Three major ideologies in mid30s China
by Richard Bauer​
Sunism - centrist ideology created by General Sun Chuanfang - veteran of Great War on Western Front who after return to China wrote book Chinese Campaign in which he called China as best country on Earth and Chinese people as most civilized in the world. He advocated jingoism as basis in foreign policy, he described Western powers as barbarians who spent their time on killing each other in trenches instead building civilization. Sun was very controversial figure in Chinese history - he was strong advocate of dictatorship and rule of one man. Acording to him foreign investors and landowners should be expelled and their wealth should be seized by government which should accept state capitalism - domination of state-owned industry with smaller private buisnesses. In agriculture he supported redistribution of land (each family should receive equal amount of land). He also supported strong social welfare such as pensions for olders, unemployment subsidizes, protection from illegal labor practices, creating public works for unemployed (such as buildng infrastructre - bridges, roads, highways, dams, etc). His party supported Confucian Revival - according to them Confucian religion should be important in Chinese politics. Despite his anti-war sentiments General volunteered to NRA and joined fight against "Japanese enslavers". His ideology was popular during Great Depression and after war.

Some of Sunist demands were included in Chinese policy during Great Depression.

Ideology was represented by United Chinese Party.

Maoism - left-winged Marxist ideology created by Mao Zedong - Chinese student in Moscow Academy during 1922-1926. After his return to China he created Red Guard in industrial city Nanning from other student with communist or radical socialist views. They seen foreign investors as people who want to use China in order to maximize their wealth. Capitalists fired many workers who were ill or wounded and AOG was hiding these issues before government in Nanjing. Many of them joined Red Guard due to hel that they could receive from idealist students and their sympathies towards communist. In late 1927 Red Guard members established company which helped unemployed people to find a job. Enterprise was supported by local socialists who shared views with Mao about capitalism. After Great Depression appeared in China, Red Guard became one of most popular organization in China and soon turned into Chinese Communist Party supported by local communists, radical socialists, Comintern and since 1934 by Chamber of Deputies from USSR. They advocated state-owned industry, collectivization of land and dictatorship.

Since 1940 they worked with Kuomintang government in Second Sino-Japanese War.

Songism - centrist ideology created by President of the Republic of China Song Jiaoren. It called Chinese nation to unite regardless of political views, party, age, gender or societial status. First duty of all politician was to make decisions that will strenghten Chinese nation and freedom of citizens even if they was unpopular. It worked perfectly during 1913 to 1934 - Kuomintang, Chinese Socialist Party, even radical United Chinese Party cooperated in governing over China. Huge blow for this ideology was assasination of Song Jiaoren in late 1934 but was revived during Second Sino-Japanese War.
 
Ask.Phorum.Net
all answers are given by Professor Ivan Kaganovich, grandson of Lazar Kaganovich.

How Mensheviks seized power in Russia?

After Kerensky's assasination by Bolsheviks SRs and Mensheviks under Julius Martov established Left Alliance and called Lenin as traitor. New government established by Victor Chernov annonced that Bolsheviks are enemies of the state and must be imprisoned. This began Russian Civil War in which Red forces (Bolsheviks) fought against Left Alliance for two years. Last remnats of broken party surrendered in Vladivostok on 19th December 1919. During war Menshevik forces became more popular than SRs and soon dominated coalition government which fell on 19th November 1918. New elections held on 1th April 1919 gave majority of votes to Julius Martov who established new government, more radical than earlier was. His first reform was establishing Central Commitee as ruling body of Russia, elected by parliament called Council of Delegates. Delegates were appointed by Soviets - local parliaments located in each province. On 1st July Martov announced rise of Soviet Union - new state which will bring socialism to Russia and its neighbours. - Professor Ivan Kaganovich.

Why SR lost influence in Russian society?
SRs signed separate peace with Germany giving them sovereignty over Poland, Western Belarus, Ukraine and Kurland on 8 March 1918 in Vilnus. This encouraged other movements such as Mensheviks to spread propaganda that Chernov is German spy who must be punished. In addition signing separate peace stranded Russia in foreign relations with British Empire and France which viewed new government as pro-German. Atrocities made by SR generals during Civil War caused loss in influence over Russia. Chernov goverment was corrupt and lazy - they didn't enacted any reform to rebuild Russian destroyed industry, agriculture or tranport systems instead their generals seized crops from farmers which caused famines.

What Mensheviks did for Russia during their first years of govern?
At first they started negotiations with German authorities in lands conquered by Imperial German Army on Eastern Front. Authorities obliged themselves to disarm any partisans in lands from which they were withdrawing in order to make Martov Offensive bloodless. Then Soviet Army installed sovereign Soviets in these lands as representation of local workers, farmers and soldiers. Soviets later applied to join into Soviet Union. Soviet Army was stopped on Bug line by Polish Army according to armistice between Pilsudski and Martov from 14 October 1918. Later they announced Five Years' Plan (1919-1924) which expanded state-owned industry, encouraged farmers and industrialists to create private enterprises, began mechanisation of agriculture. Thanks to this Russia was rebuilt from war's destructions.

When Soviet Union fell into Kaganovich hands?
When Julius Martov died on 4th April 1923 Central Commitee announced new elections for Soviets which were held two weeks later. Council of Delegates was divided into two camps - interventionists led by Leon Trotsky who proposed spreading socialism through revolution to the other countries and isolationists led by ex-Bolshevik Lazar Kaganovich. After long and controversial elections 308 delegates favored Kaganovich and 292 favored Trotsky. It's worth of mentioning that power in Soviet Union was given to faction which had 2/3 of Delegates votes. For the first time Central Commitee was divided into two factions. Kaganovich was announced as Supreme Leader of Soviets and Trotsky was announced as Chairman of the United Soviets. Struggle for power started when young Kaganovich's protege Nikita Khrushchev attacked Leon Trotsky in Council of Delegates on 14th September 1923 by accusing him of "betrayal of socialist values" by proposing bloody revolution instead of peaceful transition from capitalism into socialism. Trotsky named isolationists Bolsheviks who wants to seize dictatorial power and started its own propaganda. After end of Five Years' Plan Nikolai Bukharin proposed "Socialism in One Country" which argued need of Soviet Union industrialization, creation of Workers' Unions which will defend workers from illegal labor practices, Farmers' Unions which will defend Soviet farmers on foreign markets (this step was important due to Soviet overproduction in crops). Idea was showed before Council of Delegates on 11th November 1924 and criticized by Trotsky's collaborators. One year later Alexei Rykov called for imprisoning of Nikolai Bukharin for treachery but was outvoted. On 1st January 1st Regiment of Soviet Army led by Alexei Rykov tried to imprison Kaganovich and his supporters but failed after 13th Regiment of Soviet Cavalry attacked them in Moscow. After bloody street fighting which were won by Kaganovich forces Leon Trotsky and his supporters were imprisoned on 28th January 1926. Several of them (Trotsky, Rykov and few others) later escaped to Poland and later to France but rest were trialed for treachery of Soviet state. Andrei Bubnov and Lev Sosnovsky were executed, another fifteen men were sentenced to life in prison, one hundred of Trotsky supporters were sentenced to 25 years of hard labour. Many others were imprisoned by local Soviets and sentenced to 12 years of hard labor in Kolyma Gold Mine. "The Purge" was widely known in Western countries due to communist newspapers such as "Głos Robotnika" in Poland which published evidence that Trotskist forces were planning to overthrown democratic elected governments in Europe.

What were reforms taken by new government?
On 1st February Nikolai Bukharin was appointed as Chairman of the United Soviets. Young Nikita Khrushchev - stanch defender of new economical program was appointed as Vice-Secretary of Economy in the same time. Menshevist Fyodor Dan was appointed as "Chairman of the Council of Delegates" and held this position for twelve years.
Troika (Kaganovich, Bukharin, Dan) began realisation of Socialism in one country program. They promoted private enterprises as another step in socialism and created Farmers' Union - organisation which helped private enterpises on world market in selling their crops and achieving strong position. Another step in building socialism was promotion of science in Soviet Union. They established several dozens of niversities, few hundred secondary schools and few thousands primary schools all across country during next ten years. Workers' Union protected workers in Soviet Union from illegal labor practices, guaranteed minimal wages, 8-hour shifts and universal medical healthcare. During next ten years Soviet Union was transformed from agricultural country into strong, industrialized and educated country. On 1st January 1936 Supreme Leader of Soviets Lazar Kaganovich announced that Soviet Union fullfiled all assumptions of program. Few days after that he was assasinated by young Trotskist rebel and was succeeded by young Nikita Khrushchev.

What Khrushchev did for Soviet Army?
At first, Nikita Khrushchev and Secretary of Army Yakov Berezhankov started mechanisation of army. Moscow Tractor Company designed several light tanks such as IM-1 (used during Spanish Civil War by Socialist Front), IM-2 (used by Ethiopian during Second Italo-Abyssinian War), IM-3 (used by French Socialists). Most known Soviet medium tank was IM-9 which was used in Second Great War by Soviet Army. Legendary heavy tank IM-11 known for thick armor, massive gun and effectivness against German Panzers. Khrushchev established Moscow Military Academy which created one of most educated military cadre in the world. When Second Great War started Soviet Army had modern masses of infantry and tanks under very good leadership.

What about Central Asia?
Nikolai bukharin in 1930s started Virgin Lands Campaign. Central Commitee established several hundreds of state-owned farms in these lands. Mechanized farms with fertilizers were effective and caused overproduction of Soviet crops. Sergey Andreyevich Gorbachev was appointed as first Commisar of Virgin Lands Farms and held this position during 1934-1956. He was a father of famous politician Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev.
 
I didn't wanted to spoiler this TL but Sino-Japanese War will last longer than year (assuming that it will probably start on 1940).
 
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I found interwar map on wiki.alternatehistory.com and adapted it to my TL.

Note:
  • Austria joined Germany in 1935.
  • Weimar Republic was allowed to rearm and unite with Austria due to anti-soviet sentiments in Western Powers
  • Red part of Spain is Democratic Republic of Soviet Spain and its in state of war with Nationalist Spain. Socialists are supported by Soviet Union (modern equipment, volunteers), Left Alliance in France (communists, socialists, syndicalists, some of social democrats), British Labour Party, British Workers' Union (communists who want to establish Soviet Republic in Great Britain). Nationalists are supported by Weimar Republic (von Richthofen), Italy (Mussolini-Balbo).
  • Great Britain and France had more popular left-winged parties (communists and socialists). Poland has a powerful Polish Soviet Party. In Western USSR there are Soviets with Polish majority. Romania is governed by Coalition between Liberal and Socialist parties.
  • Soviet Union supports divide Middle East between Israel, Kurdistan, Assyrians, Iraqi, Palestine and Syrians.
  • There is strong Yugoslavian Soviet Party led by Tito who wants to create Federation of equal Soviets.
  • In African colonies there are communists.
  • Finland is Soviet Republic. There were no Finnish Civil War, communists won elections during Great Depression and wish help from Soviet Union reformed and modernized country.
  • Sweden, Denmark and Norway have conservative governments and had alliance against Soviet countries.
  • Czechoslovakia is neutral and its governed by centrist Agrarian Party which applied some socialist reforms.
  • Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia signed alliance and has right-wing governments. There are weak socialist parties which are suppressed.
  • There were no Spartacus uprising in Germany. Rosa Luxemburg established Deutsche Kommunistiche Partei and wrote book about her vision of communism.
 
What are roots of modern socialism in Poland?
Some radical politicians from Polish Socialist Party established Polish Workers' Socialist Party in 1918. They condemned Bolshevism as betrayal of socialism and approached Russian Menshevism and SRs. In 1920 Soviet Union government sent Feliks Dzierżyński in order to develop Polish communism. He established Głos Robotnika (Worker's Voice) - Marxist newspaper which called Polish workers to defeat reactionaries in elections. In 1920 they joined Union of Polish Socialist MPs which president was Ignacy Daszyński. They supported his ideas about nationalizing some industrial sectors, for example creating state monopolies in coal and spirits, improvements in working conditions and protected workers' rights, as well as supporting development of the cooperative movement and education of peasants and workers.
Daszyński was elected as Prime Minister on 1920 and formed coalition government with socialists, communists and left-centre (Polish People's Party). He enacted reform of currency through devaluation and introducing Złoty Polski. Thanks to his diplomatic skills Western Powers agreed with Polish annexation of Danzig and Upper Silesia from Germany. He enacted Four years program which modernized industry, established industrial cities (such as Stalowa Wola or Nowa Huta), reformed education - nine years of primary education, three years of secondary education and high schools (3-5 years), nationalized coal mines and power stations.
On 14th December 1924 Roman Dmowski (from National Democracy party) launched coup against Daszyński. He attacked him in public calling him as traitor and communist. In the meantime Eligiusz Niewiadomski shot Polish president Gabriel Narutowicz and his wife Ewa Krzyżanowska. 5th Division of Infantry under command of General Antoni Hrubieszewski attacked Polish capital city Warsaw which was defended by Field Marshall Józef Piłsudski. After heavy fighting loyalist forces won battle and pushed back rebel forces. Endecja (National Democracy party) was called as illegal organization and its leader Roman Dmowski sentenced to death. Several other prominent leaders were sentenced to life in prison. Ignacy Daszyński was killed by rebel forces and according to "September agreement" Feliks Dzierżyński succeeded him as temporary Prime Minister. He failed in achieving majority and was forced to resign two weeks later. After fall of nationalist movements left-winged parties dominated Polish politics.
During Great Depression new head of Polish Workers' Socialist Party Franciszek Trąbalski was elected as new Prime Minister of Poland and formed coalition with Polish People's Party. He enacted National Recovery Project - large investment in state-owned industry and transportation systems, public works and expanding Polish agriculture through mechanisation, creation of Farmers' Trade Union and large state-owned farms. Thanks to him Poland defeated depression and became industrialized nation under socialist government. He opposed involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in state affairs, stopped teaching of religions in schools, enacted politic of tolerance to national and religious minorities.
 
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