not, however, have a younger sister or niece that is easily available for the brother, and no brother or nephew available for the Princess Cecily, so that's unlikely.
So who's likely for Princess Cecily? Well, if her aunt and namesake doesn't marry him, I'd say James IV, King of Scots. Old for her, he's not the perfect husband, but if there's no other option, he's an ally England wants to ensure peace and an easy turnover of power between Richard III and his son. However, let's say he's married elsewhere in this timeline, and his son is a bit young for Cecily. My idea is that James marries an escaped Margaret of Clarence and tries to use her claim, with theoretical support from France, to take the English Throne, which actually makes an Anglo/Scottish union less likely that OTL for a bit so that's nice, and also may lead to another match for Cecily. That is, one of James IV's brothers, probably James of Ross, the favourite brother. Yes, if we have James of Ross leave to England and have Richard invade Scotland and place Ross as his puppet King and son-in-law, you'd have an interesting situation, particularly if James IV has a son with Margaret of Clarence, but let’s say there’s no son by the time Richard invades of Ross’ behalf. The former King and Queen are going to be separated, partially as punishment for Margaret defecting, and if, say, they have already had a daughter and no son as of yet, there's going to be increased pressure for Cecily to have a son and that son is going to marry his cousin to prevent issues in future for Scotland.
Richard, Duke of York is still unattached at this point, but by, say, 1505, we have England having successfully involved themselves in Scotland, having removed one King (either in exile or in captivity, let's say exile for the fun of it), and bringing a new one, with the heir (the Earl of Mar) in safe keeping if he doesn’t behave. If Cecily has a son around this time, it’s a little young for Margaret of Clarence’s potential daughter, but not so much that it won’t at least be informally thought of, at least until later. That means the Duke of York needs a wife, and Margaret of Angouleme isn’t it. Here, we have James IV off in exile, most likely in France, and thus that makes France unavailable for marriages. Navarre would work, but it’s so out of the way it’s better to leave it, and instead, let’s say he has no firm betrothal, but there’s discussions being had, as there always is.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466) (a)
1a) Edward, Prince of Wales (b.1488) m. Catherine of Aragon (b.1485) (a)
2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491) m. James V, King of Scotland (b.1476) (a)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
---2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491) m. James V, King of Scotland (b.1476) (a)
1a) James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505) b. Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497)
3a) Richard, Duke of York (b.1493)4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a)
1a) Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497) b. James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505)
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Now that means that, as of 1505, we have Richard III, King of England in a pretty good place. He’s done what no English King has, by taking and holding Scotland, and his eldest two children are starting families. If no one has forgotten, if his rule is going strong and no one has any reason to complain, it’s likely he and Elizabeth of York are fairly popular, particularly in the North, who will be thinking of him very well indeed. Yes, the drama with the death of Anne Neville won’t be forgotten, but he’s the hero who squashed the Scots, and that will give him an aura of awe.
By 1505, if Catherine of Aragon and her new husband aren’t expecting, they probably will be soon, and without her OTL trauma, it’s likely her anorexia never develops or develops in a less severe way, and thus we can expect the first of a few healthy children by 1510, say a daughter in 1507 (I’m guessing she doesn’t get sent to England until 1505/1506, after Scotland is settled), followed by a son in 1508 and another in 1510. I’m not saying she’ll have 10 sons and live to her late 60’s, but with a healthier lifestyle and a kinder father-in-law, she’s going to be able to have more and healthier children.
Now to discuss what Elizabeth of York is doing, we’ll have to quickly establish what made her act the way she did OTL: Margaret Beaufort. Without a rival mother-in-law, Elizabeth of York is likely to be a more visible part of the monarchy, although her scandalous marriage in itself is likely to force the already naturally shy woman to stay away from doing anything that might smack of a “loose woman” or anything of the like. She’ll probably maintain the same style of reputation she did OTL, for a kind disposition and a beautiful personage, although perhaps with more mention than she did as Henry VII’s wife. Possibly ending her string of pregnancies in the 1490’s rather than 1500’s will allow her to be more active, and while we have no evidence she’s likely to be involved in the actual invasion of Scotland, she will likely be involved in her cousin’s captivity, maybe even having her as a “guest”.
This leaves, by 1510, how the issue of two Scottish Kings would be dealt with. Now, you could claim the “throne by force, but that means James IV is able to come back and force his way back, so let’s say the other, more legally interesting way happens. They declare him legally dead. Say, around 1507, they declare that he legally died shortly after he married Margaret of Clarence, making James of Ross the rightful King, but also in some ways securing James IV’s daughter’s rights, so that they can pass on to her future husband, the Duke of Rothesay. It’s a windy legal road but one I can see being made to shut James up. Hell, they might even marry Margaret of Clarence off to truly seal the deal, if Richard III is feeling ballsy enough. But let’s say the newly minted Queen Dowager of Scotland is left alone, in Elizabeth of York’s care. Up until Elizabeth of York dies, around 1512.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466: d.1512) (a)
1a) Edward, Prince of Wales (b.1488) m. Catherine of Aragon (b.1485) (a)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
---1a) Mary, Princess of England (b.1507)
2a) Richard, Prince of England (b.1508)
3a) George, Duke of Gloucester (b.1510)
2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491) m. James V, King of Scotland (b.1476) (a)2a) Richard, Prince of England (b.1508)
3a) George, Duke of Gloucester (b.1510)
1a) James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505) b. Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497)
3a) Richard, Duke of York (b.1493)4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a)
1a) Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497) b. James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505)
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With Elizabeth of York dead, Richard, now about 60, is going to feel the weight of the world on his shoulders. He’s got so much responsibility resting on his shoulders, from making sure Scotland stays stable to preparing his eldest son is ready for the throne and his younger son is safely, at least betrothed. And so, around this time he’s probably going to look for either a Burgundese bride or someone connected to the Hapsburgs. Let’s say that he’s fine with waiting, and in 1512 the Duke of York is finally betrothed with full intention to Dorothea of Denmark, niece to the King of Denmark and cousin to the future King of Denmark, Christina of Denmark, betrothed to Isabella of Burgundy. It isn’t a grand match with much potential for greatness, but lord knows Richard knows it’s better for a second son not to get too far ahead of themselves, and it’s easier if she’s royal but not a Princess. The dowry isn’t amazing but the Duke of York inherited most of Elizabeth of York’s private wealth, so money isn’t a problem. The Duke of York mostly just agrees. He’s been theoretically unattached since birth, and going for a little longer won’t hurt anything.
In France, a theoretically dead James IV writes to the Pope asking if his theoretical deadness means he’s free to marry and sire an heir, and if not, can the Pope please annul his marriage so he can take a new wife and that way sire and heir. However, he doesn’t receive anything promising either way, and in a fit of annoyance, remarries anyway to Catherine of Navarre, teenaged daughter of the Queen of Navarre, who agrees to the marriage believing the Pope has okayed it and James has France waiting to invade England. Instead, she finds the King of Scots is penniless, the King of France is too busy negotiating with Burgundy for the hand of Eleanor of Burgundy as his bride to even consider invading Burgundy’s ally England to give Scotland back to James, and that her precious, always pious daughter is trapped in a bigamous marriage. The Pope excommunicates the King, who leaves with a pregnant Catherine of Navarre to Paris before the news can reach the Queen of Navarre, who is trapped herself, pregnant for the thirteenth time, and the last dregs of her country be swallowed up by the King of Aragon. James will never be a popular man in Navarre or any of the d’Albert lands again.
That being said, he’s a fair bit more popular in Paris, as many lawyers and men of religion agree he should be able to take a wife, although they all agree he should have just reapplied to the Pope and not entered a bigamous marriage, particularly to Catherine of Navarre, a plain, pious young woman racked with guilt over what she believes to be an unholy union. They two are, however, allowed to remain in the city until Eleanor of Burgundy arrives in Paris, and then they are to leave to an establishment in the country, where Catherine gives birth to a son, named James for his father. It’s great for James IV and only James IV, who believes that Scotland will flock to him and his son as rightful rulers. Unfortunately, Scotland is actually quite fond of their new monarchs.
Yes, James V and Cecily of England are enormously popular. Despite only two children surviving so far, but 1515 they’re the image of prosperity and wealth. The Queen is a woman of traditional beauty and elegant style, while her husband’s natural affability pleases everyone he comes in contact with. Those who don’t like how they came to the throne are fine with the two themselves, and in 1520, the country celebrates the marriage of James and Margaret Stewart, now Duke and Duchess of Rothesay, future King and Queen. Both are tall and handsome, and that height makes many forget that the new Duchess of Rothesay is 8 years her husband’s senior, although none forget that she was his rival for the throne. They two are, however, a united front, particularly against James IV in France.
France would undergo a regency from 1515 onwards, with the death of Louis XII, King of France and the succession of the elder of his two sons from a brief marriage to Eleanor of Burgundy. His Queen Dowager would shortly be shipped back to Burgundy, upon orders of her brother and grandfather, after rumours circulated the Count of Angouleme meant to divorce his pregnant wife and marry the Dowager, which was not to be by her family’s standards. Instead, she married the King of Portugal in 1518, and was left a widow again in 1522. Her eldest son was betrothed, in 1516, to Louise of Angouleme, the daughter of the Regent and his niece. The Pope did not support the betrothal.
It’s around 1521 that the rot of time truly begins to take Richard III, King of England, and he worries for his country, even as his younger son marries the woman of his wishes, although half-heartedly and without true excitement. He sees it through until Catherine of Aragon’s latest and final pregnancy, a daughter named Mary for the first daughter of the Prince and Princess of Wales, who unfortunately did not make it to adulthood. Despite this and other losses, the King knows he leaves a strong Kingdom, with a good King and an obvious line of succession. Scotland will need support, but he’s sure his son is up to the task.
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Richard III, King of England (b.1452) m. Elizabeth of York (b.1466: d.1512) (a)
1a) Edward, Prince of Wales (b.1488) m. Catherine of Aragon (b.1485) (a)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
---1a) Mary, Princess of England (b.1507: d.1512)
2a) Richard, Prince of England (b.1508)
3a) George, Duke of Gloucester (b.1510)
4a) Stillborn Daughter (c.1511)
5a) Edward, Duke of Clarence (b.1513)
6a) Margaret, Princess of England (b.1515)
7a) Stillborn Son (c.1517)
8a) Thomas, Earl of March (b.1518: d.1520)
9a) Mary, Princess of England (b.1521)
2a) Cecily, Princess of England (b.1491) m. James V, King of Scotland (b.1476) (a)2a) Richard, Prince of England (b.1508)
3a) George, Duke of Gloucester (b.1510)
4a) Stillborn Daughter (c.1511)
5a) Edward, Duke of Clarence (b.1513)
6a) Margaret, Princess of England (b.1515)
7a) Stillborn Son (c.1517)
8a) Thomas, Earl of March (b.1518: d.1520)
9a) Mary, Princess of England (b.1521)
1a) James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505) b. Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497)
2a) Stillborn Son (c.1508)
3a) Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (b.1513)
4c) Isabel Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1517)
3a) Richard, Duke of York (b.1493) m. Dorothea of Denmark (b.1504) (a)2a) Stillborn Son (c.1508)
3a) Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (b.1513)
4c) Isabel Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1517)
4a) Stillborn Son (c.1496)
James IV, King of Scotland (b.1473) m. Margaret of Clarence (b.1473) (a), Catherine of Navarre (b.1495) (b) -bigamous-
1a) Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (b.1497) b. James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (b.1505)
2b) James Stewart, *titular* Duke of Rothesay (b.1513)
3b) John Stewart, *titular* Duke of Ross (b.1515)
2b) James Stewart, *titular* Duke of Rothesay (b.1513)
3b) John Stewart, *titular* Duke of Ross (b.1515)
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Louis XII, King of France (b.1462: d.1515) m. Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (b.1464: d.1505) (a), Anne I, Duchess of Brittany (b.1477: d.1512) (b), Eleanor of Brittany (b.1498) (c)
1b) Claude I, Duchess of Brittany (b.1499) m. Francis I, Count of Angouleme (b.1496) (a)
3b) Stillborn Son (c.1503)
4b) Stillborn Son (c.1503)
5b) Miscarriage (c.1505)
6b) Miscarriage (c.1508)
7b) Miscarriage (c.1509)
8b) Renee, Princess of France (b.1510)
9b) Stillborn Son (c.1512)
10c) Louis XIII, King of France (b.1514) b. Louise of Angouleme (b.1516)
11c) Charles, Duke of Orleans (b.1515)
1a) Louise of Angouleme (b.1516) b. Louis XIII, King of France (b.1514)
2a) Stillborn Son (c.1517)
3a) Charlotte of Angouleme (b.1518)
4a) Charles of Angouleme (b.1520)
2b) Miscarriage (c.1500)2a) Stillborn Son (c.1517)
3a) Charlotte of Angouleme (b.1518)
4a) Charles of Angouleme (b.1520)
3b) Stillborn Son (c.1503)
4b) Stillborn Son (c.1503)
5b) Miscarriage (c.1505)
6b) Miscarriage (c.1508)
7b) Miscarriage (c.1509)
8b) Renee, Princess of France (b.1510)
9b) Stillborn Son (c.1512)
10c) Louis XIII, King of France (b.1514) b. Louise of Angouleme (b.1516)
11c) Charles, Duke of Orleans (b.1515)
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