PC: Sizable population of Shanghailanders remaining in a Chinese-ruled Shanghai

Could there be a population of foreign-born residents of Shanghai that remained after the end of the Concessions? Would they wield any significant economic or political influence? Would it have been possible at all for the Nationalist Government to negotiate a peaceful return of the concessions, with the condition that the Westerners who had come to stay would be allowed to settle there and maintain their customs?
 
Sure, they'd stay in a KMT ruled China, but if you mean extraterritoriality by maintaining their customs, then no.

There position would probably be like that of western expats in Singapore or Hong Kong today; they're disproportionately represented in upper management compared to the actual size of their share of population, but they're subject to all local laws.
 
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