Away Down South:
The Charleston Rising
"South Carolina is our state. It belongs to those who are slaves, as surely as it belongs to those who are slavers. We have tilled its rice fields and picked its cotton. We have built its mills, its roads, its great houses. We have labored on its docks and served in its parlors. We have made this state rich! Look on and see how it rewards our toil."
-Last words of Isaac Martin Baily
Flag of the Republic of South Carolina, adopted 1798.
Based off of the 'Moultrie flag' flown in the American Revolutionary War, a white strip would later be
added across from the hoist to prevent the flag from displaying too much navy blue while limp.
Despite the numerous challenges posed by independence from the North, the Republic of South Carolina was able to establish itself as a viable and independent nation in the early years of its existence. It was able to maintain cordial relations with several of its neighboring states, particularly Georgia, and found itself on good terms with several of the European great powers, including France, Spain, and Great Britain. The republic would also very quickly become a major economic force in the region, thanks in no small part to its widespread practice of slavery.
Slavery would be first introduced in South Carolina in the late seventeenth century, when the first slaves were brought to the colony by English settlers. By the time the Republic of South Carolina was established in the 1790's, the institution of slavery was utterly entrenched in the state. Slaves were used to work on the plantations that produced the state's main cash crop, which was cotton. The demand for cotton led to an increase in the number of slaves imported into the state.
The legal system of South Carolina was structured to protect the institution of slavery. Slaves were considered property, and their owners had almost complete control over them. Slaves had no legal rights and were subject to brutal treatment by their owners. Slave owners could beat, torture, and even kill their slaves with impunity. The legal system also protected slave owners from any potential uprisings by their slaves. Laws were enacted to restrict the movement of slaves, prohibit them from gaining an education, and to make it illegal for anyone to aid and abet the escape of a slave to foreign territory.
Branding of a female slave
The institution of slavery also had a significant impact on the social structure of South Carolina. Slavery created a distinct racial hierarchy, with white slave owners at the top and enslaved Africans and African Americans at the bottom. This racial hierarchy was enforced by the legal system and by social customs. Slaves were considered inferior to whites and were often subjected to brutal treatment and violence. Despite the harsh conditions of slavery, slaves resisted their enslavement in various ways. Some slaves ran away, while others engaged in acts of sabotage, or even rebellion...
On the evening of June 10th, 1802, a group of slaves, led by a man named Isaac Martin Baily, attempted to seize control of the city of Charleston. Bailey's plan was ambitious. He hoped to seize control of the city of Charleston, taking Chancellor Charles C. Pinckney and various other prominent white leaders hostage. He planned to hold the city for several days, during which time he would ferry slaves by boat to the Republic of Hayti, which had recently won its independence from France and had promised to provide a safe haven for escaped slaves.
Only known contemporary likeness of Baily
Baily had been a slave who had eventually managed to purchase his freedom, becoming a respected member of his local Methodist congregation in Charleston. Baily's Christian faith was a significant influence on his actions, and it shaped his worldview in many ways. As a slave, Baily had enjoyed practically zero opportunities for education, but he had been able to read the Bible, and he was deeply influenced by its teachings. He saw in the Bible a message of liberation and freedom, and he believed that these principles applied to slaves as well. Baily was particularly influenced by the story of the Israelites in the Old Testament, who were freed from slavery in Egypt. He saw in their story a parallel to the situation of slaves in the United States and believed that God would similarly deliver them from bondage.
Baily was also influenced by the teachings of Christianity that emphasized the equality of all people before God. He believed that slavery was a sin and that it was the duty of Christians to fight against it. He was particularly influenced by the teachings of the Methodist and Baptist churches, which emphasized the importance of social justice and the need to fight against oppression. Baily utilized his Christian faith as a means of organizing the rebellion. He held secret meetings with other slaves, where he used biblical stories as a means of inspiring them to action. He preached a message of liberation and freedom, and he urged them to take up arms against their oppressors.
Baily and his followers had planned to attack multiple targets throughout the city simultaneously, but as the saying goes, no plan survives first contact with the enemy.
One of Isaac's followers would panic and inform his master about the planned rebellion, and word would quickly spread throughout the city. Despite the informant alerting city authorities, and the ill-equipped and poorly supplied nature of the rebels, the revolting slaves would prove numerous enough to overrun several arsenals and militia encampments, securing more rifles, ammunition and even a few obsolete cannon. Baily's group also managed to capture a number of white residents and prominent state politicians, whom they decided to hold as hostages.
A less than charitable depiction of the Charleston Rising, widely distributed in Virginian newspapers of the day.
By the following morning, Bailey's rebels, now numbering around 1,600 slaves and freedmen, had taken control of more than half of the city. The South Carolina militia, led by Chancellor Pinckney (who had only narrowly avoided capture at the hands of the rebels), responded quickly to the revolt, surrounding the rebel-held area and cutting off access to the ships Baily had planned to use as a means of escape. The slaves dug in, fortifying their positions with barricades, consisting of pavers, crates, and whatever they could get their hands on, and prepared for the worst. Government held areas of the city found themselves placed under a strictly enforced curfew, with patrols of white citizens and militia members searching for any signs of possible rebel collaboration or incursion. The fighting would soon become protracted, with both sides unable to dislodge the positions of the other, Charleston would find itself at the center of a siege.
By the third week, the rebels began to face supply shortages. They were cut off from the outside world, and were forced to rely on what they could scavenge from the city blocks under their control. However, the rebels managed to take control of a gunpowder magazine, which provided them with a much-needed supply of ammunition. South Carolinian militia continued to tighten its grip on the city, blockading all entry and exit points. They bombarded the rebel-held areas with cannon fire and attempted to cut off their supply lines.
Charleston residents flee from rebel cannon fire
By the fourth week, the rebels still steadfastly refused to give in. However, the militia was able to gradually gain the upper hand. They cut off the rebels' remaining supply lines and tightened their blockade. Finally, on July 12th, 1802, the militia launched a final all out assault on the rebel-held areas. The rebels fought fiercely, achieving a kill to death ratio of almost three to one against the attackers. but the use of cannon fire on rebel barricades, followed by a crushing charge of cavalry, proved too powerful for the slaves to overcome. Many would butchered in the ensuing slaughter, while others were captured and returned to slavery after being brutalized and horrifically tortured for their actions. Issac Bailey was among those captured, and would later be executed by having his arms, legs, and genitals publicly amputated, left to bleed out amidst jeering onlookers.
In the immediate aftermath of the revolt, the government of South Carolina was in a state of panic. Fearful of further uprisings, the state enacted stricter laws and regulations designed to control the slave population, such as the the Negro Seamen Act of 1803, which required all black foreign seamen who arrived in South Carolinian ports to be detained under guarded supervision until their ship left port. Law were also passed prohibiting both slaves and freedmen from learning to read and write, and the congregation of slaves in groups of more than five people without the presence of a white person.
The economic impact of the Rising was severe. The loss of property and damage to infrastructure incurred during the whole affair amounted to a significant financial burden for the state. Slave owners who had lost their slaves in the revolt were also hit hard financially, as slaves were a major investment at the time. In the long-term, the Charleston revolt had a lasting impact on the culture and politics of South Carolina. More than that, the Slave Uprising had a severe human toll-as a result of starvation, massacres, and disease running rampant, Historians estimate that more than 40% of the cities pre revolt population was left dead or missing, with many more left homeless and destitute. In addition, in the chaos of the siege's bloody end, improperly handled gunpowder stores controlled by the slaves detonated and sparked an inferno that rapidly consumed a significant portion of the city, further destroying the livelyhood of the population and killing or injuring hundreds.
Charleston was left a ashen, burnt out husk of its former self, which would take years to return to its pre-revolt population. The revolt served as a reminder to slave owners of the potential for slave uprisings, and led to a more entrenched and noticeably more violent system of slavery. Although slave uprisings were far from unheard of in the past, including the deaths of slave owners, the Charleston revolt saw several politicians and members of prominent planter families either executed or killed in the chaos after being taken hostage, something previously thought impossible. In addition to fear, the noticeable escalation of violence towards South Carolina’s slave population was driven by revenge, as almost every member of the elite had a relative or friend die.The Rising massively shook the confidence of South Carolinian politicians' in their states ability to go it alone and decimated their economy. As with Georgia, they would begin to explore the possibility of some form of interstate compact in the years that followed.
Credit to
@Mooze17 for help with this update