How so? I know the British don't get the Suez Canal, but that's as much as I know. I also know how the British captured Egypt, but I don't see how to avoid Mohammad Ali's descendants from bankrupting Egypt.
Wait, I thought it was the CUP who launched a coup in 1913.
What exactly is the difference between the two factions? I'm not a expert in Ottoman politics.
The British will still get the Suez Canal. Along with Gibraltar and Malta, the Suez is an anchor in their supply lines to India. A POD well before 1900 would be needed as the British took the country a couple decades earlier. If Egypt has not been taken it is either in the Ottoman sphere or an independent nation opposed to the Ottomans. I lean more towards independent antagonistic because I just don't see how Britain would allow Egypt to fall back under its control. An independent Egypt who is willing to allow Ottoman Army units to cross through their territory is as unlikely as Belgium being willing to allow German troops through. The fate of Egypt is also very likely to effect the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean as well and could easily mean there is no later Italo-Turkish War. The Egyptian debt situation was very bad but had the British wanted an independent Egypt they could have organized a debt administration more like the Ottoman's than the total British control they wound up getting. It's exactly why I doubt Egyptian independence is reasonable without a much earlier POD.
That is a big question... heres a relatively quick explanation... The CUP wasn't founded as a hive mind and there were branches in many different cities in Europe. There was technically a central committee in Constantinople but it had been broken up by Abdul Hamids spy networks several times and had very little authority over the branches. Abdulhamid had for the most part eliminated the internal "liberal" elements of the CUP by 1902-4. In the vacuum a new internal CUP began to take root among younger officers in the army, people like Enver Pasha and Mustafa Kemal were involved at this time. It was this group, mostly young and ethnically Turkish (Hence "Young Turks") serving as officers in the Army and as mid level administrators in the government (think postmasters), that launched the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. These "CUP" members were only loosely tied to CUP branches in Paris, Geneva, Bucharest, and Sofia, and when all these exiles returned they found that the new "CUP" guiding the new government was not what they had in mind.
The new "Committee of Union and Progress" co-opted Ahmed Riza's Unionist wing and held a significant majority after the first election. However, due to the committees age and inexperience allowed Elder Statesmen to sit on the Cabinet. Parliamentary squabbles go on, but in 1909 the Unionists were able to finally form a Unionist leaning cabinet and attempt real reforms. Instead, there was a counter -coup attempt to bring Abdulhamid's autocratic rule back, this was either backed or at least ignored by the "Liberal" and Elderstatemen politicians. Mahmud Shevket Pasha leads the 3rd army, crushed the uprising, and installs himself as effectively military dictator, which the Unionists had to bite their tongues and accept. Thing went on like this until 1911. The CUP/Unionists were easily the most powerful force in Ottoman government, but they lost a seat in Constantinople to the new "Freedom and Accord Party" which had formed from what was left of the Liberals after the counter coup. The Unionists... over reacted and called for a new nationwide election, and fudged the rules and numbers and won with the near total victory. The Unionists were in power during the Italian war, and performed well considering the circumstances, and were intent on continuing the war, trying to force the Great Powers to intervene on their behalf. However, on July 17th 1912 the Liberals, backed by their own military officers called the "Savior Officers", launched their own Coup d'etat against the Unionist government. Removing the Unionists entirely from government and shutting down Parliament. Now what remains of the CUP is pretty much just the military officers. The Liberal Government moves to make a peace with Italy quickly and then bungle their way into the First Balkan War with a minister of War acting as if he was commanding the actual German Army instead of what he had. The Balkan war goes horribly and fearing losing Adrianople was the final straw. The "CUP" (now the third iteration) led by Enver Pasha (The Defacto leader of the military faction) launched a coup against the Liberal government and murder the Minister of War, Nazim Pasha. The Unionists are back in Parliament, but all power now rests at the top with the Triumvirate (after the murder of Shevket Pasha the Triumvirate was able to seize control of the cabinet).
Ooof that about sums it up. I don't mean to paint the Liberals or the "Freedom and Accord Party" poorly, but it would take longer to go into the CUP repression of their Faction between 1909-1911.
CUP = "Military Faction"(a mix of opportunists and those who genuinely believe in constitutionalism) & Unionists (Believers in their Political ideology)
Liberals = Pretty much everyone opposed to the Unionists but the major political base came from Prince Sabahattin's de-centralizationalists; Supported by the "Savior Officers" in the army.