I suppose effects in Eastern Europe could be huge, but I don't know enough about the demographics of seventeenth-century Russia and Poland to say how it would play out.
By around 1880, Poland and other central European countries had run out of farm land and the mass migration of Germans, Poles, Slavs, and Italians to Brazil, the USA, and other areas begin. If the potato was 100 years ahead of OTL, this mass migration starts earlier. Not 100 years, because we are not improving health care and sanitation, the other half of the population boom. These means the immigrants are arriving in the New World with 75 years less time for the natives to recover from disease. North and South America are a lot more white.
Now to the types of things we would likely see.
1) The area that is now the USA fills up a lot sooner. Either the USA accepts a lot of immigrants (a POD), and might end up with a mult-language country, or the USA will lose places like California which will be settled by Poles or Germans or Italians. The same hold true for areas like British and American Columbia. So the USA and Canada could be several ethnic states, or the USA could grow much faster and be larger. In either case, the Native Americans are even a smaller portion of the population.
2) Brazil and Argentina have the same dynamic, but I can't speculate on the details.
3) Enough whites make it to what is now South Africa to make it possible a white majority state. Better farming areas of Africa like Rwanda, lake Victoria area, NE Nigeria could also end up white. IOTL, the native population had time to grow to match the increasing food population. In this ATL, a situation where Uganda herders are swamped by Polish Farmers, and Uganda speaks Polish and is majority white ancestry is possible.
4) With higher food production and more settlers, I can see Manchuria not being a mix of Manchu and Chinese, but Manchu and Slav.
5) Major port cities like Singapore and Hong Kong could be almost all white. IOTL, they sucked in native labor to fill the labor needs. In this ATL, when these ports are built on almost empty islands, it could be filled by surplus population from Europe.
Now not all this would happen. But Europeans would be a much higher % of the world ancestry today, and there would be probably over 400 million more people of primarily European decent world wide. It is just where does the population overflow too. To a large extend IOTL, European technology increased the carry capacity of land, and African and Asians population increased. With this change, a lot more is absorbed by European, not African population. It would make a fascination TL.