Uh. You do know that the 1848 revolutions were liberal revolutions not socialist revolutions right? The people of Europe revolted and demanded written constitutions, parliaments, etc. The 1848 revolutions can't spread to America, because they happened when the European commoners looked at the USA and thought "I want that here."
That's a gross over-simplification, even as bad as the one in the OP.
The Urban poor and industrial workers, not to mention the rural poor and peasants, were one of the backbones of the 1848 struggles, so we cannot either ignore it as much as we can't say it was a "socialist" revolution, which it clearly wasn't, as you point out.
For once, the different 1848 revolutions had different causes ranging from Nationalism, to Liberalism to the left-overs of the Industrialization and Demographic processes.
To get similar internal migration processes within the United States it's not impossible, and neither is to mimic some of the same social and economic conditions of the pre-1848 European scene. It's giving the revolution political causes that form the backbone of the problem posed by the OP.
Tricky. You'd have to greatly curtail westward expansion, limit immigration, increase the property requirements to vote up to the point where the only people who can participate are basically the new landed aristocracy, and then somehow undo everything declared in the Declaration of independence
Something like this, for example.