Prerequisite to the alternative of the Russian empire without the February Revolution

[Aley]

This article is a supplement to:

https://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=277441

It is well known that tsarist Russia was a police state where tyranny reigned, and the lower strata of the population - workers and peasants - were living in extreme poverty, vegetating in poverty and illiteracy. This explains the inevitability of the February Revolution of 1917, followed by a seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
So was it really?
It will be published several articles showing the history of Russia of the early 20th century, from an unexpected quarter. I am far from being able to generalize given the facts, which are designed for the entire population of Russia, but if you are constantly published photographs depicting some ragged, with captions: “Farmers Tsarist Russia” it is necessary to show the other side of the coin.
Let's start with the famous in Russian history "Obukhov defense," the cornerstone of the former Soviet propaganda, which tells how desperate workers seized factory and defended him from the king's troops, who were able to ruthlessly suppress the speech of unarmed workers, who were then sent to hard labor.


Obukhov defense in 1901.

Obukhov steel plant (OSZ) was one of the largest engineering companies in Russia. Founded in 1863, scientists metallurgist P. N. Obukhov and N. I. Putilov, as a private, the plant was purchased in 1885 by the Treasury. In this case, however, the factory continued to work on a commercial basis, that is, there was the means received for manufactured products, allowing the plant management to exercise reasonable initiative in addressing expansion.
In the beginning of the 20th century, the factory employed over three thousand workers, whose positions can be considered an enviable compared with the workers of many other industries. At the end of the 19th century work of OSZ s have been translated from time payment for piecework, work time is reduced from 11.5 to 10 hours, holidays until 8:00. On average Obukhov factory workers earn 0,25 to 0,60 rubles per hour. In the month from 30 to 60 rubles (the average salary of an official of low rank was 40 rubles per month).
The plant management has paid sufficient attention to the improvement of the workers, in addition to the industrial buildings at the plant were public and cultural institutions and organizations:
1. The stone church of St. Paul (1826).
2. School with a 3-year training course for 190 people.
3. School for the children of working with evening classes for adults and Sunday readings. The lack of places to study the children of workers forced the Board OSZ build a new school building in 1914-1916. (Now the school number 338).
4. Library technicians and employees of the plant and a reading room for the workers.
5. Organized by the choir and orchestra, and for working performances and concerts were held in the winter - skiing with slides and an ice rink in the summer garden in the factory on Sundays playing music.
6. For the newly created "Society of the consumers at the Obukhov steel plant" erected a stone building (1901-1902).
7. A bathhouse OSZ s up to 600 people (1902).
8. To ensure workers was created savings and savings bank.
9. There was a hospital outpatient department with 120 beds: 36 beds in the general ward and 6 - in the individual (1897), which could be treated not only to the workers themselves, but also their wives, children and parents. In addition, there was a maternity hospital on 7 beds.
In addition, the administration of the factory bought the land on which the houses were built for the workers.
However, everything has its downside.
Broke out in the early 1900s., the economic crisis has forced the administration to reduce the factory piecework wages and salaries, and this was one of the reasons for the strike, called Obukhov defense. Its main reason was the dismissal of 26 workers OSZ refused work May 1, 1901, and took part in the demonstration.
May 7, workers stopped work and demanded that the head of the plant back laid-off workers, increase wages, set an 8- hour working day, dismiss assistant chief of the plant A. Ivanov, who abuse workers and restore the old rates for work performed. Head of the plant G. Vlasov, going to workers, has announced that he has no right to perform all their requirements without the consent of the Navy Department, and went to his superiors. That was his big mistake, because, according to the workers, he enjoyed great prestige among them.
His assistant A. Ivanov threats and shouts only tempers, than the anticipated actions of the senior officer of battleship "Potemkin" Giljarovsky, which in 1905 brought the sailors to revolt. Mass of workers marched to the entrance of the plant. Security guards and tried to stop them, but one of the workers pulled out a knife and inflicted multiple stab wounds to one of the guards. A crowd of workmen found herself on Shlisselburgsky tract (later renamed Avenue Obukhov Defense), where the lowered barriers, blocking the passage of trams and horse-drawn carriages. Caused by policemen fired several volleys of muskets, the course went whips. The workers fought back with stones.
But the main culprit of the bloodshed was caused by A. Ivanov detachment of sailors, who had no experience in crowd control and gave a few volleys of live ammunition. During the clashes killed seven workers, one child (12-year-old Nick Evdokimov) and several bystanders.
To support Obukhov tried to break the workers from other factories Narva Gate, but were stopped by troops. Police arrested nearly a thousand workers, most of which was soon released, and 120 have been charged. The order of the plant was restored in the evening. For participation in the strike 27 people were convicted, 10 acquitted.
The riots at the Obukhov factory caused shock among his superiors, who knows enough about the satisfactory financial position of the workers.
Head of the plant G. Vlasiev allow workers to elect a permanent authorized to negotiate with the administration of the plant. Rapidly meetings were held in workshops where commissioners were chosen - those 29 people were selected. May 14 commissioners came to the head of the plant. "Of the 14 workers' demands were met 8 - increase in costs, the abolition of overtime (free) works, the employment of laid-off , free insurance and a reduction in the working day by half an hour."
Obukhov defense has taken a prominent place in the history of the Russian revolutionary, and not surprisingly, it has not been deprived of the watchful influence of journalists.
How could inflame the imagination of the authors of articles published Obukhov defense of the Soviet press. The number of laid-off workers up to a several thousand!
Interesting articles about Obukhov defense and participate in the famous while working and a poet Nicolae Tchirkov-Rybatskiy.

This curious line about hating the poet to work in the factory and the factory itself, as well as its amnesty "because of the birth of Nicholas the Bloody degenerate-heir." What to do - journalism is called "the second oldest profession."
However, it can be stated that the strike of the workers, despite the victim was a complete success, that debunks the fantasy of police brutality in Tsarist Russia, as well as the idea that the existing problems can be solved only by revolution.

 

[Aley]

The story of one school.

Village Rybatskoye, situated on the left bank of the Neva River, near St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I. Here were resettled farmers from different provinces of Russia, who had to provide new capital, fresh fish. However, over time, fishing has decayed and the peasants began to look for earnings not on the water but on land.
By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 600 yards, many of the younger children.

Disciples of the Rybatskoye Land village primary school.

By this time , in the village there was a two-year men's schools, parochial school and Primary School Ministerial, who could no longer meet the needs of peasant children Rybatskoye.
In 1907, the gathering of the peasants of the village of Rybatskoye decided to build a new high school building, which was allocated 70,000 rubles of public funds. In this case, it was not without fighting - were so hot debate. The initiative of the farmers found a warm response in the Ministry of National Education, to allocate missing for the construction of 40,000 rubles.

The project was designed by the famous school at the time the architect L. Shishko and represented 3-4 storey ( because of the slope soil in the area of construction ) brick building , which was built of the best bricks produced are in the neighborhood brick factories. Of this brick, in particular, have been constructed building of the General Staff and a number of famous buildings in St. Petersburg. The school was completed in 1909.

According to residents of Rybatskoye's, who studied at the school, the ventilation in the building was designed so that in the summer it was cool, even with the windows closed and warm in winter (oh, remember the stuffy classrooms Soviet schools). In general, from an ergonomic point of view, the project was conceived immaculate, housed in an apartment a director and of several teachers were separated from the school corridors, as well as teachers' room, so the noise and hubbub of children, at recess, did not interfere with recreation teachers. Around the building there was a garden, with experimental plots on which children can comprehend the wisdom of caring for plants.

Rybatskoye village of peasant children.

It is interesting that scored poorly educated peasants, have expressed a desire to study in the school was a joint, without division for boys and girls. The Ministry of National Education supported the initiative, saying that the resulting educational experience testifies in favor of co-education.

Peasant children - pupils Rybatskoye Higher Primary School 1913-1914.

What is taught peasant children?

In the certificate presented by Mariya Kostromskaya provides estimates on the studied subjects (Russia adopted a five-point rating, with 5 - the highest). This is the Law of God, Russian and Slavic languages, Arithmetic, Geometry and Drawing, History, Geography, Natural History, Calligraphy. Moreover girl she studied singing, drawing and needlework.

In Soviet times, based on peasant money School, continued to serve the people, and the war in her building housed the headquarters of the 55th Army. But in the 70-s. school was closed and the building was handed over to a hostel factory "Bolshevik" (former Obukhov). Factory managers quickly brought the building to the state of emergency, and it has been abandoned. Protests from residents Rybatskoye who claimed the historic significance of the building, officials parried: What other historical significance, many such schools (!?)
And then in the Rybatskoye came town. In the mid-'80s, the old village was resettled, sturdy peasant houses (many of which were built before the revolution) were bought for a song by officials for export to the suburban plots. Quickly grew typical high-rise buildings. A derelict school is still standing on the bank of the Neva River. She still had to star in several films, notably in the popular TV series "The Streets of broken lamps", "Cops " and "Agent of national security."

Public came district, has repeatedly asked the administration to use the walls of the building for the construction of an art school, but in the late 90's building it sold to a private company "Petersburg look." "Look" was unoriginal - despite the promise of the firm's management still maintain very strong walls of the building, inscribed, by the way, in the list of cultural sites, in 2007, the school was demolished. In its place will be built a modern entertainment center. Well every time their priorities.

 

[Aley]

The peasants.

Once again taking up the history of Rybatskoye's Village , I thought , looking at the pre-revolutionary photographs: in historical publications and documentaries very often emaciated , ragged and barefoot peasants. It seems that some photos of that time and wander from book to book and from film to film.
Ironically, in the archives of the Rybatskoye I have not found any such photos. Maybe they were destroyed during the Soviet regime?
There were others. At the beginning of the century, in the village of Aleksandrovskoye, is officially, unlike Rybatskoye's, territory already Petersburg, opened the photographer's parlor. And rushed, putting on their best clothes, the peasants to meet with a novelty, so leave the images on the memory descendants.

It should be borne in mind that after the revolution, peasants Rybatskoye defined as "land-hungry", forcing them to look at the earnings are in the neighborhood of brick factories and famous Obukhov steel plant, and as a result of work "on two fronts." Earth is small, and like beauty, that started a farmer Peter Alexandrov build a new home the envy of all. If someone wants to say that he was rich man, then let him look at the dimensions of the plot:

Beauty like the peasants, that they ordered Printed invitations to their celebration. Nothing seems special, one color, no pictures, but at that time quite glamorous:

Dressed, of course, in different ways:

Feel the difference:

Peasants went into the army, from which also brought their pictures. Here Alexander Chirkov, machine quartermaster cruiser "Bogatyr", a participant of the Russian-Japanese War:

Fathers and sons, daughters and mothers, too, could dress differently. Here peasant Anastasia Kazarina and her daughters Praskovya and Elena:

And it is a family farmer’s Alexander Chirkov, his wife Anna and daughter Katya. They do not know their fate, this girl is going to die in 1933, before the age of 29 years:

Like today's parents tried to dress their children in the latest fashion:

And like this dressed in winter:

Young people growing up and she too came time to join the ranks of the defenders of the fatherland:

Children were born:

The Great War came and went again into the army the peasants Rybatskoye:

Someone in the factories had to work:

What sometimes rewarded. Here is a decree awarding the working silver medal at the ribbon of the Order. I wonder whether it is possible to compare this award with the title of Hero of Socialist Labor?

Not all farmers were privates. Here's a second lieutenant. An officer!

And the cameras were made became available the peasants. And photographed them, such as children's ensemble:

Or students surrounded the priest Nicholas Kuligin:

Look at the faces of the dark, downtrodden people.

 

[dustbunny]

This is actually pretty cool stuff. I've always been interested in how people, of all countries, lived in the past. Not just the grand events, but their daily lives, what the towns and villages looked like, and how they went about their work and so on.

Keep going please!

 

[Aley]

This is actually pretty cool stuff. I've always been interested in how people, of all countries, lived in the past. Not just the grand events, but their daily lives, what the towns and villages looked like, and how they went about their work and so on.

Keep going please!

Thank you.
I have a whole museum at hand.

 

[Aley]

He did not Pushkin!

On the morning of September 21, 2013 in the territory adjacent to the fishing village of Ust - Slavyanka burned a two-story stone-and-wood house built in the early 19th century. Once this house belonged to the peasant poet Fyodor Nikiforovitch Slepushkin.

Self-portrait F. Slepushkin.

He was born in 1783 in the village of Maloye Mochino Yaroslavl province and was a serf E. Novosiltseva (nee Countess Orlova). His grandfather, Simon Skudnyy (Lean - speaking family name), became blind in his old age, and his descendants called Slepushkin. Fedor taught literacy father, who died when the boy was nine years old. Orphan was sent to Moscow workers shopkeeper, but when he grew up - was taken back to the village and identified as an assistant to a local miller. Working at the mill, he almost lost his arm caught in the gears, but the crushed fingers self cured using folk remedies.
Married and moved to Slepushkin located on the right bank of the Neva German colony Novo-Saratovka, where he opened his shop. Communication with the Germans at first was considerable difficulties, but he quickly mastered the German language, and soon earned a reputation as an honest trader exclusively not only the Germans, but also the residents of the Rybatskoye, who preferred to move across the river to buy distinguished by the quality factor and low price goods from "Zaretsky shopkeeper" (living across the river). This nickname became so popular that when in 1820, after the death of his first wife Fedor Nikiforovitch remarried with one of the residents of the Rybatskoye, it is only a few weeks after the wedding, she learned that her new name is not Zaretsky but Slepushkina.
But even before that, in 1812, farmers Rybatskoye Slepushkin persuaded to move to their permanent residence, much to the frustration of the Germans who issued however, the passport to him about his honesty and unselfishness, signed and sealed by a total testament to the local pastor.
In the village Rybatskoye continued shopkeeper Slepushkin life, but also life began Slepushkin poet.
In 1826 was published his first book of poems, which attracted the attention of the Minister of Education Shishkov, who introduced her to Nicholas I. Emperor granted self-taught poet expensive caftan with gold braid and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna sent him a gold watch. Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna wanted to see the most Slepushkin and it was presented to her by Shishkov. After a conversation with the poet about his family and the poems, Maria Feodorovna gave him one more gold watches. One can imagine the feelings Slepushkin!

Engraving by P. Nesterov depicting FN Slepushkina in donated caftan.

Academy of Sciences awarded the gold medal Slepushkin writing to him: "Worshipful peasant Fedor Nikiforovitch! The Russian Imperial Academy in meeting its this January 23-th day in 1826 listening to your poetic essay, titled "Leisures villager." Academy with pleasure and some surprise to find your natural talents signified very good as the elegant taste and good manners, as well with a simple but noble and pure language syllable, rural decent descriptions, and besides knowing that you, with due care for his family, did not depart from school ever, as your akin, also learned self-taught painting art and his good conduct earned him praise from many, determined in the approval for the commendable life and work your reward, consisting of the average gold medal with the caption: "benefiting the Russian the word."

Poems F. Slepushkina of "Readings on Russian literature of the XIX century," published in 1938.

However, despite all these differences, Slepushkin remained serfs - Novosiltseva asked for freedom for him and his family 3000 rubles. Princess T. Yusupova started collecting funds for the liberation of serfs of the poet, which was attended and Alexandr Pushkin.
The great Russian poet met Slepushkina book immediately after its publication, and soon wrote A. Delvig: "Surely nobody would edited the "Yule"," Carnival", "Cabin"? His true talent, please send him my "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and my "Poems." In the same year, Pushkin wrote that all with great surprise and reread the works of the poet-peasant. According to B. Fedorov in the middle of May 1828 Pushkin with Polish poet Mickiewicz visited the house Slepushkin in Rybatskoye. In his diary Slepushkin wrote: "this year I visited the kings and earls and lords are different, of which there were 136 persons."
Money was raised and became a free man Slepushkin enrolling in third merchants guild. In his own words, he could barely believe myself when drove into town to question the sentry at the gates of the name and rank, said, "The Merchant of Slepushkin."
Once Slepushkin found in the 16-pound brick Petr I times produced in the Rybatskoye on existed in those days brickyard Stolbensky. Assessing the discovery and high quality local clay, Slepushkin built a new brick factory with nine furnaces, supplying the capital of seven million bricks annually. From the same bricks labeled seal Slepushkina was built and the first floor of his house in which there was a coaching inn.

House of Slepushkin. 1893.

He's in 2011.

Do not forget, now merchant Slepushkin and poetry. In 1828, a second edition of his book "Leisures villager", in which was added forty new poems. In 1836 he published a poem, "The Four Seasons" and in 1834 for a poem written for the opening of the Alexander Column he was granted a gold medal at the St. Andrew ribbon. In the same 1834, the book "New leisure to a villager," and in 1840 published a collection of the Academy of Sciences. Slepushkin surprised in England, France and Germany, where he translated and published his poems.

Articles about the Slepushkin from German editions of the 19th century.

June 13, 1848 F. Slepushkin died of cholera.
Some descendants of Slepushkin continued to live in his house. In 1907 the building was donated to M. Slepushkin under National Primary School for children of both sexes. School was free, and primarily due to the payment of its costs Slepushkina family members.
****
In place of the fire came only one fire truck, and, as one witness wrote: "Firefighters are very stared at the flames before it start to extinguish."
"The inn F. Slepushkin" - revealed to cultural heritage. In addition, according to some assumptions, he stands on the foundation of the Swedish guard tower of the 17th century. Several times the power breaks down the house Slepushkin, explaining the need to expand the Soviet prospectus that Ust-Slavyanka continues Rybatskoye prospectus. However, the committee on landscaping and road facilities (now Committee on Transport Infrastructure Development) of this idea has already refused.

In 2009, the Prosecutor's Office of the Nevsky district indicated its intent to sue the current owner of the house Slepushkin - JSC "Technopark". According to prosecutors , the monument contains the "ownerless". Slepushkin house - the only building of more than 50 buildings, which was planned to keep the village as part of a renovation project of its territory. Now if KGIOP considers that as a result of the fire building lost its historical and cultural significance, it will exclude from the list of protected sites. Then the developer will be able to legally carry a monument and replace it with a modern apartment building.
Demolition of buildings in the village of Ust- Slavyanka began on September 11. Work leads LLC "Demontazhstroyinzhiniring", included in the group of companies "Krashmash" commissioned "Renovations St. Petersburg." On-site private homes will be a multi-storey residential quarter "Gothenburg" development project which developed a Swedish architectural firm Tovatt Architects and Plalnners.

What we have - do not store, lost - we cry.

The author expresses his gratitude to the head of the Rybatskoy Library (St. Petersburg ) N. Perhalskay and head of local history room at the library W. Glushkova for their contributions .

 

[Aley]

How to begin rebellions.

About the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" know, probably all. Film director Eisenstein, has become a classic of cinema, immortalized insurgent ship and showing the world the infamy of the bloody tsarist regime. But the movie has its own language, but the revolutionary movie has him in an even greater degree. What actually happened in 1905 in the Black Sea?
June 25, 1905 battleship "Knyaz Potemkin-Tavricheskiy", newest, and, consequently, the strongest and the Black the ship Black Sea Fleet, went out to sea to make gunnery training. Battleship accompanied torpedo boat number 267, decrepit boat displacement 77 tons, which was not even his officers, him commanded seconded to the "Potemkin" officer.
June 26, ships entered the bay Tenderovskaya where anchored. Here is where it all happened.
Posted in Odessa for provisions torpedo boat returned late due to a collision with a fishing boat. As a result, the meat purchased in Odessa had lain for more than five hours on a hot deck torpedo boat, which naturally did not contribute to its preservation.
Cooked the next day for the team borscht (traditional for the Black Sea Fleet soup with beetroot) gave strong moldy stuff (floating in the soup worms usual exaggeration). Senior ship's doctor said that soup is good enough to eat, but the sailors sniffing tanks with borscht, refused to eat it, that has angered senior officer "Potemkin" captain II rank I. Giljarovsky. Giljarovsky built crew on deck and turned to him with a speech accusing the sailors that they bribed by Japanese (let's not forget the war with Japan at this point still has not ended). Speculate about the Japanese gold, which obviously stuffed pockets sailors Giljarovsky said that those who will not have dinner, go straight to prison: "And those who will be there - fail!"
Go to prison because of a lousy borscht nobody wanted, and sailors began to fail. It seemed that the question has been settled? The hell! In Giljarovsky apparently lost a great teacher - he decided to consolidate the lesson. In order to better sailors be remembered, he gave orders to arrest several hesitated whether the most stubborn, or the most stupid and shoot them!
To put it bluntly - no right to give such an order not had Giljarovsky. By statute, sentenced to death by a crew member could only captain, but commanders of the ships of the Russian fleet this right never abused. However, now the commander of "Potemkin" was sitting in his cabin in nothing interfering and allowing Gilyarovsky frolic on freedom.
Shot, of course, was just a hoax - handed out to guard the team rifles were loaded with blanks, but that none of the sailors knew. Their ranks rose a murmur. NCO Vakulenchuk, who enjoyed great prestige among the sailors (on this basis, later Soviet historians tried to made him a Bolshevik - well, who can still command respect, not as a Bolshevik?) Gilyarovsky approached and tried to dissuade him from such drastic measures, "What you do, Your Honour, can not be so!" In response Giljarovsky resorted to the surest argument - he pulled out a gun and fatally wounded Vakulenchuk.
This was the last straw: the sailors rushed to on senior officer. Gilyarovskogo killed on the spot, killed him a few most hated officers practicing the assault, and along with the doctor, paid with his life for his expertise. Other officers simply cast overboard, the benefit to the beach was very close. Were killed and several sailors who refused to join the rebels.
Torpedo boat, seeing all this, tried to raise the anchor, to get away, but there it was: a "Potemkin" on it induced the guns, demanding to join the revolt. Had nowhere to go, and the destroyer sailors thrown overboard temporary commander.
What actually caused such passions? None of the numerous researchers the uprising somehow never paid any attention to his date - exactly one month has passed from the date of the crushing defeat of the Russian fleet at Tsushima, so it is not surprising that all the nerves were on edge.
Having seized the ship, the sailors thinking about what they do now. Matyushenko, only to "Potemkin" sailor who was a member of the revolutionary party (Socialist Revolutionaries), offered to go to Odessa, which was shaken while ordinary workers' strikes and naval artillery to support the strikers. However, even for such a short hike required officers to control the ship sailors could not. Question just decided - out of the water caught three young officers and appointed commander of one of them and the other senior mechanic. Guys somehow were not in awe of such a brilliant career and tried to recuse himself, but the sailors they hinted that in this case the secondary dip they will not get off. Poor fellows had to take command of the revolutionary vehicle for which they paid subsequently forced emigration. It is interesting that none of the persons on board the "Potemkin" Nicholas factory workers taken on board to eliminate common faults for new ship, did not wish to join the rebels. All of these workers were brought ashore.
June 27, "Potemkin" and its accompanying torpedo boat under the red flags came into the port of Odessa, causing a huge hype among the proletarians of the strikers, and bored of the liberal intelligentsia, long look forward to the thrill of a purifying fire of revolution. (Oh, remember they are "bloody" Nicholas, well, it is, by the way). It ships rushed the boat filled with waving red flags of an enthusiastic audience. At the same time to "Potemkin" and torpedo boat delivered food, donated by revolutionary shopkeepers.
Worse was to coal. The rebels demanded to bring him, threatening to fire the city authorities of government buildings, but they did not deliver any coal, and themselves immediately departed with their families in suburban homes located beyond the reach of the guns "Potemkin." Attempts to extract coal sailors themselves were suppressed Odessa garrison soldiers, rebels fired on the boats.
After this, the sailors tried to carry out his threat - the shelling began building the Municipal Theatre, where it is said arrived at a meeting of city authorities of a 6-inch gun, but as a "Potemkin" is a building to be seen, then after a few shots, not reaching one hit, the fire stopped, fearing civilian casualties.
Evening Lumpens crowd, apparently decided that now is their time, went to rob the port warehouses, among whom were military warehouses, protected sentries.

The soldiers were forced to open fire, were killed. This event inspired director Eisenstein, becoming in the end, the film "Battleship Potemkin" in the famous shot of a peaceful demonstration at the Odessa Staircase in fact never took place. (It is said that during the filming of one of statistwomen accidentally released a buggy rolled down the stairs, and a great director has not missed a spectacular frame, exclaiming: "camera on a carriage!").

Meanwhile, based in Sevastopol Fleet command received a telegram from Odessa port of arrival in the revolutionary vessel. Admirals reacted to this news as a bad joke - Russian Navy until that time the riots did not know, and very few sailors agitators were viewed as harmless lunatics, dismissing them from service "sickness ." However, it soon came to Sevastopol thrown with the "Potemkin" officers have confirmed the mutiny. The squadron began to gather in the street. In the Black Sea Fleet at the time, there were, besides the "Potemkin" seven battleships, one of which was under repair, but the remaining six were enough to destroy the rebellious battleship. But there was one concern: if a row an "Potemkin", then the sailors on other ships, too, can repeat her feat. Nevertheless, it was necessary to act.
June 29, squadron out to sea, heading to Odessa. The transition was short-lived. Radio operators to "Potemkin" heard radio traffic approaching government ships. Mutinous sailors decided: Meet squadron at sea, but do not open fire. However, government ships and guns were charged only on the flagship "Rostislav", and that only four 10-inch guns of the main caliber.
The soul of the leading squadron admirals A. Krieger and F. Vishnevetskii was restless. On the way to Odessa Vishnevetskii built on the deck of the flagship team and turned to her with slurred speech, from which it was possible to understand that the men with the "Potemkin" acted correctly - it was necessary to act very differently! In the same spirit has been sustained sent them to "Potemkin" radiogram. Mutinous sailors reasonably responded that if Admiral knows better how to organize the revolution, then let come to "Potemkin" and led a revolt. But Vishnevetskii reason did not accept this flattering offer.
Meeting with government rebellious battleship squadron held on June 30. "Potemkin" repeatedly cut through government commissioned the ships on which officers drove to the lower deck curious sailors, which was interesting to see the ship under the red flag, who was expelled from the "masters." Such "fighting" apprehension admirals were fully justified: battleship "Georgiy Pobedonosets" also raised a red flag and joined the "Potemkin". Government squadron hastily turned for home.
But the joy of liberated from the yoke of the crew of "George" was short. Using reigned victorious euphoria, non-commissioned officers of extended service, backed recruits sailors seized control of the battleship and put him stranded. Soon "George" was captured by government forces. Sailors "Potemkin" blankly watched the scene, making no attempt to help his comrades. Now, in the port of Odessa were already two battleships, one under the red flag of revolution, the second, stranded under the Russian naval flag.
Realizing that in Odessa nothing else to do (city population enthusiasm quickly waned, and extract coal and failed), the sailors "Potemkin" decided to head to Romania, somehow hoping to get coal from Romania government. Naturally no coal in the Romanian port of Constanta, they were not given - why should I? The Romanian government has not even allowed to rebellious battleship sailors ashore, fairly fearing that their own soldiers to follow the Russian example.

Standing not long in the Romanian port "Potemkin" went home. Next he went to the Crimean port of Feodosia, performing it the same sensation as a sensation in Odessa. "Wanted" his government squadron somehow always provided at the opposite end of the Black Sea. No wonder the new Black Sea Fleet Commander Admiral Tchuchnin began by saying that he made terrible havoc in the ship's wardroom expelled from dozens of Navy officers.
But how much rope not wriggle - the end will be - coal reserves "Potemkin" coming to an end. July 3, battleship came again in Constanta, where negotiations began with the Romanian Government on the crew "Potemkin" political asylum. Agreement was reached, and the sailors went ashore, the ships were also busy Romanian soldiers.

Arrived in Constanta officers and sailors who had to lead "Potemkin" and torpedo boat in Sevastopol, found that the ships are in terrible condition: cabins and officers wardroom were looted, everything that can be destroyed - were broken even hydrometric tube in boiler rooms. Russian government naturally blamed the defeat of the rebellious sailors, but they denied any involvement in this, stating that the ships left in good order. Subsequently, the Romanian authorities have recognized that the destruction was carried out by soldiers of own the army.
Returned to Sevastopol battleship was immediately renamed, receiving the new name "Panteleimon". Under this name he took part in World War I, twice, as part of the First Brigade of the Black Sea Fleet ships, engaging in battle with the German battle cruiser "Goeben". After the February Revolution of 1917, the battleship hurry back the old name, but soon realized it: unworthy revolutionary ship be named after the king's satrap, and renamed it as "Borets za svobodu" ("Freedom Fighter"). In 1919, the British are in Sevastopol blasted machine at all battleships Black Sea Fleet, including the "Borets za svobodu." (It seems that the British troops were concerned primarily not help white but destruction wherever they could Russian infrastructure) . In 1923, the old ship was scrapped.
Mutinous sailors dispersed throughout Europe. Returning to Russia was now impossible for them, and they began promotion of the Russian revolutionary movement among western people. Some were able to return to Russia illegally and take part in the first Russian revolution.
The main consequence of the uprising on "Potemkin" was created by him precedent for rebellious battleship soon followed by other ships: cruisers "Ochakov" and "Pamyat Azova", the destroyer "Skoryy" and others.

 

[Aley]

Peasants and books

In March 1903, gathering a peasant’s decided to open in the village of Rybatskoye library, and let every year for the purchase of books for 75 rubles out of public funds, which in later years was carried out rigorously. It is curious that the chosen in October 1903 by the responsible person at the library reading room Rybatskoye rector Church Slavnitsky M. N. said: "...due to the paucity of cash funds in the library can not be spent on the acquisition of religious books and use them from the church library, books that the local population enjoys 15 years already. "
Rybatskoye Library "In memory of 19 February 1861" (this is the date of publication of the manifesto of the abolition of serfdom) was opened in January 1905. In the creation of the library was attended by such different personalities as subsequently canonized priest Ioann of Kronstadt, who gave the library a collection of his works, and N. K. Krupskaya (Lenin's wife). Library exists to this day, having gone through the village itself.

In 1908 was published "Report of society assistance to needy students Rybatskoye village schools for 1908", which was administered and a library.

Chairman of the "Society of assistance to needy students" peasant A. D. Bessonov and his wife.

Curious published in this report statistics on library users and their preferred books.

For 1908 the library was visited by 611 people (377 men and 234 women) of them under the age of 15 years old male - 178 people (47.2%), female - 126 (53.8%).

Issued books within the divisions:
1. Literature (Belles lettres) - 4446 (46.7%)
2. Youthful reading - 3147 (33%)
3. Natural - 484 (5.1%)
4. Geography, ethnology - 477 (5%)
5. History and Biography - 307 (3.23%)
6. Spiritual books - 258 (2.71%)
7. Agriculture - 187 (1.96%)
8. Health and hygiene - 134 (1.41%)
9. Sociology and jurisprudence - 49 (0.51%)
10. Philosophy and Psychology - 28 (0.29%)
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Total: - 9517 books, on average - 15.6 on the reader.
Periodicals - 847 (average - 1.4 instance on the reader).

By the beginning of 1908, the library had 1,597 books and periodicals, were received for 1908 - 539 new ones. By today's standards, the figures are not too impressive, but it is necessary to take into account the time and the fact that the library was created by the peasants themselves, with little or no involvement of state funds.
In the same 1903, the teacher D. A. Travin suggested that the Rybatskoye village communities to start collecting antiques, to open a small museum later. This work continued despite the outbreak of World War in October 1915 peasants have requested permission to work in the Archives of the Ministry of the Imperial Court in Petrograd and Moscow, "to view historical information and statements concerning the Rybatskoye village, formerly called Rybatskoye Sloboda… These are necessary for us to compile a historical sketch of the village said on the occasion of the upcoming 200th anniversary of itself." October 25, 1915 peasants were allowed to work in the archives, where they made a number of statements from various documents.
Unfortunately, subsequent events known for a long time put an end to the idea of creating a museum. Such was opened at Rybatskoye 's library only after 85 years.