Position of Muslim, Jews and other minorities in a non-Communist Russia

As it stands OTL, the USSR had pretensions of aspiring to a post-ethnic and post-religious society, even if it fell somewhat short of that in reality. I suspect that any other regime- whether that means a surviving empire, a surviving provisional government, or some non-communist faction seizing power- Russian ethnicity, "whiteness" and Orthodoxy would play a large role in culture and politics.

This would presumably not be good news for minority populations within Russia, even if it's democratic and nominally "liberal"/leftist. Russia is likely to face continued resistance to it's rule, in the Polish and Turkish territories especially, so inspiring authoritarian crackdowns. If this Russia is democratic, then there's a likelihood of bigoted populist movements moving for greater persecution/dispossession of minorities(especially Jews and Muslims), and perhaps excluding them from suffrage or eligibility for welfare programs(especially since the Central Asian territories are likely to be the poorest regions of Russia and therefore take up a disproportionate share of the Russian budget).

This might mean that Russia will ultimately lose possession of much of this territory, much as the other empires did. This is however complicated by the large Russian settler population in much of this territory, it's contiguity with Russia and the fact that Russia will likely be reluctant to yield the enormous oil reserves within these territories. In any case, the other European empires did not(for the most part) yield their territory easily/happily, and I see no reason to believe the Russian empire/republic would.
 
I think it makes a difference if one is contemplating a continuation of the Czar's regime, a post-revolutionary White regime or a surviving post-revolution regime. The Czar was as far I understand deeply religious as was his wife, they were hostile to all non-Orthodox faiths and perhaps merely unfriendly to non-Russian minorities. But was that personal to his rule or more deeply affixed to the elite? If so then a White Russia, restored monarchy or strongman rule, might look something like reactionary Germany where old prejudices were leveraged by the Nazis giving the state extreme power. Not to say it goes that far but it might argue for more open bigotry and sanctioned persecution as opposed to mere private prejudice. The non-Communist revolutionary regime is a bit of a wildcard to me. The Bolsheviks included a lot of leftist and radical thinkers who were Jewish, if they are swept into a crack down on "communists" by the "socialists" then the door is open to continue fear mongering using Jews as a bogeyman. A theme in Russian affairs it seems. But that same regime should be more egalitarian and lawful, it should transition faster to ideals of civil rights and protections for minorities. The bias should be against such abuses from a socialist regime, especially over time. And without a repressive communist regime the state may never have the means or desire to persecute and would allow emmigration that sees an escape valve. It might be thornier for the Poles or Finns who sought independence as a nationality. The challenge is that it is unwinnable. A conservative regime will tighten the grip and lose their loyalty, a liberal regime will encourage freedom that gives them the power to opt-out. Without the threat of violence I think the trend will be for Russia to splinter as various nationalities form new states. The caveat is what are the neighbors doing. A dangerous world might keep things together, peace and prosperity is a card that cuts both ways.
 
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