LXXVI
April 27, 1993
New York, NY
7:00 am
“Good morning, everyone, it's April 27, 1993, and this is the Today show. I'm Bryant Gumbel, with Katie Couric, and we open the show with news out of St. Petersburg, Russia, where a videotape of the aftermath of the food riots three weeks ago has been brought to Finland, and Finnish television began broadcasting it earlier this morning. I'd like to warn viewers that what they're about to witness may be considered graphic, so parents should remove small children from the room now..."
And with those words, the east coast of America saw the footage of a shaky camera, shot at a distance, of BTR's and BMP's moving through the streets of St. Petersburg, with Russia soldiers shooting and people running in terror. The screams were unmistakable, as was the gunfire. The camera then zoomed in, and the viewer could see bodies laying in the street. One soldier walked up to a person and fired a round into their head. The camera was far enough out that the details weren't visible, but it was clear what had happened. The Russians had murdered a number of their own people, and unlike the Vilnius massacre of a few years ago, this one was seen by the world, not just heard about.
Tony Lake was already exhausted. It'd been the longest three months of his life. Not even the Nixon White House, with Vietnam and street protests and Soviet/China border skirmishes, had been this chaotic. Of course, Lake wasn't an assistant to the National Security Advisor now. He WAS the National Security Advisor. Part of him felt he understood why Kissinger was so tough on his staff now. When it feels like the world is going to hell around you, it's hard to be nice to people. Lake was having a harder time keeping his temper in check these days, and the strain was showing on everyone. The constant crisis atmosphere was disrupting sleep cycles and personal lives. Lake was almost to the basement offices of the National Security Office (his office was in the northwest corner of the West Wing) when he decided to turn around and go see Lee Hamilton.
Lake got to Hamilton's office in the southwest corner of the first floor, and found that the Chief of Staff was not there. Hamilton had taken to starting days later whenever he could, since Clinton was becoming more nocturnal than he'd ever been before, and would keep his chief of staff up many nights bouncing thoughts off him. The President was intellectually voracious, and very mentally agile, and a nation that had been led by older men the past twelve years was finding itself having to adjust to a leader who was leading a Kennedyesque revival, which meant more energy and later hours. Washington, D.C., and the White House had spent over a decade being used to older men who liked their sleep, and now a young White House facing the gravest crisis since the Civil War was never asleep.
Lake plopped himself on the couch and closed his eyes. About a half hour later, Hamilton came through the door and found the National Security Advisor snoring away. After briefly being startled, Hamilton started to chuckle, and then broke into laughter at the sprawled figure of Lake, whose mouth was wide open as he snored. The laughter jolted Lake out of his slumber, and he saw Hamilton sitting on the front of his desk.
“Shit, I'm sorry, Lee, I was waiting for you and just....you know, forget it. I'm just glad you didn't have a video camera on you, or I'd never live it down.” Lake sheepishly sat up. “Anyway, the reason I was waiting was because I want to hire more staffers for the NSC. We can't keep up down there, everyone is short of sleep and snappy, and we're going to start making mistakes. We can't afford that. The whole world is going straight to hell, and I'm sure you saw Today before you left the house. Can I go ahead and bring some more people aboard? I've got a list already.”
“Absolutely, Tony. I'll square it with the Boss and Congress. I don't think anyone is going to deny extra funding for national security right now. Hey, listen, have you heard of the World Wide Web? No? I'd like for you to join a meeting later today. Myself, Bill Perry, the Vice President, and Stephanopoulos will be there too. Trust me, this is something you'll want to know about.” Lake thanked Hamilton, then headed back to his office. He had some calls to make.
*****
That afternoon, Lake came to the VP's West Wing office, which meant stepping out of his, turning right, and walking right into the next doorway. Gore was sitting at the head of his conference table with a portable computer plugged into a 19” monitor on a stand behind him. A long cord that looked like a phone cord, yet thicker, was running out of it to the wall. The National Security Advisor sat down, poured a cup of coffee from the decanter in the middle of the table, and looked at the monitor.
“Gentlemen, as you know, I was a major sponsor of funding ARPANET during the 1980s, and sponsored a bill to pass funding for networked communications research two years ago. What you're about to see is, in part, derived from that work and funding. It holds the key to accelerating communications and information sharing around the world. You may have heard of Dr. Timothy Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland. A little over a year ago, he created what he called the World Wide Web, a new way to send data over a network, allowing for passive access to the data as opposed to users on both sides needing to actively be working. And now, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois, whom my 1991 bill funded, has created a program called Mosaic. I'd like you to see what that does.” Gore opened the program up, and typed into a bar at the top a long group of words and acronyms that the others around the table did not understand. They also didn't hear the hiss of a modem, despite seeing what looked like one connected to the portable computer.
Mosaic began displaying graphics and words on the monitor, loading in pieces, until clear text and pictures were visible. The men around the table had never seen anything like this before. They all used computers, of course, but they were used to green or black & white screens, using floppy disks. This was something new, in full color, and they saw no disks in use. Stephanopoulos, the young communications director, was the first to blurt it out: “Mr. Vice President, how are you doing this?”
Gore smiled. “This is a new notebook computer from Toshiba. It's the first to run Microsoft Windows, use IBM-compatible components, and I am connecting to the World Wide Web through a type of specialized phone line, called ISDN. The reason I'm showing you all this is because communications is undergoing a revolution right now, and I want the United States to seize this moment. The world is getting more dangerous, and I think it's important that the people know what is happening in greater detail. I think it's important that we work to break down barriers with other nations, so what we saw this morning in Russia and what happened in Tienanmen Square four years ago cannot happen in the future without the world seeing it immediately.”
The vice president continued, “Fiber-optic cables have the ability to move data at much faster speeds than a Prodigy or Compuserve connection does in your house. ISDN takes advantage of that by being always connected, but the technology is still slow. Scientists at NCSA and elsewhere have assured me we can move the data faster. Bill, you already have technology to do this between NRO and DOD, correct?” Perry nodded. “Exactly! It is a large investment, but we have the potential to change the world and create large amounts of jobs in this country. We can educate our citizens and give them a way to lift themselves past our competitors in Japan and Europe. This is an absolute game-changer, gentlemen, and I want your support when I present this to the president.”
Lake sat in his chair, astonished. This was truly life-changing technology, the biggest development since the invention of the television. Hamilton loved the idea, but foresaw a fight getting funding for it on top of the cost of rebuilding three cities, increasing defense spending, a fragile recovery from recession, and passing the universal health care bill. Stephanopoulos was near-giddy. The young man was brimming with excitement over the possibilities. Bill Perry was quiet, but pleased that all the work that he'd done towards launching ARPANET under Carter had brought about this wondrous development.
Lake and Hamilton excused themselves, while Stephanopoulos and Perry moved closer to Gore so he could show them more of these “web pages” and then passed it to them so they could try their own hand at it. They marveled over the Toshiba T3400 notebook as well. Apple had developed their own notebooks domestically, but their stock was falling, as it had been ever since Steve Jobs had been shown the door. The irony was that this World Wide Web had been developed on a NeXT computer, built by Jobs. That gave Gore another idea. He was going to call Jobs and see if he wanted a new challenge.
*****
9:13 pm
Libya
Osama bin Laden and his men were on the move. Bin Laden had left a small contingent to stay behind and assist Qaddafi, and the Colonel had been assured by Bin Laden that he could count on the future help of his organization, but that he felt it best for both of their safeties that he depart for new quarters. Qaddafi, whose life had been spared by his own penchant for changing locations and sleeping in tents when American bombers came to “visit” in 1986, was understanding. He knew how active the veteran mujahideen had been, and didn't want to see nuclear bombs dropping over his beloved land. Qaddafi had also decided that if it came down to it, he would gladly tell the West where they could find this tall Arab rather than die for him.
A convoy of vehicles was traveling across the desert, headed for the border with Sudan. Bin Laden used his good contacts within the government there to arrange a cargo plane that would make the short flight to Somalia's Berbera Airport, built by the Soviets nearly 20 years ago. It was capable of landing any airplane in existence, and was one of the largest landing strips in all of Africa. Located in the breakaway province of Somaliland, which was not recognized by the United Nations, the presence of a single unmarked Sudanese cargo plane would not draw any untoward attention, especially since the government of Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur had received a healthy cash payment from the Sudanese to ensure this remained the case, and to provide a home for their new guests.
The convoy made its way to the Sudanese Air Force base some time after 2:00 am and the airmen loaded the cargo plane with the belongings, weapons, and other materials of the bin Laden group. It took off and landed in the early dawn at Berbera, where a large 18-wheeler sat with a trailer. By the time the sun rose above the buildings of the surrounding city, the trailer was on its way to a compound. The Tuur government had naval facilities with walls to keep prying eyes out and ample security. In return, Bin Laden offered to advise Tuur on how to deal with Mohammed Aidid, the warlord controlling much of Somalia, whom Tuur wanted to see dead so the nation could reconcile, under his leadership, of course.
*****
April 29, 1993
The White House
Washington, D.C.
The Cabinet meeting was called because the President wanted the advice of everyone before he made his decision. The meeting had been moved to the Roosevelt Room to accommodate a larger group of people, namely the Republican pragmatists of the Cold War: Bush, Nixon, Ford, ex-NSA director Bobby Ray Inman (the current chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board), retired Chairman of the JCS Admiral William Crowe, James Baker, George Shultz, Brent Scowcroft, and Lawrence Eagleburger. It was perhaps the greatest gathering of minds in American history. Security in Washington had suddenly been ramped up. The media was barred from Andrews Air Force Base, while everyone in the room had been picked up in the pre-dawn hours, notified by a telephone call the day before, and transported to the White House. The 82nd Airborne had been flown in the middle of the night from Fort Bragg in North Carolina to the city and set up discreet patrols within the entirety of southern D.C. The morning news shows speculated heavily about a new threat to the city, and cameras had been removed from the South Lawn, so nobody could film the arrival of vehicles. The media was confined to the press area upon arrival. An attack upon the White House would decimate the leadership of the nation, and nobody wanted to be responsible. The overboard nature of the security escalation infuriated people during their daily commute, but as people had done across the country since February 11th, they coped and got on with their day.
Clinton opened the meeting. “We've all seen how the Russians acted in St. Petersburg, and you can all see the heavy criticism I've faced for walking alongside Rutskoy at Yeltsin's funeral when he was murdering his people in the streets. No disrespect to you, President Bush, but you chose to not punish China in any way for Tiananmen Square, and I don't know I can do the same for Russia. If we let it slide again, how are we any better than they are? How can we claim moral leadership? It's one thing to retaliate for an attack, it's another to stand by and allow a massacre to go unchecked. I'm considering publicly pulling my support for Russia. We won't break relations, but I don't know how we can be a friend to them without alienating our allies. This is why I've called you here. I want to hear you all out on this before I decide, and I want a serious debate. When we're done, I just ask that you support what decision I make in public. We cannot afford to be divided in the eyes of the world.”
Everyone traded looks with each other. It was going to be a long afternoon.