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Is it possible at all for a state that controls both Al-Andalus and the Maghreb, along with a chunk of West Africa (the Ghana) and the Balearic Isles to hold onto power into the 15th century and become an important part of the development of the colonial and imperial eras?

Such a Moorish Empire would have to be able to fend off anything the Spanish states can throw at them, which is easiest if they're kept small and poor. France will probably become a powerful and dangerous rival.

Remember, this Moorish Empire doesn't have to last until modern day, and neither does the concept of a European power being Muslim. It can collapse and/or wane in importance well after establishing a visible presence in the New World and around the African Coast (although the latter may be more enduring and convert a very many peoples to Islam). Hell, that would complete the circuit of Islamic trade from the Mediterranean to the Horn of Africa to India to the East Indies, even up into what's left of the Silk Road. Muslim trade networks will never get completely supplanted by the European colonial trade routes, and the settlement of the Americas will be quite separate from the economy of basically everything in the Old World except for parts of Europe. This will be a much poorer and backwards colonization of the New World, so a few Native societies may stand a chance in resisting early settlements. A few Mexican groups will achieve statehood, as will the Andean confederation and maybe a few of the larger tribal federations in North America. If the relative importance and power of the natives and the settlers are reversed compared to OTL, the colonial societies will be a decidedly more integrated and mixed than OTL, even more so than Mexico and the Andean republics today.
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