Anton Mussert and the National Commonwealth of Holland
Anton Adriaan Mussert, de Lieder of Holland (used to be commonly called the Netherlands prior to Autumn 1939).
Mussert was born in 1894 in Werkendam, in the northern part of the province of North Brabant in what was then the Kingdom of the Netherlands. From an early age he showed talent in technical matters and on leaving school chose to study civil engineering at the Delft University of Technology. In the 1920s, he became active in several far right organisations, such as the Dietsche Bond which advocated a Greater Holland including Flanders (a Dutch-speaking part of Belgium).
On 14 December 1931, he, Cornelis van Geelkerken, and ten others founded the Nationaal vitaalblok (NV) or National Vitalist Bloc - the Dutch counterpart to Oswald Mosley’s British Renaissance Party and Italo Balbo’s (North) Italian National Fascist Party. In its early years, the NV had a small but steady membership including several hundred Dutch Jews as it was, like every good vitalist party, tolerant of religion and not anti-Semitic. In fact, the NV boasted the highest amount of Jewish membership for any vitalist party outside the Ottoman province of Palestine. Mussert even said that every Dutch Jew is welcomed in the Nationaal vitaalblok.
A 1933 demonstration at Utrecht attracted only 600 demonstrators. A year later, the NV rallied 25,000 demonstrators in Amsterdam. The NV received 300,000 votes in the 1935 parliamentary elections - Mussert’s Bloc would only win 5% of the vote. In 1936 a major economic depression struck the country, causing tens of thousands to lose their jobs; the banks completely crashed, businesses folded up, and people began to starve.
This was all made worse due to horrible decisions made by the German-backed Dutch Government. With the government unable to alleviate or solve the crisis, the Dutch population at large turned to radicals who seemed to offer a way out - the Communists and Vitalists. To the ordinary Dutchman, the preachings of Mussert’s vitalist ideology; in particular class collaboration (which spoke to the harmonious nature of Dutch society), a strong military, and economic revivalisation, seemed like a gift from the heavens. Just as well there was mounting anti-monarchist sentiment among the people of the Netherlands.
The long standing Dutch Monarchy had been reduced to a mere German puppet, and one that wasn’t seen as all that important to Berlin either, allowing a small number of German troops to be stationed in the country. Add to the fact that the royal family lived very comfortably whilst the Dutch people starved and you had a recipe for hatred against the centuries old Dutch monarchy.
These series of unfortunate events, led to the NV making
serious gains in the 1939 parliamentary elections with the Bloc receiving a 65% of the votes - membership in the Bloc skyrocketed from the thousands to the hundreds of thousands. Mussert quickly expanded the NV’s own blackshirted version of the British Stewards/North Italian Grayshirts called the Mussert Garde, which terrorised his opponents into submission and often times got into street battles with Dutch communists, collective nationalists, and occasionally the police.
The Mussert Garde in 1939.
This terrified the reigning monarch, Queen Wilhelmina of House Orange-Nassau, who feared that a vitalist revolution or electoral victory was inevitable. In August of that year, Wilhelmina pleaded with the then aging Kaiser Wilhelm II to send more troops into the Netherlands to bolster the Dutch Army and the small German Garrison in order to suppress the potential threat of a vitalist revolution.
But the Kaiser said he couldn’t for the anti-Tsarist partisan situation in Russia was getting worse with the introduction the Russian collective nationalists and the increase in terrorism by the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (which was even starting to hit German cities).
Wilhelmina of House Orange-Nassau, the last Dutch monarch.
With no help coming from Berlin, Wilhelmina bowed to the inevitable and allowed Mussert’s increasingly popular Nationaal vitaalblok to take full control of the government and fled to Germany in exile. On 5 September 1939, Mussert declared the Kingdom of the Netherlands to be officially at an end and proclaimed a new vitalist Dutch state, the National Commonwealth of Holland, with himself as de Lieder or the Leader. The Mussert Garde was renamed the Nationale bewaker van het Gemenebest (National Commonwealth Guard). Mussert effectively ended 395 years of Orange-Nassau rule in Holland without firing a single shot.
Now in complete control, Mussert banned all other political parties and brought the Dutch press under complete and total state control. He also started a massive military build up as well and to soothe German fears, Mussert stated clearly in an international radio broadcast that the new Dutch Government would not seek action against the Kaiserreich so long as Dutch neutrality and territorial integrity was respected to the hilt and that the German garrison leave the country.
Flag of both the Nationaal vitaalblok and the National Commonwealth of Holland.
The Dutch Collective Nationalist Worker’s Party: Holland’s Outlawed CollNats
Ernst Herman van Rappard, founder and leader of the NCNA.
The Dutch Collective Nationalist Worker’s Party, or the Nederlandse collectieve nationalistische arbeiderspartij, was a Dutch collective nationalist party founded in 1931 and led by Ernst Herman van Rappard. Seeking to copy the collective nationalism of others, notably South Italian ruler Benito Mussolini, the group failed to achieve electoral success and was accused by its rival the National Vitalist Bloc (NV) of being too extreme. When the NV’s founder/leader Anton Mussert took power in Autumn 1939, the NCNA joined the ranks of all the other non-NV political parties that were banned indefinitely.
Flag of the banned NCNA.
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Anton Mussert, de Lieder (the Leader) of the National Commonwealth of Holland denouncing the French Popular Party as collective nationalists and charlatans.
In his speech, Mussert also gave a brief criticism of the Vitalist Coalition Government in Paris for not banning collective nationalism outright like he did in his native Holland. But he stated that overall, he was and continues to be glad to have France as a brother vitalist state. The very last section of his speech would be immoralitised as the epitome of international vitalism’s feeling towards international collective nationalism:
“Race? It is a feeling, not a reality. Ninety-five percent, at least. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today....national pride has no need of the delirium of race. If these collective nationalists didn’t waste time and energy against those they saw as racially inferior than maybe they’d be in power in more than just four countries.”
Mussert’s Cult of Personality
Mussert salutes members of the National Commonwealth Guard as he drives passed them.
Unlike most vitalist states, which are authoritarian, the National Commonwealth of Holland is totalitarian. The only other purely vitalist regime that is totalitarian is Ngô Đình Diệm’s Unitary State of Vietnam, which is a close trading partner with Holland.
Mussert is saluted by Bloc members.
Since achieving total power in 1939, de Lieder Anton Mussert and his Nationaal vitaalblok have banned all other political parties in Holland along with instituting state-run media, established a secret police, and set up a cult of personality centred around Mussert. By 1950, de Lieder’s Cult of Personality would be rivalled only by the Lãnh đạo of Vietnam (Ngô Đình Diệm) in terms of scope, size, and overall strength.
Mussert at a 1946 NV rally.
A framed painting of Anton Mussert, often hung on walls in your typical Dutch household.
Cremation of Ideas
A member of the National Commonwealth Guard throws a book written by a communist into a bonfire.
Starting on 1 May 1940, the Nationaal vitaalblok’s book burnings were a campaign conducted by the NV’s youth group - the Dutch Student’s League or Nederlandse studentenliga (the "Nsl") - to ceremonially burn books in Holland. The books targeted for burning were those viewed as being subversive or as representing ideologies opposed to vitalism. These included books were written by collective nationalist, pacifist, classical liberal, anarchist, socialist, and communist authors. The first books burned were those of Karl Marx and Benito Mussolini.
NV youth at the Anton Mussert Academy of Art (formerly the Royal Academy of Art) gather and burn piles of "un-Dutch like" books, all of them written by collective nationalist and left-wing authors.