Them would have bit easier integrate to Liberian society when it is English speaking country and there is already many descendants of escaped American slaves. And I think that Liberia is slightly more stable and prosperous (altough hardly much) nation.
Photos from Featherston's Confederacy/ TL-191
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Them would have bit easier integrate to Liberian society when it is English speaking country and there is already many descendants of escaped American slaves. And I think that Liberia is slightly more stable and prosperous (altough hardly much) nation.
Hello, this is my first post, but I have lurked here for long enough to have some idea of how post ought to be made.
Grain Being Loaded Into A British Freighter, 1915
Indeed, the Argentine army was a strange force amongst its Entente counterparts. Much to the displeasure of the British, the germanophile officer corps insisted and succeeded in maintaining its “traditional” prussian-inspired uniforms, adopted in 1910. Moreover, the British “brodie” helmets were sidelined when a captured american-made coal-scuttle was reversed-engineered at the Zarate Arsenals to create a distinctive Argentine model, which once more failed to adjust to the Entente’s aesthetics. What was most distinctive about the Argentine army however, was its size. Even if it had started at the mind-numbingly small figure of 7,000 men, the 41,000 troops which it fielded in June 1917 was incomprehensibly little to Argentina’s allies.The Confederate attache in Buenos Aires, Lt. Colonel Wharton Hampton, expressed his frustration at the “half-hazard” effort of the Argentines in 1916, in a telegram wired to his brother Wade, then Secretary of State.
The Argentine Army Never Abandoned Its Recently-Aquired Taste For German Uniforms, Even After Declaring War, July 1916
“Even in 1910, the government of the Republic of Argentina claimed it could have an army of 90,000 assembled within two weeks. My observations and the results of the 1914 census lead me to believe this is true, for one sees men from eighteen to thirty-five still walk the boulevards of Buenos Ayres [sic], still going back and forth from the farms in the Pampas…. I can only conclude that not even all of those included in the partial mobilization called in 1915 have actually been put into service, even with Chili [sic] still launching offensives in the direction of Mendoza. It is impossible to understand why President Urgate, knowing full well the situation of the Entente in Europe and North American, does not act accordingly.” (1)
Wharton Hampton In 1904, Confederate War College. He Would Be Accused Of Homosexuality By The Freedom Party Press In 1935, And Expelled From The Army. He Recieved Command Of A Regiment Early In The Second Great War, And Is Believed To Have Commited Suicide By Leading The Attack On Yankee Forts In Northern Virginia.
There were several explanations for this, but primarily, the Argentine leadership understood that it had no need to field a regular army as it was not under a very considerable threat from any country. Not only did the Argentine elites prefer to spend the very considerable inflow of British pounds it was getting from the sale of wheat and meat in peacetime for their ambitious attempts to rapidly industrialize, but it was also realized that calling up men to the war would force them to make concessions to the lower classes, as the CSA had done with its blacks, and England with its poor. Having narrowly won an internal battle against reformism in 1912, the hardline conservatives would do everything possible to avoid granting universal suffrage.
Notwithstanding the small size of the army, Argentina did not simply stand on the sidelines to watch. However small compared to the million-man armies of the CSA and France, the Argentine troops were on average, better equipped than any allied armies. The enormous supply of capital and aid from Britain enabled the Argentinians to furnish their units with the latest equipment. Moreover, the quality of the troops was uniformly high, as no second-line units ever had to be called up, and troops were rotated from the battles in the frontier with Chile to garrison assignments elsewhere. Similarly, the Argentine Army Aeronautic Service (AAAS) had grown to be the best-equipped anywhere south of the equator. With the help of the Royal Flying Corps Station based in El Palomar to attack Union ships trying to reach Cape Horn, the AAAS had reached a strength of 145 front-line aircraft, mostly delegated to patrolling the eastern litoral, as the Andes winds made the western front inhospitable to early aeroplanes. The lessons of war in Europe and North American were still being learned, and a further 10,000 national guard troops were brought into service in early 1917 to fill up the new units created to reflect the advance of technology, including a barrel company of british Mark IVs.
Argentine FB.2 Over The Litoral, 1917
The navy too, had grown. Even as naval races with Chile and Brazil from 1890 to 1911 had already bloated the Argentine Navy to a disproportionate two dreadnoughts and seven modern cruisers in 1914, the war against German-American convoy raiding redirected even more funding in that direction. Britain, strapped for manpower, had lent Argentina four destroyers, and rescinded its commandeering of another four which had been under construction at Yarrow in 1914. Repair and docking facilities at Puerto Belgrano had been greatly expanded by British engineers to accomodate for the small fleet kept by Britain in the South Atlantic, and the regular visits by damaged Confederate battlecruisers, bruised from their encounters with Union raiders. By 1917, Argentina had seventeen destroyers (two of which it would lose to German cruisers), and had racked up six US and German submarines sunk.
Although The ARA RIvadavia, Built In The Confederacy, Remained The Flagship, Much Of The Fleet's Work Was Carried Out By Destroyers
ARA Cordoba Searching For German Submarines, Early 1916
Overall, aside from the lack of consumer goods to import caused by the war, Argentina was suffering less in 1917 than it had in 1914, and it looked, much like Japan, to benefit regardless of who won the war in Europe.
When George Custer’s barrels broke through the confederate lines in Tennessee in April of 1917, however, things changed rapidly for the worse.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources
(1)
Und Doch: Argentina 1917-1922
Argentine Troops On The Parana Before The 1920 Christmas Offensive
1. Phoney War (1915-17)
President Marcelino Ugarte Urges A Declaration Of War On Germany (1916)
Argentina had carried out its war at a rather leisurely pace for two years. Although war with Chile had been expected, the accompanying attack by Paraguay in 1915 was not. Nevertheless, the isolated Paraguayans had been quickly overrun before the end of the year, and a “provisional” government had been installed with deposed Paraguayan President Benigno Ferreira as president, as a stopgap before the country’s annexation following the Entente Victory. The economic windfall from massive exports of grain to Britain reinforce Argentina’s position as the richest country in the Southern Hemisphere. A large advantage in manpower over Chile ensured no enemy breakthroughs either in the Andes or Patagonia, while Buenos Aires saw no purpose in wasting lives trying to knock Chile out of the war. After all, the very existence of an enemy in South American ensured a steady flow of British weapons and men.Argentine Troops On The Parana Before The 1920 Christmas Offensive
1. Phoney War (1915-17)
President Marcelino Ugarte Urges A Declaration Of War On Germany (1916)
Grain Being Loaded Into A British Freighter, 1915
Indeed, the Argentine army was a strange force amongst its Entente counterparts. Much to the displeasure of the British, the germanophile officer corps insisted and succeeded in maintaining its “traditional” prussian-inspired uniforms, adopted in 1910. Moreover, the British “brodie” helmets were sidelined when a captured american-made coal-scuttle was reversed-engineered at the Zarate Arsenals to create a distinctive Argentine model, which once more failed to adjust to the Entente’s aesthetics. What was most distinctive about the Argentine army however, was its size. Even if it had started at the mind-numbingly small figure of 7,000 men, the 41,000 troops which it fielded in June 1917 was incomprehensibly little to Argentina’s allies.The Confederate attache in Buenos Aires, Lt. Colonel Wharton Hampton, expressed his frustration at the “half-hazard” effort of the Argentines in 1916, in a telegram wired to his brother Wade, then Secretary of State.
The Argentine Army Never Abandoned Its Recently-Aquired Taste For German Uniforms, Even After Declaring War, July 1916
“Even in 1910, the government of the Republic of Argentina claimed it could have an army of 90,000 assembled within two weeks. My observations and the results of the 1914 census lead me to believe this is true, for one sees men from eighteen to thirty-five still walk the boulevards of Buenos Ayres [sic], still going back and forth from the farms in the Pampas…. I can only conclude that not even all of those included in the partial mobilization called in 1915 have actually been put into service, even with Chili [sic] still launching offensives in the direction of Mendoza. It is impossible to understand why President Urgate, knowing full well the situation of the Entente in Europe and North American, does not act accordingly.” (1)
Wharton Hampton In 1904, Confederate War College. He Would Be Accused Of Homosexuality By The Freedom Party Press In 1935, And Expelled From The Army. He Recieved Command Of A Regiment Early In The Second Great War, And Is Believed To Have Commited Suicide By Leading The Attack On Yankee Forts In Northern Virginia.
There were several explanations for this, but primarily, the Argentine leadership understood that it had no need to field a regular army as it was not under a very considerable threat from any country. Not only did the Argentine elites prefer to spend the very considerable inflow of British pounds it was getting from the sale of wheat and meat in peacetime for their ambitious attempts to rapidly industrialize, but it was also realized that calling up men to the war would force them to make concessions to the lower classes, as the CSA had done with its blacks, and England with its poor. Having narrowly won an internal battle against reformism in 1912, the hardline conservatives would do everything possible to avoid granting universal suffrage.
Notwithstanding the small size of the army, Argentina did not simply stand on the sidelines to watch. However small compared to the million-man armies of the CSA and France, the Argentine troops were on average, better equipped than any allied armies. The enormous supply of capital and aid from Britain enabled the Argentinians to furnish their units with the latest equipment. Moreover, the quality of the troops was uniformly high, as no second-line units ever had to be called up, and troops were rotated from the battles in the frontier with Chile to garrison assignments elsewhere. Similarly, the Argentine Army Aeronautic Service (AAAS) had grown to be the best-equipped anywhere south of the equator. With the help of the Royal Flying Corps Station based in El Palomar to attack Union ships trying to reach Cape Horn, the AAAS had reached a strength of 145 front-line aircraft, mostly delegated to patrolling the eastern litoral, as the Andes winds made the western front inhospitable to early aeroplanes. The lessons of war in Europe and North American were still being learned, and a further 10,000 national guard troops were brought into service in early 1917 to fill up the new units created to reflect the advance of technology, including a barrel company of british Mark IVs.
Argentine FB.2 Over The Litoral, 1917
The navy too, had grown. Even as naval races with Chile and Brazil from 1890 to 1911 had already bloated the Argentine Navy to a disproportionate two dreadnoughts and seven modern cruisers in 1914, the war against German-American convoy raiding redirected even more funding in that direction. Britain, strapped for manpower, had lent Argentina four destroyers, and rescinded its commandeering of another four which had been under construction at Yarrow in 1914. Repair and docking facilities at Puerto Belgrano had been greatly expanded by British engineers to accomodate for the small fleet kept by Britain in the South Atlantic, and the regular visits by damaged Confederate battlecruisers, bruised from their encounters with Union raiders. By 1917, Argentina had seventeen destroyers (two of which it would lose to German cruisers), and had racked up six US and German submarines sunk.
Although The ARA RIvadavia, Built In The Confederacy, Remained The Flagship, Much Of The Fleet's Work Was Carried Out By Destroyers
ARA Cordoba Searching For German Submarines, Early 1916
When George Custer’s barrels broke through the confederate lines in Tennessee in April of 1917, however, things changed rapidly for the worse.
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Sources
(1)
Attachments
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Well, Liberia is a US protectorate in this timeline (as is Haiti, for that matter) but with the much more militarized US i would think they'd do more to expand their economies.
My guess is that with state control over the economy being so much more accepted in the U.S. in this timeline, they would have something akin to British economic policy (and economic problems) from 1944-197X, at which point wages policy and planning would be ditched by some sort of Thatcher-esque character following a recession, and the socialists would either stay out of power for a long time or implode.
A photograph of two destroyed P-27 Sky Sharks taken by the Confederate 16th Infantry Division of the aftermath of the Confederate Air Raid on Wright Field, which had occurred on August 15th, 1941 when Operation Blackbeard Commenced. The base was taken over by Confederate Ground Forces a day after the raid and this photo was taken on August 23rd, 1941.
Amendments of the U.S. Constitution in TL-191
*All of these amendments after the 12th are head canon ideas. Feel free to agree or disagree.
XIII
(Passed by Congress January 1, 1863. Ratified July 6, 1863.)^(1)
Section 1. -Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. -The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XIV
Passed by Congress June 13, 1882. Ratified July 9, 1883.^(2)
Section 1. -All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. -Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. -The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XV
Passed by Congress February 26, 1884. Ratified February 3, 1885^(3)
Section 1. -All able-bodied male citizens of the United States, and persons of foreign birth who shall have declared on oath their intention to become citizens under and in pursuance of the laws thereof, between the ages of eighteen and fifty-five years, except as hereinafter excepted, are hereby declared to constitute the national forces, and shall be liable to perform military duty in the service of the United States when called out by the President for that purpose. The President of the United States is hereby authorized and empowered to call forth the national forces, by draft, in the manner provided during war or insurrection.
Section 2. -The following persons be, and they are hereby, excepted and exempt from the provisions of this act, and shall not be liable to military duty under the same, to wit: Such as are rejected as physically or mentally unfit for the service; also, First the Vice-President of the United States, the judges of the various courts of the United States, the heads of the various executive departments of the government, and the governors of the several States. Second, the only son liable to military duty of a widow dependent upon his labor for support. Third, the only son of aged or infirm parent or parents dependent upon his labor for support. Fourth, where there are two or more sons of aged or infirm parents subject to draft, the father, or, if he be dead, the mother, may elect which son shall be exempt. Fifth, the only brother of children not twelve years old, having neither father nor mother dependent upon his labor for support. Sixth, the father of motherless children under twelve years of age dependent upon his labor for support. Seventh, where there are a father and sons in the same family and household, and two of them are in the military service of the United States as non-commissioned officers, musicians, or privates, the residue of such family and household, not exceeding two, shall be exempt. And no persons but such as are herein excepted shall be exempt: Provided, however, That no person who has been convicted of any felony shall be enrolled or permitted to serve in said forces.
Section 3. -All persons thus enrolled shall be subject, for two years after the first day of July succeeding the enrollment, to be called into the military service of the United States, and to continue in service, not, however, exceeding the term of three years during peace time; and when called into service during war or insurrection shall be placed on the same footing, in all respects, as volunteers for three years, including advance pay and bounty as now provided by law.
Section 4. -If any person shall resist any draft of men into the service of the United States, or shall counsel or aid any person to resist any such draft; or shall assault or obstruct any officer in making such draft, or in the performance of any service in relation thereto; or shall counsel any person to assault or obstruct any such officer, or shall counsel any drafted men not to appear at the place of rendezvous, or willfully dissuade them from the performance of military duty as required by law, such person shall be subject to summary arrest by the provost-marshal, and shall be forthwith delivered to the civil authorities, and upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine, or by imprisonment not exceeding two years, or by both of said punishments.
Section 5. -The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XVI
Passed by Congress September 22, 1886. Ratified May 3, 1888^(4)
The Congress shall have power to write, pass, and enforce rationing legislation on all goods and resources within the United States in times of peace and war, with apportionment among the States and with regard to census or enumeration.
XVII
Passed by Congress July 2, 1890. Ratified February 3, 1893^(5)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration
XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1912. Ratified January 16, 1913^(6)
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate or House of Representatives, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator or Representative chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
XIX
Passed by Congress June 4, 1927. Ratified August 18, 1928.^(7)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, race, or color.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XX
Passed by Congress March 2, 1931. Ratified January 23, 1932.^(8)
Section 1. -The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 1st day of February, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 15th day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. -The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 15th day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. -If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4. -The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. -Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of November following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. -This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
Inspiration:
http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/education/all_amendments_usconst.htm
https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America
https://web.archive.org/web/20100602000908/http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/962.htm
https://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_drft.html
http://www.webmatters.net/txtpat/?id=376
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Unit...olume_40/65th_Congress/1st_Session/Chapter_15
(1) I'd imagine that an amendment against slavery would still need to passed in order to prevent another war of secession. Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware were still slave states that didn't secede from the Union.
(2) Similar to the 14th amendment, but without any reference to insurrection or slavery. It was one of the three major amendments (14th, 15th, 16th) during the Remembrance era that was passed to allow more people to become American (Unionite/Unionist) citizens.
(3) The Conscription Amendment.
(4) The Rationing Amendment.
(5) The Tax Amendment, similar to OTL.
(6) Similar to OTL, but it also includes a section that allows governors of states to fill vacancies in BOTH the Senate and House of Representatives.
(7) Similar to OTL, but it also officially prohibits denial of voting rights based on race and color.
(8) Differs in the day of presidential inauguration: January 20th (OTL) vs. February 1st (TL-191)
*All of these amendments after the 12th are head canon ideas. Feel free to agree or disagree.
XIII
(Passed by Congress January 1, 1863. Ratified July 6, 1863.)^(1)
Section 1. -Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. -The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XIV
Passed by Congress June 13, 1882. Ratified July 9, 1883.^(2)
Section 1. -All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. -Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. -The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XV
Passed by Congress February 26, 1884. Ratified February 3, 1885^(3)
Section 1. -All able-bodied male citizens of the United States, and persons of foreign birth who shall have declared on oath their intention to become citizens under and in pursuance of the laws thereof, between the ages of eighteen and fifty-five years, except as hereinafter excepted, are hereby declared to constitute the national forces, and shall be liable to perform military duty in the service of the United States when called out by the President for that purpose. The President of the United States is hereby authorized and empowered to call forth the national forces, by draft, in the manner provided during war or insurrection.
Section 2. -The following persons be, and they are hereby, excepted and exempt from the provisions of this act, and shall not be liable to military duty under the same, to wit: Such as are rejected as physically or mentally unfit for the service; also, First the Vice-President of the United States, the judges of the various courts of the United States, the heads of the various executive departments of the government, and the governors of the several States. Second, the only son liable to military duty of a widow dependent upon his labor for support. Third, the only son of aged or infirm parent or parents dependent upon his labor for support. Fourth, where there are two or more sons of aged or infirm parents subject to draft, the father, or, if he be dead, the mother, may elect which son shall be exempt. Fifth, the only brother of children not twelve years old, having neither father nor mother dependent upon his labor for support. Sixth, the father of motherless children under twelve years of age dependent upon his labor for support. Seventh, where there are a father and sons in the same family and household, and two of them are in the military service of the United States as non-commissioned officers, musicians, or privates, the residue of such family and household, not exceeding two, shall be exempt. And no persons but such as are herein excepted shall be exempt: Provided, however, That no person who has been convicted of any felony shall be enrolled or permitted to serve in said forces.
Section 3. -All persons thus enrolled shall be subject, for two years after the first day of July succeeding the enrollment, to be called into the military service of the United States, and to continue in service, not, however, exceeding the term of three years during peace time; and when called into service during war or insurrection shall be placed on the same footing, in all respects, as volunteers for three years, including advance pay and bounty as now provided by law.
Section 4. -If any person shall resist any draft of men into the service of the United States, or shall counsel or aid any person to resist any such draft; or shall assault or obstruct any officer in making such draft, or in the performance of any service in relation thereto; or shall counsel any person to assault or obstruct any such officer, or shall counsel any drafted men not to appear at the place of rendezvous, or willfully dissuade them from the performance of military duty as required by law, such person shall be subject to summary arrest by the provost-marshal, and shall be forthwith delivered to the civil authorities, and upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine, or by imprisonment not exceeding two years, or by both of said punishments.
Section 5. -The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XVI
Passed by Congress September 22, 1886. Ratified May 3, 1888^(4)
The Congress shall have power to write, pass, and enforce rationing legislation on all goods and resources within the United States in times of peace and war, with apportionment among the States and with regard to census or enumeration.
XVII
Passed by Congress July 2, 1890. Ratified February 3, 1893^(5)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration
XVIII
Passed by Congress December 18, 1912. Ratified January 16, 1913^(6)
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate or House of Representatives, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator or Representative chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
XIX
Passed by Congress June 4, 1927. Ratified August 18, 1928.^(7)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, race, or color.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XX
Passed by Congress March 2, 1931. Ratified January 23, 1932.^(8)
Section 1. -The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 1st day of February, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 15th day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. -The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 15th day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. -If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4. -The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. -Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of November following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. -This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
Inspiration:
http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/education/all_amendments_usconst.htm
https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America
https://web.archive.org/web/20100602000908/http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/962.htm
https://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_drft.html
http://www.webmatters.net/txtpat/?id=376
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Unit...olume_40/65th_Congress/1st_Session/Chapter_15
(1) I'd imagine that an amendment against slavery would still need to passed in order to prevent another war of secession. Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware were still slave states that didn't secede from the Union.
(2) Similar to the 14th amendment, but without any reference to insurrection or slavery. It was one of the three major amendments (14th, 15th, 16th) during the Remembrance era that was passed to allow more people to become American (Unionite/Unionist) citizens.
(3) The Conscription Amendment.
(4) The Rationing Amendment.
(5) The Tax Amendment, similar to OTL.
(6) Similar to OTL, but it also includes a section that allows governors of states to fill vacancies in BOTH the Senate and House of Representatives.
(7) Similar to OTL, but it also officially prohibits denial of voting rights based on race and color.
(8) Differs in the day of presidential inauguration: January 20th (OTL) vs. February 1st (TL-191)
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In relation to Judaism, there wouldn't be a State of Israel and the Hebrew language wouldn't have as strong of a revival compared to OTL.
Anti-semitism would still be a problem and eventually frowned upon in civilized society, but it wouldn't have the same amount of stigma as it did in OTL.
I'd like to imagine that Islam in TL-191 is never radicalized as much, if at all.
Welcome to the forum!
It's nice to see some attention be given to South America in TL-191. Usually, it doesn't happen and there are some unexplored questions about how a Confederate victory in the Civil War would have affected the continent's diplomatic relations with the rest of the world, compared to OTL.
Well I honestly envisioned Spiro Agnew taking over the Socialists after the Nixon Split, but by this point they had lost so much credibility they were more or less reduced to a fringe party. The Subsequent President to Nixon is Nelson Rockefeller, who comes in as something of a backlash due to the Socialist split, but an uptick in Southern Politics due to the full restoration of the Union starts seeing figures such as Jimmy Carter and Jesse Jackson begin campaigning for political re-integration of the South, the efforts for which culminate in Clinton's election in 1992, seen as the Peak of the "Rose Bowl."
Well, with the Ottoman Empire still extant as of 1944, the circumstances that allowed for the modern middle eastern turmoil (the slapdash borders drawn by the Allies in the Sikes-Picquot agreement, for example) don't occur. I imagine the Middle East is still uproarious, given the Arab revolt, but I would imagine it's contained.
Very true. There wouldn't be Israel and Hebrew would be mostly just liturgical language. Antisemitism would be slightly more common but probably due Afro-American genocide any genocidal regime would be really disgusted.
Islam would be pretty moderate due much weaker if even non-existent Wahhabism and there is not European colonialism in Middle East nor Israel. And Ottoman would control most of ME. Iran too probably would remain under Pahlavi dynasty.
Yes, I noticed it doesn't get dealt with much by the books or even in this forum. What I find interesting (although I've decided not to adopt it for this series of posts) is the idea that the Paraguayan War in 1864-70 might not have happened. The continued existence of the Empire of Brazil and the fact that Paraguay can have an independent foreign policy to the extent of declaring war in 1915, would seem to indicate that there wasn't one. If you take the view of the left-wing historians that the war was primarily caused by the shortage of cotton from the American south, that would also be reasonable. As for the actual way the war ends, I tend to disagree with the use of the map showing Chile taking Rio Gallegos on the basis that they probably wouldn't even if they could. That would run contraty to the Chilean postion on renouncing any claims to the Atlantic, and the area is not economically any good, as well as indefensible since it is mostly a desertic tundra. Chile would most likely limit itself to annexing any of the disputed areas in the Andes like Laguna del Desierto and Punta de Atacama, and the mountain passes, similar to what Austria Hungary did with Romania in 1918. The reason for this being that they would not be strong enough to hold it, and Chilean foreign policy generally relied on obtaining the most defensible borders, since they still have to consider Bolivia and Peru. I don't think they would be allowed to annex the Falklands even if they wanted to after the first war, since the British did not collapse and it is mentioned that they heavily protected by Britain and Argentina.
The border with Brazil after the Great War is more difficult to predict, but I would take it that Brazil would limit itself to Misiones, as corrientes has no natural boundary to the South, and generally had not been disputed territory, while Misiones had a large Paraguayan population and, as a territory, had not been integrated into Argentina.
I would think the reason the war goes on after 1917 is simply that not much fighthing had occured and thus there was no need for the Entente forces there to give up, or that similar to Turkey, the nation would be unwilling to accept such a large territorial loss, and thus you would have a situation in which a treaty like Sveres is rejected and a milder one agreed after the longer war.
So I think most realistically the map on the right is probably a better representation of the land the Central Powers would take, akin to Greece after Lausanne.
2. The Empire Strikes First
As Irving Morrell’s barrels drove into Nashville, the Empire of Brazil decided that it would rather have a few thousand dead than to be excluded from the peace table.
The years had not been kind to the Empire since the abolition of Slavery in 1892, and although a Republican coup was averted, subsequent years saw numerous risings by the army and navy. With Emperor Pedro II dead, there was no real competent authority in the Empire, which fell into financial mismanagement and political instability. Attempts to reconstruct the navy in 1910 with the acquisition of two British dreadnoughts ended in humiliation when the semi-enslaved black crewmen seized the battleships in the Revolt of the Lash, and the navy was essentially disarmed by the outbreak of war in 1914. Consequently, Pedro III kept the country out of the war, expecting an Entente victory.
Pedro III (IV?) Of Brazil
Things changed dramatically when it was realized that, with the Confederacy on the ropes and the US Navy the largest force in the Atlantic, Brazil had become the only obstacle to the starvation of Great Britain. Fearing that it would be too late to join the fight, Pedro III overruled his prime minister, and ordered general mobilization and a declaration of war against Argentina by a time no later than May 25th, 1917. The Empire’s army was faced with one large problem; Its complete lack of procedures for mobilizing. Having no conscription, levies were raised from local militias, police forces, and blacks pressed into service from their rural latifundios and burgeoning urban shantytowns. On paper, Brazil had 190,000 troops ready to strike at Corrientes, although the reality was that there were no more than 60,000 in the entire army by the time hostilities began, five days behind schedule.
Although little work had been done improving the material condition of the Imperial Army from 1914 to 1917, this turned out to be in Brazil’s favor. Argentinian intelligence had noted the drive to mobilize Southern Brazil, and GHQ at Buenos Aires had acted accordingly, mobilizing 8,000 men from the still unused reserves. However, it was expected that Brazil would not be ready to enter the war until 1918, and likely attempt to outflank the better-equipped Argentines by invading Uruguay. The actual attack in early June, South American winter, over torturous terrain in the Misiones Jungle and Corriente's savannah came as a surprise to all.
Even The Second Line Argentine Units Were Equipped With Winter Uniforms, The Cordoba Cavalry At Pellegrini, 1917
Corrientes National Guard Trops During The Battle Of Isoqui
Corrientes National Guard Troops Withdrawing To Saladas, 1917
The “long march” from the border to what would eventually become known as the “Justo Line” was not, as it would later be propagandized, a terribly difficult or epic affair. Argentine units were composed mainly of light infantry and following standard doctrine, had already developed ways to haul their heavier equipment when serving in Mendoza. Furthermore, the disastrously disorganized Brazilian advance, made without maps or an understanding of the terrain, was slow enough that all Argentine units were able to withdraw. The only significant battle of this period, the Cavalry charge at Pellegrini, in which the 3rd Brazilian cavalry regiment was repulsed by the 6th Cordoba Dragoons. Brazilian casualties were primarily a consequence of the wet terrain and cold weather, alongside constant rains, for which the Brazilian units were extremely ill-prepared.
Argentine Troops Inspecting The Advance Of Imperial Columns In Paraguay, June 1917
National Guard Artillery At Saladas, 1917
Argentine Infantry Charge At San Martin Hill During The Battle Of Saladas, August 1917
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Attachments
USS Dakota, Modernized from her GW1 Configuration, after her participation in the Battle against the Royal Navy in late 1942, which saw the British defeated and Bermuda recaptured. She has the unique distinction of being the oldest ship in the battle, and scored a historic hit on the British Battleship Oliver Cromwell, so new she was still being paid for, which took out her bridge and forced her to withdraw from the battle, where she would later be sunk by Submarine as she meandered back towards the UK. The hit was noteworthy in that it was accomplished without the aid of the Dakota's troublesome targeting Y-Range gear, and was thus accomplished solely with her visual gun directors.
Dakota also scored several hits on the British Cruiser Ajax, which detonated the ship's forward ammunition magazine and obliterated the vessel in one hit.
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Im gonna take a small break from the Argentinaposting for a second.
Confederate Army Jackson barrels at the Texas front, partly colorized 1943 photograph. The tank shown in the picture belonged to the 5th Arkansas Mechanized Cavalry, and was thus a federal unit. However, it was staffed mainly by Texans, and it was responsible for securing order in Austin when the Texan Republic declared independence, whereupon it became the 3rd Texan Mechanized Battalion (having already been cut down to that level by casualties in 1944).
(The real photograph is from Argentine army fireflies in the late 1940s).
Confederate Army Jackson barrels at the Texas front, partly colorized 1943 photograph. The tank shown in the picture belonged to the 5th Arkansas Mechanized Cavalry, and was thus a federal unit. However, it was staffed mainly by Texans, and it was responsible for securing order in Austin when the Texan Republic declared independence, whereupon it became the 3rd Texan Mechanized Battalion (having already been cut down to that level by casualties in 1944).
(The real photograph is from Argentine army fireflies in the late 1940s).
Hebrew still would have moved from a liturgical language to one spoken because of Ben-Yehuda and the Ottomans likely wouldn't have stopped much Jewish immigration. While the Ottomans are likely to survive for much longer than OTL, there would still be a growing Jewish population.
CSS Atlanta was a Nashville-class Armored Cruiser commisioned in 1897, built at the Wedham Iron Works in Mobile, Alabama. Ordered as a protected cruiser in 1892, the design was changed to an armored cruiser after the 1894 crisis on the Nicaragua Canal caused embarrasment to the Navy Department. The ship was inspired largely by contemporary Italian designs, particularly the Guissepe Garibaldi-class. It was, in effect, a pocket pre-dreadnought, with extremely heavy armor and quite fast at 21 knots. In fact, only its main battery of a single 10.5 inch gun, and the smaller displacement which made it so limited, set it apart from the battleships of the day. Consequently the ship was expensive, and one of only three in the class, alongside CSS Nashville and CSS Tallahassee. Atlanta was the second in the class to be commisioned, on July 21st of 1897, the anniversary of 1st Manassas.
CSS Atlanta In 1899, Somewhere In The Atlantic. (Watercolor By R. Featherson)
The CSS Atlanta was assigned to the Training Squadron on July 30th of 1897, where she remained until 1st of April 1898, whence she was reassigned to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic fleet, based at Norfolk. Her career here was not eventful, save for a close avoidance of a collison with the battleship CSS Florida during the anual fleet manouvers. She was reassigned once more on October 3rd, 1900, to the First Cruiser Squadron of the Gulf Fleet. Here, she served alongside both her sister ships and operated out of Santiago, CU. Almost immediately, she departed for a tour of the CSA's carribean friends, Nicaragua and Colombia. The latter visit was marred by both controversy and glory over the Lamont Affair.
On November 6th, 1900, Atlanta arrived of the coast of Colón, in Colombian Panama, a region deeply affected by the ongoing Thousand Day's War between the Conservatives and Liberals. While the ship was restocking on coal, a sailor named Edwin Carr was killed in a local fight by the nephew of the Liberal commandant in city. Naturally, justice was not forthcoming, causing Captain William Long to occupy the city with two companies of marines and one of whitejackets, demanding the arrest of the perpetrator. A small battle took place when the Confederate whitejackets advanced on the local jailhouse, with the city being surrendered shortly thereafter.
To all of this, the American consul Henry P. Fletcher sent urgent telegrams to Philadelphia asking for the U.S. Navy to intervene, believing the occupation to be a part of a Confederate attempt at taking over Panama. U.S. president Thomas Brackett Reed, believing himself to have been fooled by the confederates, panicked. He ordered his secretary of state, Daniel Lamont, to write an ultimatum to Richmond, demanding Colon to be abandoned. The hastily produced letter, sent via Western Union, was an embarrasment to the United States, and was taken in Richmond as an insult.
Lamont's Telegram To Confederate Secretary Of States William C. Oates
The Navy Department in Richmond, which had not been consulted over the occupation of Colón, rapidly took the side of the Atlanta's captain. A stumbling U.S. Navy response was organized by sending the obsolete protected cruiser USS Baltimore from Haiti to Panama. When it reached Colón, its commander realized how much his ship was outgunned by the Atlanta, and rapidly withdrew when warned by the Confederate officers. As a result, Secretary Oates dismissed the U.S. demands, and Lamont was forced to resign. The incident was a major diplomatic victory for the CSA, and avoided the entrenchment of a "Nicaragua Syndrome," which had taken hold of confederate diplomacy after 1894.
Confederate Caricature In Whig Magazine, June 1901, Showing The New CSA Policy Of Preventing The Expansion Of US Influence In The Carribean
The actual crisis in Panama itself was resolved a month later, when mediation by the Empire of Brazil failed, and a regiment of Confederate Marines was dispatched to Panama. This caused the Liberal Command to settle with the Confederate Government for the death of Carr, whereupon the Atlanta withdrew.
Atlanta continued to serve on the First Cruiser Squadron until 1905, when she replaced the protected cruisers CSS Sterling Price and CSS Zebulon Vance in the China Station, guarding the Confederate Legation at Tianjin. The CSA had obtained the concession after the Boxer Rebellion five years earlier, which C.S.M.C. troops had a role in putting down.
Atlanta would spend two years here, with the only incident of note being the observation of the Siege of Port Arthur in 1905, and her rescue of 300 Russian crewmen from the aftermath of the battle of Tsushima, in which her similarity to the Japanese cruisers Kassuga and Nisshin was noted by international observers. Upon returning to New Orleans in 1907, the ship was made the flagship of the Third Cruiser Squadron. She made several international visits, including at the Argentine Centennary celebrations and George V's coronation, both in 1910, as well as Bastille Day celebrations in France during 1912, and a visit to New York in 1913.
When the U.S. declared war on the Confederacy in 1914, Atlanta put to sea at the head of her cruiser squadron, meeting up with the British cruiser HMS Good Hope, with whom she escorted the landing force that occuped Hati in the first month of the war. The next few weeks were spent sinking US merchants in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the destruction of the German raider SMS Leipzig at the Battle of the Isle of Pines. Following repairs, she was re-assigned to the Pacific Fleet at Guayamas.
In transit to her new posting, the Atlanta passed near the coast of Dutch Guayana due to a navigational error. The only dutch ship present, HNMLs Evertsen, fired a warning shot, which the Confederates mistook for hostile fire from a yankee raider due its single smoke stack and bad weather. Atlanta fired back with its main battery, striking Evertsen's conning tower and killing Jean Rambonnet, the ship's captain and second most powerful figure in Dutch Guayana. The incident caused and uproar, and only German desire to maintain Holland as a neutral source of food kept the Dutch out of the war.
The Dutch Battleship Evertsen, c. 1904
After a brief stay in Buenos Aires, the ship went around Cape Horn and eventually reached its destination in Guaymas, becoming flagship of the Second Cruiser Squadron. She aided Mexican forces in the defense of Baja California by shelling U.S. positions, but her career here was cut short. On Febuary 3rd, 1915, the US Submarine USS Leapfrog torpedoed the Atlanta just south of Baja California. CSS Nashville was also hit, but the torpedo was a dud and she was therefore able to rescue survivors from Atlanta.
CSS Atlanta In 1899, Somewhere In The Atlantic. (Watercolor By R. Featherson)
The CSS Atlanta was assigned to the Training Squadron on July 30th of 1897, where she remained until 1st of April 1898, whence she was reassigned to the 2nd Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic fleet, based at Norfolk. Her career here was not eventful, save for a close avoidance of a collison with the battleship CSS Florida during the anual fleet manouvers. She was reassigned once more on October 3rd, 1900, to the First Cruiser Squadron of the Gulf Fleet. Here, she served alongside both her sister ships and operated out of Santiago, CU. Almost immediately, she departed for a tour of the CSA's carribean friends, Nicaragua and Colombia. The latter visit was marred by both controversy and glory over the Lamont Affair.
On November 6th, 1900, Atlanta arrived of the coast of Colón, in Colombian Panama, a region deeply affected by the ongoing Thousand Day's War between the Conservatives and Liberals. While the ship was restocking on coal, a sailor named Edwin Carr was killed in a local fight by the nephew of the Liberal commandant in city. Naturally, justice was not forthcoming, causing Captain William Long to occupy the city with two companies of marines and one of whitejackets, demanding the arrest of the perpetrator. A small battle took place when the Confederate whitejackets advanced on the local jailhouse, with the city being surrendered shortly thereafter.
To all of this, the American consul Henry P. Fletcher sent urgent telegrams to Philadelphia asking for the U.S. Navy to intervene, believing the occupation to be a part of a Confederate attempt at taking over Panama. U.S. president Thomas Brackett Reed, believing himself to have been fooled by the confederates, panicked. He ordered his secretary of state, Daniel Lamont, to write an ultimatum to Richmond, demanding Colon to be abandoned. The hastily produced letter, sent via Western Union, was an embarrasment to the United States, and was taken in Richmond as an insult.
Lamont's Telegram To Confederate Secretary Of States William C. Oates
The Navy Department in Richmond, which had not been consulted over the occupation of Colón, rapidly took the side of the Atlanta's captain. A stumbling U.S. Navy response was organized by sending the obsolete protected cruiser USS Baltimore from Haiti to Panama. When it reached Colón, its commander realized how much his ship was outgunned by the Atlanta, and rapidly withdrew when warned by the Confederate officers. As a result, Secretary Oates dismissed the U.S. demands, and Lamont was forced to resign. The incident was a major diplomatic victory for the CSA, and avoided the entrenchment of a "Nicaragua Syndrome," which had taken hold of confederate diplomacy after 1894.
Confederate Caricature In Whig Magazine, June 1901, Showing The New CSA Policy Of Preventing The Expansion Of US Influence In The Carribean
Atlanta continued to serve on the First Cruiser Squadron until 1905, when she replaced the protected cruisers CSS Sterling Price and CSS Zebulon Vance in the China Station, guarding the Confederate Legation at Tianjin. The CSA had obtained the concession after the Boxer Rebellion five years earlier, which C.S.M.C. troops had a role in putting down.
Confederate Marines During The Siege Of The Legations In 1900
Atlanta would spend two years here, with the only incident of note being the observation of the Siege of Port Arthur in 1905, and her rescue of 300 Russian crewmen from the aftermath of the battle of Tsushima, in which her similarity to the Japanese cruisers Kassuga and Nisshin was noted by international observers. Upon returning to New Orleans in 1907, the ship was made the flagship of the Third Cruiser Squadron. She made several international visits, including at the Argentine Centennary celebrations and George V's coronation, both in 1910, as well as Bastille Day celebrations in France during 1912, and a visit to New York in 1913.
When the U.S. declared war on the Confederacy in 1914, Atlanta put to sea at the head of her cruiser squadron, meeting up with the British cruiser HMS Good Hope, with whom she escorted the landing force that occuped Hati in the first month of the war. The next few weeks were spent sinking US merchants in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the destruction of the German raider SMS Leipzig at the Battle of the Isle of Pines. Following repairs, she was re-assigned to the Pacific Fleet at Guayamas.
In transit to her new posting, the Atlanta passed near the coast of Dutch Guayana due to a navigational error. The only dutch ship present, HNMLs Evertsen, fired a warning shot, which the Confederates mistook for hostile fire from a yankee raider due its single smoke stack and bad weather. Atlanta fired back with its main battery, striking Evertsen's conning tower and killing Jean Rambonnet, the ship's captain and second most powerful figure in Dutch Guayana. The incident caused and uproar, and only German desire to maintain Holland as a neutral source of food kept the Dutch out of the war.
The Dutch Battleship Evertsen, c. 1904
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the Battle with the Royal Navy that led to the recapture of Bermuda was in late 1942
A Recognition photo of the CSN Cruiser CSS Newport News in 1941, shortly before the commencement of Operation Blackbeard.
With the CSN struggling to recover from its post-GW1 downsizing, a decision was made by Naval command to dedicate resources to vessels that could do significant damage to Union war efforts: while a new Battleship program was begun based on the French Richelieu-class, Featherston did not try to restore the CSN's prior "Grand Fleet Array" of the pre-GW1 era, which had been designed to operate in sync with the Royal Navy and French Fleet. Featherston acknowledged, perhaps a bit ahead of the curve, that the Grand, single battle these fleets were designed for would, by the nature of their design, never materialize.
"The only thing more useless than a gun that can't shoot straight is a gun that never shoots at all. These highbrow Naval officers with scrambled egg on their hats and heads up their backsides think we and the Brits're just gonna sail out, blast the Yankee and Hun fleets to scrap iron, and sail on home triumphant. Did it never occur to them that the Yankees and Huns had fleets of their own, just as powerful? They almost seemed surprised to discover such a thing. And in their surprise, they got gun-shy. Their grand battleships made excellent Seagull sh*t collectors, and the Yankees sank our freighters, made mockery of our coastline, and merrily sailed all over the Atlantic." -Jake Featherston, "Over Open Sights."
Needless to say, Featherston would not allow the CSN to let the Yankees have it their way again. as part of Operation Blackbeard, He anticipated that US shipments of raw materials via the Great Lakes and occupied Canada would become crucial to their war aims. As the push to Lake Erie would cut the USA's industrial machine in half on land, the CSN, in conjunction with the Royal Navy, would cut off Yankee operations by sea.
Commerce Raiding had been a part of the CSN from it's inception, and the ships's bell from the CSS Alabama was still rung every year at the graduation ceremony from the CSN Naval Academy in Mobile, Alabama. To this end, Featherston devoted a large section of the CSN's naval construction to cruisers and commerce raiding vessels, leading to the development of the Mobile-class. Named, fittingly, after both the Capitol of the state of Alabama AND the first Capitol of the CSA, the vessels were devoted to one thing above all: sinking Yankee freighters.
The Four ships of the class, CSS Mobile, Newport News, Jackson and Atlanta, began construction in 1935, and were ready upon the outbreak of war. Paired up into two groups, the Mobile and Newport News were to deploy north to cover the mouth of the Great Lakes, coordinating with British cruisers to interdict US and German commerce, while Jackson and Atlanta deployed south, to protect the Caribbean and Coordinate with the French operating out of French Guiana.
These latter two participated in the recapture of Bermuda and the attack on the Bahamas where, in conjunction with the new Battleship CSS Louisiana and the Royal Navy, they loaned their heavy guns to bombarding US positions and sinking the few naval assets the US had in the area. Jackson took three major hits from US aircraft, including a suicide run from an F3A "Katzenjammer" that crashed into her aft turret, and was forced to retire to Havana for repairs, leaving Atlanta to join the Louisiana task force.
IN the North, Under the command of Admiral Chester Nimitz, things initially went well for the CSN, where the USA's disarray following the success of Blackbeard meant few transports were in convoy allowing for easy pickings. Indeed, initially the crews joked they didn't need to convene with CSN supply ships, as they were able to forage off the stocks captured from US freighters. Basing themselves in the British Orkney islands, In the first 6 months of the war the two ships successfully sank over 100,000 tons of US commercial shipping.
The Newport News earned a Battle Star when she dueled and sank USS Phoenix in December 1941 off Newfoundland during an ambush of an early attempt at convoying, and the Mobile soon followed suit when she engaged and sank the Destroyers USS Cassin and USS Downes in January 1942. A brief lull followed, as the US began moving materials overland via the Canadian railroad network, but what was to follow would ring in naval history for years to come.
In May 1942 the German High Seas Fleet, led by the newly-built Battleship Bismarck, broke out into the open sea in an effort to draw the Royal Navy into a major battle. Sighted by the Confederate Raiding force as they passed through the Denmark strait, the CS vessels were able to warn the British about the movement of ships and, as per their alliance, they began to shadow the German ships and undertook a series of annoyance attacks to draw off smaller German units.
Things came to a head when the Germans peeled off a force consisting of the New Cruisers Admiral Hipper and Nurnburg, older Cruiser Koln and, most distressingly, the Battlecruiser Moltke to deal with the Confederate vessels. Badly outgunned, and with the German vessels able to match their speed, the Confederates could not escape.
So they Attacked.
Splitting up, Nimitz banking on the belief that the Germans would likewise divide their forces, each ship soon found themselves facing two opponents. The Newport News squared off against the Moltke and Nurnberg, while the Mobile faced the Adm. Hipper and Koln.
Newport News led her German pursuers into a squall, using her British-designed Radar array to coordinate her gunfire through the rain. While both of the other vessels likewise possessed Radar, their systems weren't quite up to the same standard as the CSN's tech, and, somewhat embarassingly, the Moltke knoecked her own array offline with her first shot, the vibrations from her guns damaging her system. This led to Nurnberg needing to feed location data to the Moltke as well as engage on her own, leading to delays in passing information to her own gunners, resulting in her rate of return fire dropping dramatically.
Newport News soon tipped the scales when a lucky shot took out the Nurnberg's radar, leaving the two German ships effectively blind. This allowed the News to close the range dramatically, using her superior maneuverability to keep the Germans guessing as to her location. This was not to say she did not take a few hits of her own, as the Moltke's powerful 11-inch guns scored a few near-misses that sprung hull plates and punched several holes into the ship's upperworks and funnel.
But finally, in what would come to be known as "The Finest Hour of the Confederate Navy," the News found herself in a perfect position and, taking advantage of a momentary break in the fog, closed to near point-blank range and unloaded a full broadside into the Moltke.
Three of her shells passed over the battlecruiser and slammed into the Nurnberg, taking out the vessel's port propeller, aft turret and rear fire control array. She turned away, making smoke and nearly unmaneuverable.
The six shells that hit Moltke herself, however, touched off a cataclysm. One shell ignited stored Anti-Aircraft munitions on her deck, lighting the ship up in a bright phosphorescent cloud and igniting several nearby fixtures, as well as momentarily blinding the ship's bridge crew. Another smashed the port barrel of her aftmost turret, touching off a shell that had been loaded and causing a backblast that blew the roof of the turret off. Two struck the base of her bridge, reducing the structure to a shamble of scrap iron, and finally the last two slammed into her aft funnel, blowing out her boilers.
Aflame from stem to stern, dead in the water and unable to return fire, the Moltke's crew hauled down her colors before another barrage came from the Confederate vessel.
Nimitz and Jefferson Clancy, the News' captain, allowed the Germans to Abandon ship before sending a barrage into the Moltke's portside below the waterline. The German Battlecruiser would capsize within the hour, taking over 400 of her crew with her.
After sending off a triumphant Radio report to Richmond of their victory, the News set about picking up the survivors of the battle, intending to hand them over to the British. This effort ended, however, when she received a distress call from the Mobile: the other Confederate vessel was having a much harder time, having taken several bad hits early in her battle with the German fleet and worse still, two US cruisers had arrived and were headed the News' way. Mobile would later be sunk by German carrier aircraft as she limped towards home.
In a moment that some say marred the Confederate victory, Nimitz made the reluctant decision to release the German sailors into the icy water of the North Atlantic as she made her escape to the west. By the time the Nurnberg had managed to turn back and the US Cruisers Philadelphia and Portland had arrived the next morning, over 250 additional members of the Moltke's crew had succumbed to wounds and exposure and perished.
Despite the US papers making much noise about how she had "abandoned" the Moltke's crew, the Newport News was the talk of the Confederacy, Hailing Captain Clancy as "The greatest Confederate mariner since Raphael Semmes" and making much noise about the impotence of the German and American navies in the face of the threat. The loss of the Mobile dampened the celebration somewhat, but when the News sailed triumphantly into her namesake port a month later after dodging USN patrols and submarines, no less than Jake Featherston himself was there to welcome her home. Admiral Nimitz and Captain Clancy were both awarded the Order of the Virginia for their success, a major propaganda victory in the face of the faltering land war.
it would be among the last for the CSN.
While the German fleet suffered an inglorious defeat at the hands of the British, subsequent US operations soon undid the Allies' early war efforts, and Bermuda and the Bahamas were soon back in US hands. Hot on the heels of the massive failure of Operation Coalscuttle and the Battle of Pittsburgh, the tremendous losses in CSA manpower meant Featherston had to strip men from the Confederate Navy to fill the ranks. This led to the CSN's Northern task force, reorganized after Pittsburgh, to essentially serve as a "fleet in being" as it lacked the manpower and fuel to properly deploy.
The fleet would still be there in 1944, when a report of Featherston's presence led to the US using a Superbomb on the city.
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