The Murder of Albert Munemori: A Case Study in Wartime Paranoia
www.wwiihistory.co.uasr/comintern/homefront/conflicts
On September 15th, 1944, 17 year old Albert Munemori, a native of Fresno and head of the local Pioneers, went to a goods store to buy some beans for his parents. He would not return that night. After an extensive search the next morning, his body was found outside of town. After an extensive investigation, Henry March was arrested for this murder, thanks to eyewitness testimony. March confessed to the murder, and justified it, stating that he was doing his part to "defeat the Imperialist fifth column operating in our borders". Munemori's murder would expose the long running paranoia and suspicion against the Japanese community on the West Coast, even in a worker's republic.
Japanese Americans on the West Coast:
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japanese laborers began to migrate to Hawaii'i and the US West Coast to find work. These "Issei" found work as railroad laborers, shop owners, and particularly farming. While some worked as farm laborers, many decided to lease land, and create independent farming, in which some became very successful. As a result, many Japanese American communities on the West Coast were primarily agricultural in nature. However, this success would come to earn the ire of many whites, who feared the competition from more successful farmers, and soon, discrimination would follow.
An informal Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907 between the governments of the US and Japan restricted the flow of Japanese migrants, and in 1913, California enacted the "Alien Land Law", making it illegal for many Issei to own land or lease it for longer than three years, which would become the basis for other laws of the same nature. As a result of these, and other forms of discrimination and suspicion, many second-generation immigrants or "Nisei" began to gravitate towards the Worker's Party. Nisei, along with Mexican and Chinese farm workers, would become key branches of the California WPA by the time of the 1930 crash. Many Japanese Americans would fight on the Antifa side during the Civil War.
With all laws relating to land ownership null and void following the victory of the Reds, Japanese Americans would become a key part of the large farming communes in rural California, with the help of Nisei WPA organizers. Immigration was opened again, and some refugees would settle in the "Little Tokyos" in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
However, anti-Japanese sentiment continued. The Sons of Liberty branch in California, "The Sons of the Golden West", would frequently target Japanese communities, with bombings of the LA Little Tokyo in 1937 and an Imperial Valley community center in 1938. However, the bigotry was not restricted to reactionaries. As the spectre of Japanese imperialism began to waver in China, many dedicated socialists began to express concerns that Japanese agents had ingrained themselves within Japanese American communities in Hawaii and the West Coast and might subvert the war effort. Even dedicated Party members Earl Warren and Vito Marcantonio [1] expressed concerns about "internal subversion" by Japanese agents.
These calls only intensified when Pearl Harbor occurred, bringing Comintern into a direct war with Japan. However, Defense Secretary Martin Abern and Civil Defense Commissioner Ulrich Stein jointly stated that such fears had "little basis in fact or evidence". Even before Pearl Harbor, many Japanese Americans enlisted to fight with the WFRA in Europe. Many would also enlist to fight in the Pacific, with their presence being a boost in the propaganda effort against Imperial Japan.
Despite this, tensions still remained between white and Japanese communities remained.
Albert Munemori
Albert Munemori was born on July 7th, 1927 in Fresno, California. His parents were Issei originally from the Chiba Prefecture. After several years as farm laborers, they joined the WPA as organizers, and served with distinction in the Red Army during the Civil War. They later became major administrators at the kibbutz they tended to. His older brother Edward would enlist in the WFRN after the declaration of war, and was serving in the Pacific.
Albert followed in their footsteps in becoming a leader. He excelled in the new school system, and later became a exemplar member of the Pioneers. He would participate in the school mock government. In his statements for the school yearbook, he expressed his desire to become a doctor.
Henry March
Henry March was born on July 3rd, 1924, in Reno, Nevada. Little is known about his early life. What is known is that he was rejected for military service, due to astigmatism. He ended up in Fresno as part of his alternative service in civil defense.
March was noted by his superiors for his apparent disdain for non-whites, and constant suspicions of the Japanese population. Prior to the murder, he would regularly report "suspicious activities" from Japanese individuals, which his superior would usually just find to be regular activities.
The Murder and the Aftermath
According to March, he was in the same store when Albert walked in, and bought several materials. March was suspicious of the materials, and followed Albert. Albert noticed, and confronted him. After he outright denied all of March's allegation, March grew more convinced, and decided to take action, strangling him, and hiding his body outside of town.
March was caught thanks to another farmer seeing him fleeing the scene, and the store owner reporting him leaving right after Albert. He confessed, expecting that his actions would be lauded as the "first line of defense". He was surprised when he was convicted of murder, and sentenced to death for the murder (carried out in early January)
Munemori was cremated and buried in a Buddhist ceremony, with his brother coming back through a special order to attend the funeral.
This incident, as well as other instances of threats and attacks against individuals of Japanese decent, prompted militias to protect Japanese communities, drawn from individual members.
The site has been designated a historical landmark, with a brief description of the event. His story is also described in the "Asian American History Center" in Los Angeles.
[1] Both of who supported internment OTL