That wasn't cavour's plan but the idea suggested to Napoleon 3.0 just to take him as ally against austria , as soon as tuscany/emilian voted to join the north the plan collapsed( villafranca armistice), this was considered a betrayal from the italians and was born the rivarly we can see in any sport.Apparently, Cavour's plan was to create an Italian (Con)Federation with three Kingdoms, roughly corresponding to North, Centre (this was the most delicate part, due to the Pope) and South. The Two Sicilies could be bought easily be bought into this plan if reassured about the Papal States safety, from what I gather. Maybe some event could convince Pius IX to get back to his "liberal" beginnings and accept the ceremonial Presidency of the Confederation, as many wanted in his early reign. I would say that in such a scenario , the whole of the peninsula has a less imbalanced development. If anything, Garibaldi's robbery of the whole gold in the Bank of Sicily and (later) of the Bank of Naples is averted.
I can see this Federal Italy taking a more neutral stance on the International Stage after, say, redeeming the Austrian-controlled lands. This would change dramatically Alt-WW1, or maybe avert it, should F.I. take successfully the role of European Mediator. Not very likely, but with the Pope as President, it may be feasible.
Indeed! I really doubt Garibaldi's expedition was not at least coverly accepted or supported by Cavour, or tge one thousand would have faced much nore difficulties assembling in Teano and departing from there. It was just a gamble at little cost and with plausible deniability.the federalist idea was proposed from Carlo Cattaneo(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo#Revolution)
Why not just have it so that any events that lead to the majority of the Italian peninsula uniting fail?Absolutely no unification is not 100% possible.
For example if Cavour dies as a child there wouldn't be a SIWoI. Without such war I'm not sure about Garibaldi siding completely with Savoy and about Southern Italians siding with him, so I wouldn't bet on an Expedition of the Thousand analogue (And on it getting the big support of OTL both from North and South.).
If the Austro-Prussian War still happens Savoy may decide to side with Prussia and so may get Lombardy (Which would trigger rebellions in Emilia and Tuscany at least and probably result in the formation of a Kingdom of Northern Italy.).
If Savoy manages to get both Lombardy and Tuscany Two Sicilies is basically done.
The only problem is the Papacy, but I don't see it standing too strongly against an almost united Italy.
I think the most important thing of this possible delay is that Veneto would remain in Hapsburg hands. This prevents any possible alliance between Rome and Vienna and makes the Italian-Austrian front way less defensible in case of a major European conflict.
I took the information from the description of the book "Il regno del Nord. 1859: il sogno di Cavour infranto da Garibaldi" by Arrigo Petacco. TBH, I have not read it, so I can't say how reliable it is. The "plan" is depicted as follows: Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia-Piedmont+Lombardy-Venetia+Tuscany+Emilia], Rome as Federal Capital, Papal States reduced to Lazio, with the Two Sicilies swallowing up Umbria and Marche. According to the same source, it was the very Francesco II of Naples who vetoed the deal, as taking lands from the Papal States was as good as sacrilege to him. Then the was the English and gold- backed "impresa dei mille", one of the greatest farces in human history if you ask me, and the rest is more or less history.That wasn't cavour's plan but the idea suggested to Napoleon 3.0 just to take him as ally against austria , as soon as tuscany/emilian voted to join the north the plan collapsed( villafranca armistice), this was considered a betrayal from the italians and was born the rivarly we can see in any sport.
Cavour's original plan was, as i said, to take italy slowly while making it recover the tech gap.
the federalist idea was proposed from Carlo Cattaneo(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo#Revolution)
Indeed! I really doubt Garibaldi's expedition was not at least coverly accepted or supported by Cavour, or tge one thousand would have faced much nore difficulties assembling in Teano and departing from there. It was just a gamble at little cost and with plausible deniability.
Not possible because two sicilies wanted to protect the pope so it could be a natural wall from the north to prevent invasions( especially from someone that might want to unify the peninsula). Mazzini always hated Cavour for not supporting the cause of a united Italy because he always thought that the great powers won't stay and look while someone tries to unite a peninsula with a main position in the Mediterranean seaI took the information from the description of the book "Il regno del Nord. 1859: il sogno di Cavour infranto da Garibaldi" by Arrigo Petacco. TBH, I have not read it, so I can't say how reliable it is. The "plan" is depicted as follows: Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia-Piedmont+Lombardy-Venetia+Tuscany+Emilia], Rome as Federal Capital, Papal States reduced to Lazio, with the Two Sicilies swallowing up Umbria and Marche. According to the same source, it was the very Francesco II of Naples who vetoed the deal, as taking lands from the Papal States was as good as sacrilege to him. Then the was the English and gold- backed "impresa dei mille", one of the greatest farces in human history if you ask me, and the rest is more or less history.
garibaldi's expedition was going to fail if the english did not lend them money and protected them on the arrive at marsala( covered from cannons by staying in the middle). The tea drinkers tought they would take control of sicily and make it a protectorate( free grain and main control of the mediterranean)Indeed! I really doubt Garibaldi's expedition was not at least coverly accepted or supported by Cavour, or tge one thousand would have faced much nore difficulties assembling in Teano and departing from there. It was just a gamble at little cost and with plausible deniability.
That said, the Confederal Italy idea and in particular having the Pope as the cerimonial head of state was supported not by Cattaneo, rather by the Neoguelphs, cgief among them Cesare Balbo. It basically died after 1849. Maybe a situation in which Pellegrino Rossi is not murdered and manages to steer the Papal States towards moderate constitutional rule?
Cattaneo's federalism was republican, more modern and iirc Swiss-inspired. I also doubt that Cattaneo wanted unification that strongly: in some periods of his life he would have also been satisfied with autonomy under the Habsburg Crown.
...
...In the end, none of the Powers acted and Cavour managed to convince Louis Napoleon to agree to the Sardinian invasion of Marche and Umbria, under the convenient but very transparent fig leaf of avoiding the risk that Garibaldi from Naples would march on Rome.
It was a very impressive tour de force, which quite possibly played a major role in weakening Cavour's health.
The King of Two Sicilies who vetoed that plan was Ferdinand II not his son who had become King just before the start of the expedition of GaribaldiI took the information from the description of the book "Il regno del Nord. 1859: il sogno di Cavour infranto da Garibaldi" by Arrigo Petacco. TBH, I have not read it, so I can't say how reliable it is. The "plan" is depicted as follows: Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia-Piedmont+Lombardy-Venetia+Tuscany+Emilia], Rome as Federal Capital, Papal States reduced to Lazio, with the Two Sicilies swallowing up Umbria and Marche. According to the same source, it was the very Francesco II of Naples who vetoed the deal, as taking lands from the Papal States was as good as sacrilege to him. Then the was the English and gold- backed "impresa dei mille", one of the greatest farces in human history if you ask me, and the rest is more or less history.
Oh, I see. I missed that part of information, thank you very much. So is there any chance that Francis II upon his accession to the throne tries to make this deal? As I could not find the original book, there are many things in this potential federation I cannot fully understand (for instance, who agreed to this plan on Ferdinand's behalf? And why did he agree in the first place, knowing that his king was a staunch Catholic?), so any further details would be much appreciated. The more I learn about the subject, the more I feel that a Federal Italy would have fared a lot better than OTL enlarged Kingdom of Sardinia.The King of Two Sicilies who vetoed that plan was Ferdinand II not his son who had become King just before the start of the expedition of Garibaldi
Pretty unlikely who Francis II will accept to take away lands from the Pope... And an Italian Federation over all the peninsula will require to left the Papal States untouched for being accepted by the Kings of Two Sicilies...Oh, I see. I missed that part of information, thank you very much. So is there any chance that Francis II upon his accession to the throne tries to make this deal? As I could not find the original book, there are many things in this potential federation I cannot fully understand (for instance, who agreed to this plan on Ferdinand's behalf? And why did he agree in the first place, knowing that his king was a staunch Catholic?), so any further details would be much appreciated. The more I learn about the subject, the more I feel that a Federal Italy would have fared a lot better than OTL enlarged Kingdom of Sardinia.
I’m pretty sure that all the European Powers would applaud Louis Napoleon’s attempt to conquer Italy and turn back the clock to his uncle’s golden ageMaybe in this alternate timeline Napoleon III just decides to just conquer Italy and restore the old Napoleonic puppet states where Italy is divided between the Bonaparte kingdom of Rome in the North, the Papal States, and the Murat Kingdom of Naples. This confederation would be headed by the Pope. Perhaps a more successful and tactful Napoleon III would try to emulate his uncle with this. Perhaps Napoleon III fights the Austrians in this war.