Question: World War I War Aims

I'm not sure I understand your point - actually I am sure I don't. For my benefit, can you provide an example of a war aim/goal - perhaps in another conflict? I suspect we are talking about different things.

The French war aim of recovering AL is a good example. It was conceivably achievable; the French developed Plan XVII to attempt to do it, they developed doctrine of the offensive and force structure of highly mobile 75mm artillery to carry out, they allied with Russia to keep some German strength in the East and with Britain to add strength to their left wing on land and at sea.

This is a concrete aim backed by concrete plans and tools to carry it out, not a vague notion with no plan or tools to carry the notion out.
 

BooNZ

Banned
I'm not sure I understand your point - actually I am sure I don't. For my benefit, can you provide an example of a war aim/goal - perhaps in another conflict? I suspect we are talking about different things.

The French war aim of recovering AL is a good example. It was conceivably achievable; the French developed Plan XVII to attempt to do it, they developed doctrine of the offensive and force structure of highly mobile 75mm artillery to carry out, they allied with Russia to keep some German strength in the East and with Britain to add strength to their left wing on land and at sea.

This is a concrete aim backed by concrete plans and tools to carry it out, not a vague notion with no plan or tools to carry the notion out.

The Balkan War is a good example. When they went to war the Allies had specific territorial gains in mind that they had agreed upon in advance. Furthermore, they had delineated the Turkish provinces into zones earmarked for each member of the alliance. All of this was agreed upon by all members before they attacked Turkey. Now, obviously things didn't work out exactly as planned, not for Bulgaria at any rate, but the war is a good example of countries going to war with particular war aims.

OK thanks - so we are looking at explicit war aims with an expectation and plan to achieve those militarily? Is that not a little bit narrow?
 
I know what you meant, but like Deathscompanion1 said, I don't think that other than France wanting A-L back I don't think any belligerents had a list of issues that going to war would fix. I think that Germany had a vague notion of knocking Russia down a peg or two before their railway programme finished in 1917 and Britain had a vague notion of knocking Germany down a peg or two t reduce their commercial competitiveness. But these vague notions were certainly not translated into military strategies that were achievable within current and projected force structures.

So we're left with the whole shoot 'em all idea.

I would add that France definitely wanted Germany to be knocked down a peg or two for hurt pride's sake, and crippled to prevent future threat.

All the rest of it pretty much came later, when the leaders of every nation felt like they had to show their people some gain in return for the immense sacrifices. So the ideas (never actually adopted) embodied in the September Programme, and also GB/France wrangling over the division of the former Ottoman territories.
 
Germany: remove the two-front threat posed by the Franco-Russian Entente, and maybe grab a border zone or two from France; prop up her only ally, A-H; annex some choice border areas from the Russian Empire; carve out two or three satellite buffer states from the same; make the other Great Powers treat her as an equal member of the Club. Better yet, make everyone regard her as the leading member of the Club.

France: get AL back; get revenge for her humiliation in 1870 (never underestimate the power of wounded Gallic pride in that period); set her eastern border on the Rhine (an enduring goal); ensure the Germans could never be a threat again (possibly by division?).

Russia: crush Germany, who was the main check on her ambitions; further her ambition to call all the shots in the Balkans; and probably grab some AH and/or Prussian territory.

AH: mostly just to survive, which meant terminating Serbia's practice of trying to destabilize her. Probably not much if any territorial gain, as swallowing more resentful minorities would only add to her woes.

Serbia: grab everything that any Serb ever set foot on (pretty much as in the 90's).

Italy: scarf some territories from whoever looked to be weaker -- preferably AH.

GB: keep Belgium free from any other nation's domination. Stay on the good side of the Franco-Russian Entente, at pretty much any price (including throwing away "Balance of Power" by giving Germany the heave-ho). Crumble away some of Germany's economic competition. Remind everyone that blockade-till-you-starve is the price of ticking off John Bull.
 
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OK thanks - so we are looking at explicit war aims with an expectation and plan to achieve those militarily? Is that not a little bit narrow?

It's realistic, in theory if not practice, in a way that Russian Pan-Slavism as a war aim is not, and provides in some part those wider hopes of damaging Germany during the fighting and permanently weakening it due to the loss of territory.
 
Portugal: Not have its colonies taken by the Allies or Central Powers.
They apparently wanted to join earlier, but were advised against it by the British. Really, one of the more surprising things for WWI (in comparison to AltHists) is that so many countries had neutrality suggested for them before deciding against taking it. Of course, there were swathes of territory offered. Apparently Russia would give Bessarabia to Romania or joining the war, but I have my doubts. But for the Portuguese, showing that they were still allies of the British would do well to solidify their international position. Having the British back up their treaty of protection with Belgium probably also helped them feel like they would not be abandoned but still want to give their part. Or something.
 
The Balkan War is a good example. When they went to war the Allies had specific territorial gains in mind that they had agreed upon in advance. Furthermore, they had delineated the Turkish provinces into zones earmarked for each member of the alliance. All of this was agreed upon by all members before they attacked Turkey. Now, obviously things didn't work out exactly as planned, not for Bulgaria at any rate, but the war is a good example of countries going to war with particular war aims.

The Balkan states formulated and reconciled their aims because they had leisure to do it in advance? Would you say that this is more an exception rather than a rule, at least in modern warfare? More often than not, one state is now a deliberate aggressor while the other parties are sort of catapulted in by force of events.

I should think this rather rarer than it perhaps was in the 17th and 18th centuries, when competition amongs kings was an accepted and virtually perennial pastime, but I never have studied conflicts with an eye to this factor.
 

LordKalvert

Banned
Assuming a quick victory-

For the central powers:

Germany- this would mean that she captured the French Army and drove the British off the continent. Expect something along the Vichy France arrangement. The permanent occupation of the North Coast and the subjection of Belgium, Netherlands and Denmark.

In the East, they would push them back and get something along Brest Litovsk and the removal of any Russian threat

Austria- gets nothing and is made a formal German protectorate. As she cannot stand up to the remaining states of Germany, Italy and Romania. May get a crumb in Serbia but Germany will have no more need or use for her


For the Allies-

France will take or occupy everything to the Rhine and probably a bridgehead over it. The dissolution of the Reich is also quite possible.

Russia- She will take the Oder for a border and probably occupy all of Austria- Hungary. No one will have an army capable of pushing her out. Eventually, she will take Romania as well and Bulgaria's future isn't very bright

England- may get a few German colonies but won't have any say in the settlement of Europe due to the lack of an army

France and Russia split the German Fleet. England will seek an alliance against France and Russia or try to peel France from Russia. If she fails, then her Empire will eventually be partitioned between France, Russia and Italy as the English Navy won't be able to compete against the three. Italy will be terrified of France and Russia

In all cases- a massive indemnity, imposition of unilateral free trade and disarmament of the losers.


None of the countries had these objectives when the war started as they all saw themselves acting defensively. But with victory comes the power to make demands and there's no one to stop the victors in this case.

Germany would be dominant over Austria, France and Russia would be occupying Germany and Austria so England would have no say. Just the way the game is played
 
Assuming a quick victory-

For the central powers:

1) Germany- this would mean that she captured the French Army and drove the British off the continent. Expect something along the Vichy France arrangement. The permanent occupation of the North Coast and the subjection of Belgium, Netherlands and Denmark.

2) In the East, they would push them back and get something along Brest Litovsk and the removal of any Russian threat

3) Austria- gets nothing and is made a formal German protectorate. As she cannot stand up to the remaining states of Germany, Italy and Romania. May get a crumb in Serbia but Germany will have no more need or use for her


For the Allies-

4) France will take or occupy everything to the Rhine and probably a bridgehead over it. The dissolution of the Reich is also quite possible.

5) Russia- She will take the Oder for a border and probably occupy all of Austria- Hungary. No one will have an army capable of pushing her out. Eventually, she will take Romania as well and Bulgaria's future isn't very bright

6) England- may get a few German colonies but won't have any say in the settlement of Europe due to the lack of an army

7) France and Russia split the German Fleet. England will seek an alliance against France and Russia or try to peel France from Russia. If she fails, then her Empire will eventually be partitioned between France, Russia and Italy as the English Navy won't be able to compete against the three. Italy will be terrified of France and Russia

8) In all cases- a massive indemnity, imposition of unilateral free trade and disarmament of the losers.


None of the countries had these objectives when the war started as they all saw themselves acting defensively. But with victory comes the power to make demands and there's no one to stop the victors in this case.

Germany would be dominant over Austria, France and Russia would be occupying Germany and Austria so England would have no say. Just the way the game is played

1) Possible. Vichy might actually be a good comparison. I'm not sure about the permanent occupation of the North Coast due to the expense. Germany might not want to pay for that. But you can bet they would take some of the iron and coal regions of the North and East. Disarmament is also certain as is a truly immense indemnity. The kind that will cripple France for generations. I would also expect Germany to demand oversight of France's finances to ensure she doesn't try to rearm secretly. Belgium might be subjugated by the Germans depending on how the war played out. But there's no reason the situation of Denmark and the Netherlands would change. Denmark was already a pro-german neutral IOTL. As for the Netherlands well, why would the Germans want to? It does them no harm to have a neutral on the border.

2) It seems like way too much for the Russians to accept. IOTL it took a revolution and three years of war for them to come to that. I can't see Russia accept those demands. I'd expect Germany to impose an indemnity on Russia.

3) Never. Austria would never accept being made a formal protectorate. Not until German troops are in Vienna. They would get essentially any gains they wanted which would be a chunk of Montenegro around Cattaro and ensuring Serbia stops interfering in their affairs. They'd take Novi Pazar and force some sort of supervision of the Serbian government's activities.

4) I think France would want to dissolve the Reich but I don't think they'd actually be able to do it. I agree with everything else.

5) I think Russia would be hesitant about including more Poles in the empire. I'm not sure what they'd want. East Prussia maybe? Oh, and they'd definitely push for the Straits. Up in the air if Britain lets it go or opposes it although if Russia decided to simply seize Constantinople there isn't much that could be done. Again Russia would likely take Galicia from Austria-Hungary but they wouldn't occupy all of it simply because there's no reason to. What do they gain by doing so? Similarly, Romania and Bulgaria would be forced into Russian domination but nothing more.

6) Britain will get virtually all German colonies minus what Japan got IOTL and bits and pieces handed to the French. As for Europe, she'll have the entirety of the BEF that was deployed IOTL and more depending on how long the war lasts.

7) Neither Germany nor Britain want that. If Germany is defeated quickly Russia is the big threat looming on Britain's horizon. As such it would be a priority to prevent the Russian fleet from being able to challenge Britain's. There's nothing they can do about the Russian building program (which was overly ambitious and would take a very long time to complete in any case) but they can make sure they don't get Germany's fleet. A coup de main isn't out of the question and there is essentially no way for France and Russia to prevent it. What are they going to do, march to Wilhelmshaven? As for the empire being partitioned, why would France and Italy go along with that? France's Russian alliance was directed solely against Germany. If
that threat is removed there is no reason to stick with the Alliance. Lastly, All three nations, but especially France and Russia, have major infrastructural limits on their ability to expand their fleets so it would be some time before their fleets can challenge the Royal Navy.

8) In general I agree with that


I think you're projecting the late-war "winner takes all" attitude to the beginning of the war. Some people in France were thinking that way before the war but it was by no means a common attitude. The attitude was more like "limited gains, but break the ability of the enemy to threaten us again."
 
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Italy had the goal of reclaiming as much of the irredenta as possible ever since becoming a state. If they manage a significant victory over Austria-Hungary, they would want to annex at least Trentino, Sudtirol, Istria, and Dalmatia. This would presumably cause a lot of tension between Italy and Serbia if they pull it off, espiecally in the case of Dalmatia. On the other hand, not achieving their wargoals in any significant way led to the creation of fascism in Italy during the interwar period in OTL. The lack of fascism would be nice, but a similar movement would probably arise elsewhere, although it hopefully wouldn't be as influential.
 
How much of France did Germany want to take?
Depended on whom you asked. Ideas ranged from only some colonies over defensive areas and mining areas along the common border to an access to the channel and the entire colonial possessions. Nothing was ever adopted officially but with the makeup of the Reichstag, the anti-catholic sentiments, the experiences with A-L and the importance of military considerations I´d say it would be a compromise between the first two, especially since the focus in preventing encirclement was more and more on putting Russia down.
 

LordKalvert

Banned
1) Possible. Vichy might actually be a good comparison. I'm not sure about the permanent occupation of the North Coast due to the expense. Germany might not want to pay for that. But you can bet they would take some of the iron and coal regions of the North and East. Disarmament is also certain as is a truly immense indemnity. The kind that will cripple France for generations. I would also expect Germany to demand oversight of France's finances to ensure she doesn't try to rearm secretly. Belgium might be subjugated by the Germans depending on how the war played out. But there's no reason the situation of Denmark and the Netherlands would change. Denmark was already a pro-german neutral IOTL. As for the Netherlands well, why would the Germans want to? It does them no harm to have a neutral on the border.

What I meant for the Dutch and the Danes is that the Germans would be so powerful, that no formal change would be needed. The two could do nothing but hand their foreign policy over to the Germans

The northern coast of France is going to get occupied as a means of pressuring England. Cost shouldn't be an issue, since France will be made to pay for it

2) It seems like way too much for the Russians to accept. IOTL it took a revolution and three years of war for them to come to that. I can't see Russia accept those demands. I'd expect Germany to impose an indemnity on Russia.

If the Germans capture the French and all their heavy weapons, Russia's going down hard, fast They will accept whatever terms they have to accept. Its going to be a pretty ugly situation for them

3) Never. Austria would never accept being made a formal protectorate. Not until German troops are in Vienna. They would get essentially any gains they wanted which would be a chunk of Montenegro around Cattaro and ensuring Serbia stops interfering in their affairs. They'd take Novi Pazar and force some sort of supervision of the Serbian government's activities.

Maybe not a formal protectorate but Germany is going to be so powerful the Austrians have no means of resistance. Their army was pretty bad as it was. They are going to be about as weak as Denmark and the Netherlands. No negotiating power at all

4) I think France would want to dissolve the Reich but I don't think they'd actually be able to do it. I agree with everything else.

The British will resist this but with the French on the Rhine and the Russians in Berlin, I don't see what the British can do about it. A divided Reich is just so convenient to both I see it as inevitable

5) I think Russia would be hesitant about including more Poles in the empire. I'm not sure what they'd want. East Prussia maybe? Oh, and they'd definitely push for the Straits. Up in the air if Britain lets it go or opposes it although if Russia decided to simply seize Constantinople there isn't much that could be done. Again Russia would likely take Galicia from Austria-Hungary but they wouldn't occupy all of it simply because there's no reason to. What do they gain by doing so? Similarly, Romania and Bulgaria would be forced into Russian domination but nothing more.

They aren't going to like having more Poles or Germans or anything else in their country. Even the Slavs are Catholics. But this is the age of Empire and with the occupation its going to take someone to force them out. They might let the Hapsburg continue to rule but with a Russian occupation army there or more likely, a series of small countries each occupied by Russia.

Once they take Berlin and Vienna, its going to be a real big army to chase them out. Don't think anyone had it

6) Britain will get virtually all German colonies minus what Japan got IOTL and bits and pieces handed to the French. As for Europe, she'll have the entirety of the BEF that was deployed IOTL and more depending on how long the war lasts.

Six divisions aren't many bargaining chips against the 200 Franco Russians. The Franco-Russians are going to dictate the terms in Europe unless they fall out to bickering and England can exploit it.

7) Neither Germany nor Britain want that. If Germany is defeated quickly Russia is the big threat looming on Britain's horizon. As such it would be a priority to prevent the Russian fleet from being able to challenge Britain's. There's nothing they can do about the Russian building program (which was overly ambitious and would take a very long time to complete in any case) but they can make sure they don't get Germany's fleet. A coup de main isn't out of the question and there is essentially no way for France and Russia to prevent it. What are they going to do, march to Wilhelmshaven? As for the empire being partitioned, why would France and Italy go along with that? France's Russian alliance was directed solely against Germany. If
that threat is removed there is no reason to stick with the Alliance. Lastly, All three nations, but especially France and Russia, have major infrastructural limits on their ability to expand their fleets so it would be some time before their fleets can challenge the Royal Navy.

I agree the British are going to be in a pickle if the Russians get the fleet and will do a lot to keep it out of their hands. But what are the Germans going to do? Make peace with England or the Franco-Russian alliance? Obviously it would be the Franco-Russians as their armies will be occupying Germany. A partitioned Reich could serve as a harmless buffer between the two. Nobody is going to take the Italians very seriously as a continental power.


I think you're projecting the late-war "winner takes all" attitude to the beginning of the war. Some people in France were thinking that way before the war but it was by no means a common attitude. The attitude was more like "limited gains, but break the ability of the enemy to threaten us again."


This is true. After all, I don't think any of the governments had any concrete gains in mind and they all thought they were defending themselves. Nobody seems to have wanted to start it (other than maybe Franz Joseph but the Austrians weren't thinking very clearly), it was more blunder than design

Perhaps we are seeing different quick wars-

If the Austro-Germans win quick, I see the most likely scenario as the Germans bagging the French Army like they do in WWII and then being able to turn their army lose on Russia.

For a quick allied victory most likely, the French hold and the Russians win Tannenburg and also capture the Austrian armies in the south. Then they pretty much walk into Berlin (especially if they don't have a shell shortage)

I also assumed that the war was over before anyone of the neutrals had a chance to effectively intervene. If they do, Italy and Romania might get parts of Austria

The Italians might fare okay if the Austro-German alliance wins. The Germans will be mad but practical. England would remain on her island, so the Italians have some cards to play as they would be useful against the English or the Austrians on the other. I'm assuming the Germans don't want too strong of an Austria on their Southern Border.

On the other hand, England could still supply them. Its not much but you play the hand your dealt.

Generally was looking at negotiating positions Unless, the French and the Russians have a falling out, then the English have none Even if they do, not sure who England would back- they hate the Russians but a strong France is their greatest fear

Austria would never have any
 

BooNZ

Banned
What I meant for the Dutch and the Danes is that the Germans would be so powerful, that no formal change would be needed. The two could do nothing but hand their foreign policy over to the Germans

So not a war aim then

The northern coast of France is going to get occupied as a means of pressuring England. Cost shouldn't be an issue, since France will be made to pay for it

No such war aim before WW1. It would only makes sense if hostilities between England and Germany are on-going, which is not consistent with the OP.

If the Germans capture the French and all their heavy weapons, Russia's going down hard, fast They will accept whatever terms they have to accept. Its going to be a pretty ugly situation for them

Germany had no war aims in the East before WW1 and with the French out, the Entente is dead and Russia are going to have a hair trigger on the white flag.

Maybe not a formal protectorate but Germany is going to be so powerful the Austrians have no means of resistance. Their army was pretty bad as it was. They are going to be about as weak as Denmark and the Netherlands. No negotiating power at all

Germany had no war aims in A-H before WW1, aside from its the A-H continued viability. The Mitteleuropa concept rose to prominence after the war commenced.

The British will resist this but with the French on the Rhine and the Russians in Berlin, I don't see what the British can do about it. A divided Reich is just so convenient to both I see it as inevitable

They aren't going to like having more Poles or Germans or anything else in their country. Even the Slavs are Catholics. But this is the age of Empire and with the occupation its going to take someone to force them out. They might let the Hapsburg continue to rule but with a Russian occupation army there or more likely, a series of small countries each occupied by Russia.

Once they take Berlin and Vienna, its going to be a real big army to chase them out. Don't think anyone had it
I like paradox games also...

This is true. After all, I don't think any of the governments had any concrete gains in mind and they all thought they were defending themselves. Nobody seems to have wanted to start it (other than maybe Franz Joseph but the Austrians weren't thinking very clearly), it was more blunder than design

cough *Serbia*
 
What I meant for the Dutch and the Danes is that the Germans would be so powerful, that no formal change would be needed. The two could do nothing but hand their foreign policy over to the Germans
Ah, I see. You're probably right about that then. They would both be firmly in
Berlin's economic and political orbit.

The northern coast of France is going to get occupied as a means of pressuring England. Cost shouldn't be an issue, since France will be made to pay for it
True, although there are all sorts of games that she can play
with payments and the like. As OTL Germany post-war shows us.

If the Germans capture the French and all their heavy weapons, Russia's going down hard, fast They will accept whatever terms they have to accept. Its going to be a pretty ugly situation for them
Depending on what you consider heavy weaponry, France's arsenal was very limited. Not enough to make a significant difference IMVHO. Although judging on the OTL performance of the German army in the East they won't need it. The thing is, Russia's army hasn't yet been discredited as it was IOTL. So far they've lost at Tannenberg but have also won against Austria. Consequently, if Germany's demands too much Russia doesn't have to accept and the threat of renewed hostilities will carry more weight ITTL.

Maybe not a formal protectorate but Germany is going to be so powerful the Austrians have no means of resistance. Their army was pretty bad as it was. They are going to be about as weak as Denmark and the Netherlands. No negotiating power at all
Austria's performance was badly affected by changing mobilization plans halfway through. Even so, they were pretty bad. However, they were already anxious of loosing their independence of action IOTL and with Russia neutralized they will be able to do what they will in the Balkans. Austria jealously guarded their ability to act in the region pre-war. They'd never give up that independence willingly.

The British will resist this but with the French on the Rhine and the Russians in Berlin, I don't see what the British can do about it. A divided Reich is just so convenient to both I see it as inevitable
The Russians won't be in Berlin even in a quick victory. The best they could hope for is the east bank of the Vistula with a heavily entrenched German force on the other side.


They aren't going to like having more Poles or Germans or anything else in their country. Even the Slavs are Catholics. But this is the age of Empire and with the occupation its going to take someone to force them out. They might let the Hapsburg continue to rule but with a Russian occupation army there or more likely, a series of small countries each occupied by Russia.
Again, why would they WANT to occupy all of Austria-Hungary? All they want is Austria to surrender certain territories to them and Serbia and then stay nice and stable, albeit weak. Maybe they'd break Hungary away from Austria but I doubt it.

Once they take Berlin and Vienna, its going to be a real big army to chase them out. Don't think anyone had it
They won't take Berlin and Vienna though.

Six divisions aren't many bargaining chips against the 200 Franco Russians. The Franco-Russians are going to dictate the terms in Europe unless they fall out to bickering and England can exploit it.
They'll have to dictate terms Germany can accept. Germany hasn't suffered a revolution ITTL and will be able to refuse terms they find unacceptable even at the price of continuing the war. For what it's worth I think france will drop the Russian alliance once Germany has been defeated. The sole purpose of it was to counter German superiority in industry and population.

I agree the British are going to be in a pickle if the Russians get the fleet and will do a lot to keep it out of their hands. But what are the Germans going to do? Make peace with England or the Franco-Russian alliance? Obviously it would be the Franco-Russians as their armies will be occupying Germany. A partitioned Reich could serve as a harmless buffer between the two. Nobody is going to take the Italians very seriously as a continental power.
Well the Germans can always do what they did IOTL and scuttle the fleet. Which they'd do before handing it over to the Russians. Germany won't accept the partitioning of the Reich and, as I've said before, the Allies won't be in a position to force something like that on Germany. If it's clear Germany will loose Britain won't conclude a separate peace they'll stick with the Allies and try to get what they can at the peace table.


This is true. After all, I don't think any of the governments had any concrete gains in mind and they all thought they were defending themselves. Nobody seems to have wanted to start it (other than maybe Franz Joseph but the Austrians weren't thinking very clearly), it was more blunder than design
Agree wholeheartedly.

Perhaps we are seeing different quick wars-
I think that is certain. The way I see it a quick victory will be defeating the enemy armies in the field but it won't mean full scale occupation. The winners will take chunks of territory and impose heavy penalties but it won't be anywhere near the scale of the OTL post-war proposals.

If the Austro-Germans win quick, I see the most likely scenario as the Germans bagging the French Army like they do in WWII and then being able to turn their army lose on Russia.
Agreed on how but I think Russia would ask for terms relatively soon afterward. Probably only time for a single German offensive eastward before winter sets in and Russia broaches peace.

For a quick allied victory most likely, the French hold and the Russians win Tannenburg and also capture the Austrian armies in the south. Then they pretty much walk into Berlin (especially if they don't have a shell shortage)
I think it's more likely Russia wins at Massurian Lakes and Prittwitz retreats across the Vistula where he sets up a strong defensive position while German reinforcements come in. This was actually the OTL German plan for the East. They changed it at the last minute which led to Hindenburg and Ludendorf and the victory at Tannenberg. Pair that with a different Marne where the First Army is cut off and I think Germany would have to retreat in the West as well. That could be enough to cause Germany to ask for terms.

I also assumed that the war was over before anyone of the neutrals had a chance to effectively intervene. If they do, Italy and Romania might get parts of Austria
They might jump in at the very end for some spoils but I tend to think you're correct.

The Italians might fare okay if the Austro-German alliance wins. The Germans will be mad but practical. England would remain on her island, so the Italians have some cards to play as they would be useful against the English or the Austrians on the other. I'm assuming the Germans don't want too strong of an Austria on their Southern Border.
Why wouldn't they want a strong Austria? Germany outclasses Austria in pretty much every way so a stronger Austria isn't a threat. I agree with regards to Italy. Although something like 90% (IIRC) of Italy's pre-war coal imports came from Britain which is a significant point of leverage.


Generally was looking at negotiating positions Unless, the French and the Russians have a falling out, then the English have none Even if they do, not sure who England would back- they hate the Russians but a strong France is their greatest fear
They'd back France without question. A strong France isn't actually much of a threat. A strong Russia is something they'd oppose vehemently.
Austria would never have any
I don't understand. Any what?

I think we're running into a problem. We have different views of how a short war would go which is colouring our opinions of the peace. How about this; you give us a run through of how you think the war would go and I'll give you mine. That should give us a better place to build the discussion from.
 

LordKalvert

Banned
So not a war aim then



No such war aim before WW1. It would only makes sense if hostilities between England and Germany are on-going, which is not consistent with the OP.



Germany had no war aims in the East before WW1 and with the French out, the Entente is dead and Russia are going to have a hair trigger on the white flag.



Germany had no war aims in A-H before WW1, aside from its the A-H continued viability. The Mitteleuropa concept rose to prominence after the war commenced.


I like paradox games also...



cough *Serbia*

Specifically said, no one had war aims. No one set out to start it except maybe the Serbs and the Austrians- too bit players

But once you've beaten your enemy what do you do? Say, hey, this war was fun. Lets go back to the starting line and play again?

Nope, you do what great powers do- grab as much as you can.

BTW, the Russians wouldn't be reaching for that white flag as fast as you would think. They always ran a worse case scenario that concluded that no matter what the Germans simply didn't have the army to occupy France. For the Austro Germans to win, they are going to have to drive the Russians back
 

LordKalvert

Banned
True, although there are all sorts of games that she can play
with payments and the like. As OTL Germany post-war shows us.

Germany got away with the games because the Allies forgot to occupy Germany. I assumed that a victorious French and Russians weren't that stupid and there's no idealistic Americans to get in the way

Depending on what you consider heavy weaponry, France's arsenal was very limited. Not enough to make a significant difference IMVHO. Although judging on the OTL performance of the German army in the East they won't need it. The thing is, Russia's army hasn't yet been discredited as it was IOTL. So far they've lost at Tannenberg but have also won against Austria. Consequently, if Germany's demands too much Russia doesn't have to accept and the threat of renewed hostilities will carry more weight ITTL.

Depends on when the Russians accept defeat. They might go for a negotiated settlement or the Germans might feel the need to push them back or the Russians hadn't accepted that they had lost until Germany pushed them back. I assumed the latter. Your case is possible as well

Austria's performance was badly affected by changing mobilization plans halfway through. Even so, they were pretty bad. However, they were already anxious of loosing their independence of action IOTL and with Russia neutralized they will be able to do what they will in the Balkans. Austria jealously guarded their ability to act in the region pre-war. They'd never give up that independence willingly.

Austria's army is pretty bad even without the wacky mobilization. Certainly no where near the German Army or the Russians. She's really not in much of a bargaining position.

Might try a side deal with Russia to limit Germany, but that's going to be a hard game to pull off.

The Russians won't be in Berlin even in a quick victory. The best they could hope for is the east bank of the Vistula with a heavily entrenched German force on the other side.

That's unlikely in a quick victory scenario. In a quick victory, the Germans have suffered heavy casualties in the West and have probably seen their Army collapse due to French counterattacks succeeding. I'm thinking that everything goes right for the side that wins quickly-

The French manage to parry the German attack. Say, like they ditch Plan XXVII and fight a defensive, changed their uniforms and let the German attacks break against their lines and counter attack a vastly weakened Germany that's also lost in the East. That the Russians have piles of ammo and nothing in their way


The road to Berlin and Vienna is open. The Russians march in unopposed.

Again, you might have a different end game

Again, why would they WANT to occupy all of Austria-Hungary? All they want is Austria to surrender certain territories to them and Serbia and then stay nice and stable, albeit weak. Maybe they'd break Hungary away from Austria but I doubt it.

Armies are going to advance until they have to stop. With no army in the field to oppose them, why wouldn't they march on Vienna to impose terms? You have to grab as much as you can to intimidate your allies at the conference

They won't take Berlin and Vienna though.

I think they will

They'll have to dictate terms Germany can accept. Germany hasn't suffered a revolution ITTL and will be able to refuse terms they find unacceptable even at the price of continuing the war. For what it's worth I think france will drop the Russian alliance once Germany has been defeated. The sole purpose of it was to counter German superiority in industry and population.

Don't have to worry about the Germans, the defeated country isn't going to have an army left. Its like the French in WW2- you just go and sign the paper if it ends in an armistice at all.

Well the Germans can always do what they did IOTL and scuttle the fleet. Which they'd do before handing it over to the Russians. Germany won't accept the partitioning of the Reich and, as I've said before, the Allies won't be in a position to force something like that on Germany. If it's clear Germany will loose Britain won't conclude a separate peace they'll stick with the Allies and try to get what they can at the peace table.

Why would they do that? In a quick victory, they aren't going to need peace with Britain. The British would only have their lousy six divisions and the French and Russians are going to have 200 marching through Germany. The Germans are going to want peace with the invaders and if France and Russia demand their fleet, hey, turn it over before they start burning the country




I think that is certain. The way I see it a quick victory will be defeating the enemy armies in the field but it won't mean full scale occupation. The winners will take chunks of territory and impose heavy penalties but it won't be anywhere near the scale of the OTL post-war proposals.

I see a quick victory more like WW2, where the losers have their whole armies captured and nothing left to put in the field

Agreed on how but I think Russia would ask for terms relatively soon afterward. Probably only time for a single German offensive eastward before winter sets in and Russia broaches peace.

Possible but I think that the Germans will want to push the Russians back before the talks

I think it's more likely Russia wins at Massurian Lakes and Prittwitz retreats across the Vistula where he sets up a strong defensive position while German reinforcements come in. This was actually the OTL German plan for the East. They changed it at the last minute which led to Hindenburg and Ludendorf and the victory at Tannenberg. Pair that with a different Marne where the First Army is cut off and I think Germany would have to retreat in the West as well. That could be enough to cause Germany to ask for terms.

I see a quick victory because everything goes the victors way- the French counterattacks push the Germans to the Rhine and they can't get everyone across while the Russians bag the 8th army and there's no reinforcements to be had

They might jump in at the very end for some spoils but I tend to think you're correct.
Hard to say how quickly the end comes and how much time people have to predict it. But the neutrals will jump the second the see an ending. Like once, the Russians had captured the Austrian army, the Romanians and Italians are going to grab what they can. Leads to the complete collapse- like why I'm thinking the terms are going to be brutal

Why wouldn't they want a strong Austria? Germany outclasses Austria in pretty much every way so a stronger Austria isn't a threat. I agree with regards to Italy. Although something like 90% (IIRC) of Italy's pre-war coal imports came from Britain which is a significant point of leverage.
Why would they need a strong Austria on their Southern border?
The Germans, or rather the Hohenzollerans, might think that the only thing left to worry about is the Hapsburg's trying to rally the minor states against them.

Unlikely in 1914 but you have to plan for the future

They'd back France without question. A strong France isn't actually much of a threat. A strong Russia is something they'd oppose vehemently.

Not so sure on this one. England fought many wars against the French and always feared her. You can invade England from France, you can't from Russia. I really see England losing no matter what in a quick victory. She's just not going to have much say on the continent

Any scenario is bad- and if you then back the French against the Russians and the French do actually drive the Russians back, then what's your card?


BTW, the more I think about it, France might be in much better shape than I thought before. In a quick victory, she is likely to have captured mountains of German equipment making her far stronger


I think we're running into a problem. We have different views of how a short war would go which is colouring our opinions of the peace. How about this; you give us a run through of how you think the war would go and I'll give you mine. That should give us a better place to build the discussion from.

Yes that could be the problem.


For a quick German victory- The Germans manage to break through the French line forcing the English to retreat towards the coast and the Fifth Army is forced to surrender. The entire French line then collapses in panic and the Germans capture it all (quick victories usually require someone to panic)

In the East, the Austrians do a better job of parrying the Russians while winning in Prussia OTL. Then, freed of any French threat, they pour it on the Russians.


For a quick allied victory- I think it would take the French (yeah I know its the French) changing their strategy completely. Accept the German attack while slowly falling back and fighting rear guard actions. Inflicting pretty severe casualties, they wait for the Russians.

On the Eastern Front, the Russians manage to trap the Austrians collapsing their entire army while winning in Prussia.

When the Germans are forced to turn towards the east, the French collapse the German lines in the west.

There are other ways- like the Russians not running out of ammo but the Germans doing so.

But no matter what POD (and prewar ones are best for a quick victory), the loser basically doesn't have an army left- like France 1941


You raise a lot of good points. I see a crushing victory while your seeing one not as bad More of negotiated peace. That opens a lot of games. Such as an Anglo German alliance to save the Reich from complete collapse. Not sure this is possible like it was in the 1700s since events are going to move fast, but Europe knows that their allies must never win
 
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