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In George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, the culture and society of the continent of Westeros is loosely based on medieval Western and Northern Europe, and is hyper-patriarchal, maybe even more so than Europe itself during that time period; there is however one exception, Dorne: a principality who is quite distinct from the rest of the continent both culturally and ethnically - most importantly, its inhabitants, or at least its ruling classes, do not have any sort of taboo against bisexuality and homosexuality, and the rigid gender roles and male supremacy seen in the rest of the land are nowhere to be found - for example, the laws of succession favoured in the principality completely ignore gender, and the province itself has a long history of female rulers and warrior queens.

Even though it's quite easy to find loose real life counterparts to each of the Seven Kingdoms, Dorne more than any other place in Westeros seems more like an original creation of George R. R. Martin himself than a collage of real life kingdoms like every other province of the realm.

Would it be possible for any long-lasting medieval European or Middle Eastern polity to be as socially progressive (at least in the eyes of the rest of the known world) as George R. R. Martin's Moorish-inspired principality? A wanked Basque polity or a fully Cathar southern France seem like likely candidates to me, but they'd probably be annihilated by a crusade sooner rather than later...
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