Pre-Columbian knowledge confirmed: A monk in 14th-century Italy wrote about the Americas


A monk in 14th-century Italy wrote about the Americas

That was long before Christopher Columbus set sail​

That vikings crossed the Atlantic long before Christopher Columbus is well established. Their sagas told of expeditions to the coast of today’s Canada: to Helluland, which scholars have identified as Baffin Island or Labrador; Markland (Labrador or Newfoundland) and Vinland (Newfoundland or a territory farther south). In 1960 the remains of Norse buildings were found on Newfoundland.

But there was no evidence to prove that anyone outside northern Europe had heard of America until Columbus’s voyage in 1492. Until now. A paper for the academic journal Terrae Incognitae by Paolo Chiesa, a professor of Medieval Latin Literature at Milan University, reveals that an Italian monk referred to the continent in a book he wrote in the early 14th century. Setting aside the scholarly reserve that otherwise characterises his monograph, Mr Chiesa describes the mention of Markland (Latinised to Marckalada) as “astonishing”.

In 2015 Mr Chiesa traced to a private collection in New York the only known copy of the Cronica universalis, originally written by a Dominican, Galvano Fiamma, between around 1339 and 1345. The book once belonged to the library of the basilica of Sant’Ambrogio in Milan. In Napoleonic times, the monastery was suppressed and its contents scattered. The owner of the Cronica let Mr Chiesa photograph the entire book and, on his return to Milan, the professor gave the photographs to his graduate students to transcribe. Towards the end of the project one of the students, Giulia Greco, found a passage in which Galvano, after describing Iceland and Greenland, writes: “Farther westwards there is another land, named Marckalada, where giants live; in this land, there are buildings with such huge slabs of stone that nobody could build them, except huge giants. There are also green trees, animals and a great quantity of birds.”

Mr Chiesa says that giants were a standard embellishment of faraway places in Norse folklore and, indeed, Galvano cautioned that “no sailor was ever able to know anything for sure about this land or about its features.” The Dominican was scrupulous in citing his sources. Most were literary. But, unusually, he ascribed his description of Marckalada to the oral testimony of “sailors who frequent the seas of Denmark and Norway”.

Mr Chiesa believes their accounts were probably passed on to Galvano by seafarers in Genoa, the nearest port to Milan and the city in which the Dominican monk is most likely to have studied for his doctorate.

His thesis raises a new question: why does the eastern seaboard of America not feature on any known Genoese map of the period? But it could help explain why Columbus, a Genoese, was prepared to set off across what most contemporaries considered a landless void.■7

This article appeared in the The Americas section of the print edition under the headline "Medieval mapping"

Let a dozen early European re-discovery of America timelines bloom.
 
It’s not surprising, despite the semi-popular revision that Columbus was an idiot who just stupidly bumbled his way to safety by getting lucky, there was clearly something there. He got what it was (thinking it just meant Asia) but the fact that some landmass was there was not impossible.

That said, to address the point about the lack of the North American seaboard…uh, they sort of did. Like, not actually the American seaboard, but mapmakers drew random extra land all the time. It’s the basis of that twit Gavin Menzies’s whole idiocy about China totes discovering America first, colonizing it, and then just going home and erasing the whole thing.
 
So if these legends and tall tales were known to seamen, that means earlier Columbuses could have existed, right? We could presuppose any navigator who found a willing sponsor could have gone west. Hence the potential for more timelines.
 
Wasn't there a recently-discovered Asian map from around this era that depicted part of the coast of the Pacific Northwest, including Alaska?
 
It’s not surprising, despite the semi-popular revision that Columbus was an idiot who just stupidly bumbled his way to safety by getting lucky, there was clearly something there. He got what it was (thinking it just meant Asia) but the fact that some landmass was there was not impossible.

That said, to address the point about the lack of the North American seaboard…uh, they sort of did. Like, not actually the American seaboard, but mapmakers drew random extra land all the time. It’s the basis of that twit Gavin Menzies’s whole idiocy about China totes discovering America first, colonizing it, and then just going home and erasing the whole thing.
I like the idea that Columbus and others supporting his voyage had an idea there was something there from historical sources, even if those source were rather vague. It makes a lot more sense, given their actions.
 
So if these legends and tall tales were known to seamen, that means earlier Columbuses could have existed, right? We could presuppose any navigator who found a willing sponsor could have gone west. Hence the potential for more timelines.
Earlier Columbuses emphatically did not exist. Whether you regard the man as a hero, villain, or somewhere in between, his important role in history was not discovering America. Even putting aside the Native Americans, scholars have been perfectly willing to accept credible claims of Old World explorers happening upon the New World before 1492 for decades now, the most widely-accepted example being the the Norse in Vinland. No, Columbus was important because his voyages helped open up the Americas to European trade and settlement, which radically changed the course of history. But the Columbian Exchange as we know it was only made possible by a specific confluence of political, economic, and technological circumstances that probably could not have been matched significantly before they did in our world.
 
Earlier Columbuses emphatically did not exist.
No, I mean it’s conceivable that such figures could exist in alternate history because there was foreknowledge about the lands of the Norse voyages in medieval Europe that could be pursued, not that such a figure did actually exist.

This board has a good amount of Muslim discovery of the Americas timelines, but few pre-Colombian European discovery timelines, besides the Norse. One notable exception is @carlton_bach ’s The Vivaldi Journeys, which I hope will return one day.

 
I don’t exactly know why it’s so astonishing that people outside of Northern Europe had heard of Vinland or Markland, it’s not like it was a closely guarded secret or anything. Even if Scandinavia was a little isolated, the names of those islands shows up several times in English and German sources, often written by clergymen - who were certainly in international contact.
 

Crazy Boris

Banned
I like the idea that Columbus and others supporting his voyage had an idea there was something there from historical sources, even if those source were rather vague. It makes a lot more sense, given their actions.
Between this and the Toscanelli map, Columbus’ idea of sailing west goes from being a bit of a crapshoot it’s easy to assume it as at first to actually being kind of a brilliant idea and it’s 100% understandable why he decided to risk it.

I’m surprised no one thought to try it before him now.
 
I don’t exactly know why it’s so astonishing that people outside of Northern Europe had heard of Vinland or Markland, it’s not like it was a closely guarded secret or anything. Even if Scandinavia was a little isolated, the names of those islands shows up several times in English and German sources, often written by clergymen - who were certainly in international contact.
Before this we didn't really have any solid written examples of this supposition. What English and German sources have mentioned those lands?

Between this and the Toscanelli map, Columbus’ idea of sailing west goes from being a bit of a crapshoot it’s easy to assume it as at first to actually being kind of a brilliant idea and it’s 100% understandable why he decided to risk it.

I’m surprised no one thought to try it before him now.
Yeah, if it was really so not-rare knowledge, weird that no one else tried before, other than the Zeno brothers.
 

kholieken

Banned
Between this and the Toscanelli map, Columbus’ idea of sailing west goes from being a bit of a crapshoot it’s easy to assume it as at first to actually being kind of a brilliant idea and it’s 100% understandable why he decided to risk it.

I’m surprised no one thought to try it before him now.
Columbus math is bad. Everybody knew Asia is a lot farther than what Columbus think.

Remember that expedition is to find route to Asia, which Columbus failed, not about finding Islands on the West.
 
Basques were early too, as early as the high Middle Ages if I remember correctly.
The problem isn't getting to the Americas since the Norse and others could do it, it's doing it at a time anybody would care.

We know how it turned out so it's hard to imagine a reaction of *shrug* "So what?"
 

Crazy Boris

Banned
The problem isn't getting to the Americas since the Norse and others could do it, it's doing it at a time anybody would care.

We know how it turned out so it's hard to imagine a reaction of *shrug* "So what?"
"if it doesn't have pepper, I'm not interested" -Most of Europe
 
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