PC: [initial] Anglo-American/Napoleonic War

Is it possible to have [with handwavium] a scenario in which the British and the Americans fight back alone against Napoleon?
Based on Calbear's AANW timeline and https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...ortuguese-fleet-instead-of-the-danish.388347/:
1807: The p.o.d. is the Danish Navy readied for war and inflicting significant damage and several losses on British ships before being destroyed at Copenhagen. As a result, Portugal has it fleet confiscated by Britain and joins Napoleon.
1808-1811 is similar to https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...ortuguese-fleet-instead-of-the-danish.388347/, but with Britain not invaded and Spain remaining allied with Napoleon. Austria and Sweden lose all its Polish and Balkan regions and Finland respectively while Britain builds its empire from Napoleonic allies.
1811-1812: Instead of an invasion of Britain, Britain bribes Russia with aid and money to invade Poland while at war with the Ottoman Empire. Russia enters the '6th Coalition' and is defeated with the Russian armies encircled and destroyed. Britain is left fighting alone.
1813-1815: With America at war with Britain and no Napoleonic preparations for an invasion of Britain other than improving the Napoleonic and allied fleets, the decision is made to defeat America and reinforce British defences at home. Same with the Ottoman Empire.
1816: After America's defeat, it is forced to sign a peace treaty that requires it to join the British against Napoleon along with the Ottomans for minor or no territorial losses. At this point, France with its client states, the Iberian Peninsula, all Germanic states, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe are under Napoleon and his allies' control. [Note that most food for the Napoleonic Empire would be produced in Europe.]
1817-1823: Napoleon prepares for renewed land war against Britain. In 1823, the Anglo-American Armies land in the Mediterranean with Ottoman support, but face heavy local and Austrian resistance.
1824: An invasion of the Netherlands is launched with a supporting French uprising to defeat Napoleon's Empire, the new French Emperor being young. The invasion initially succeeds and gets Prussia into the 7th Coalition, but after the French defeat the uprising, the French force a coalition retreat to the Russian border. Sweden enters the war again against Denmark, which makes peace. The defensive is taken by all Coalition armies in the Mediterranean except for the Ottomans.
1825: The Swedes take Norway and the Russians agree to join the war against Napoleon with promises of Austrian territory, Poland and Finland. Although the Ottomans are alienated, their compensation would come at the expense of Austrian support for Napoleon.
1826: A massive Polish uprising has to be defeated by the Russians and Prussians as the Anglo-American armies in the north prepare for an invasion of France. In Spain, Italy and Portugal, guerillas and Napoleonic supporting troops make life miserable for the British as their troops advance slowly but steadily. Ottoman territorial gains are reached, but with further participation halted.
1827: The 7th Coalition gets on its feet and successfully invade France and Austria, but with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Spain, Portugal and Italy are finally secured and invade France, which is defeated by the year's end.
1828: Civil war occurs in France until being put down in 1829. The same occurs throughout Europe against pro-British liberals, Napoleonic supporters, leftist revolutionaries and monarchists.
1830: Treaty of Paris restores French monarchy under the Orleans with the Congress of Vienna ending the Napoleonic Wars. Peace conditions to be decided later.
Note: Plus an improved French Navy which gets defeated until only a few ships remain by 1828.
 
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By this, do you mean that Britain makes peace with Napoleon?

Probably. Or it'll be like the period between the First and Second Coalitions, in which the two are nominally at war, but Britain won't attack France except for a few skirmishes, and France won't be bothered to do anything.
 
Required PODs: 1) Quasi War becomes an actual war 2) Federalists beat Jefferson in the election of 1800 3) British pull out of the forts in the modern day US Midwest 4) France manages to hold on to Haiti 5) British refrain from impressing sailors from American ships 6) France does not sell Louisiana (or Spain doesn't depending on who owns it as the butterflies flap from the 1st POD 7) US worried enough to formerly ally with the British

So it isn't impossible.. just hard
 
Devastation at Wagram
After the seemingly peaceful 1808 in Europe, Austria struck Bavaria on 10 April 1809 with an invasion and encircled the Bavarian Army, which was forced to surrender after a devastating breakout. The corps of Davout were trapped in the city of Regensburg and were nearly lost, but were relieved by a manoeuvre of the Grand Army from the French North Sea coast to Bavaria, which reached Ulm on 28 April and engaged the Austrians a second time there, until being defeated and forced to withdraw with many soldiers captured. The Grand Army then continued to recapture Bavaria and its army over May.
By 1 June, the Grand Army crossed the Inn River into Austria and entered Vienna by 20 June. The battle of Aspern Essling occurred a week later and inflicted heavy casualties on the Grand Army before being stopped by Napoleon's intervention and counterattack. After heavy losses on both sides, the battle was over. But on 5 August, Napoleon was sufficiently reinforced to continue the offensive towards Wagram, with the 1st day's attacks costing him heavily in soldiers. The next day, an un-coordinated Austrian counteroffensive destroyed the Austrian Army and after its surrender, the Austrian Empire was stripped of its Balkan territories as they were divided between a new Hungarian nation, Dalmatia and Poland.
 
Introduction to the scenario
Before the devastation that was known as the Napoleonic Wars [also known as the 'Second Thirty Years War' and being seen as part of the 'Second Hundred Years' War'] , an overview of the circumstances that led to the devastation has to be recorded. After the French Revolution starting from the storming of the Bastille and continuing with social changes in France and the flight and execution of Louis XVI, most of Europe declared war on the new French Republic with initial successes until the French Republic ended the threats by 1795-1797. Afterwards, an expedition to Egypt that ended with failure at sea and land sent Napoleon Bonaparte returning to France for his 18 Brumaire Coup and the Second Coalition was defeated over 1800-1801, with a temporary peace known as Amiens from 1802-1803.

The failure of the peace would lead to the War of the Third Coalition starting from 18 May 1803 and the 19th century's greatest human tragedies. After the defeat of Cape Finisterre, Villeneuve retreated to Cadiz with his fleet. When he returned to Paris in November 1805, he tried to justify himself during a court martial that he intended to sortie after 2 months in Cadiz, but Rosily Mesros was in Cadiz and boarded his flagship less than a few hours before his intended departure and Villeneuve was quickly sent to Paris. Due to the confusion that resulted to the fleet, the French-Spanish Fleet in Cadiz would remain around there for a few years until its destruction in 1809. [P.O.D. can also be Didon, Phoenix and Dragon captured by the French on 14 August, then Napoleon defeats Austria as in reality with the failure at Cape Finisterre to defeat the British. In this case, the Combined Fleet stays at Rochefort or northern Spanish ports until its 1809 destruction. 1806 Atlantic Campaign's outcome is o.t.l..]

After the defeat of Austria, Prussia went to war with France, only to be defeated at Jena, Eylau and Friedland with the Russian Army. Had Prussia, Russia and Austria coordinated their actions in 1805 or even 1806, let alone after 18 May 1803, the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars might have been different for Europe. That, plus the lost opportunities to stop the French Republic, Napoleon or even the failure of Amiens in the blood would drastically change European history. In 1807, the presence of the French-Spanish fleet in Cadiz would lead to the British confiscation of the Portuguese Fleet.
https://www.alternatehistory.com/fo...ortuguese-fleet-instead-of-the-danish.388347/

As stated above, this is also based on the Anglo-America/Nazi War by Calbear.
 
Defeat at Borodino
After the defeat of Austria at Wagram, the Austrian empire was stripped of its access to the ocean and Italian territories plus Austrian Carniola to France, Bohemia to Westphalia, Salzburg and Tyrol to Bavaria, Galicia to Warsaw and Tarnopol to Russia. Hungary was also threatened with separation. As a result, the Russian Empire began to see Napoleonic France as a threat, compounded by the growth of Poland under the Duchy of Warsaw. For Britain, the only success was the capture of French and Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, Latin America and the Indian Ocean over the 1808-1811 timeframe.
On 24 June 1812, the French Grand Army invaded Russia from the Niemen, having caught the Russians preparing for an offensive into Poland. Despite the willingness of the Russian 1st Army to retreat, it was encircled and destroyed on 5 July, with an order to retreat into Russia proper being stopped by orders from Tsar Alexander I to Barclay De Tolly telling him to defend Lithuania at all costs. On 17 September 1812, the 1st Russian Army remnants, plus conscripts and the Russian 2nd Army fought ferociously at Borodino in a desperate attempt to stop the French advance, but was encircled and forced to surrender. With it came the fall of Moscow in 10 days intact. A final offensive in the winter of 1812 inflicted heavy casualties on the Russian Army's last conscripts despite the French Grand Army suffering 150,000 casualties from the Russian offensive and counterattack. This would lead to the Treaty of Novgorod being signed on 30 April 1813, the Russian Army being out of reserves to carry on the fight as the Grand Army entered Novgorod.
 
You can have the British decide a month earluier to stop impressment of US sailors and that will stop the War of 1812 entirely, since OTL they did 2 days before war was declared but the news was late. Perhaps Napoleon's invasion of Russia is delayed till 1813 for some reason, or Britain does better in Spain so they don't feel the need. Also, they can evacuate the forts if they feel they need more men for the fight against France.

I, too, would find it easier with the Quas War as a POD, though - or earlier, as long as there is a Federalist in the White House later. Say Washington chooses not to run for a 2nd term, so Adams wins in 192, Jefferson in '96 (or just Jefferson beats Adams in '96) and his poor performance with the quasi-war leads to Federalist win in 1800. Adams is back, no Alien and Sedition Acts to mar his Presidency, or maybe John Jay wins in 1800 due to butterflies. (Someone else negotiates the treaty with Britain in 1794 so there's no animosity toward him.) I think Jay would have made a good President.
 
1821 London fires and raid
In the aftermath of the Russian surrender of 1813, the most the British Army could do in Europe was to land in Norway in 1812 and Zealand in 1813 and destroy most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy with Swedish support [the third major victory for the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars after the capture of the Portuguese Navy in 1807 and the destruction of the combined French-Spanish Navy off Trafalgar in 1809, having barely avoided the same defeat in October 1805 by Villeneuve's carriage departure to Paris], but the Royal Navy, having been reinforced with American support since the impressment of its sailors ended and having allowed the United States to invade Florida, Cuba and Mexico with concessions in their favour, was sweeping the French Navy from the world's oceans, reducing its threats of piracy and interference in the world's oceans. Now, the only war going on between Britain and France against Napoleon after 1813 was the war at sea, with the British capturing several French frigates, most of the Danish-Norwegian Navy and a ship of the line [Haultpolt, by 24 pounder gunned-American frigates and shore defences during a raid on Washington D.C. on 17 August 1814].

In America, the navy was building new ships at a rapid pace for its national size. By 1820, the American Navy had 8 ships of the line, 20 frigates and a variety of smaller vessels. Besides Haultpolt, the Americans captured the French frigate Renomee [o.t.l. HMS Java from 1811] on the day after the failed Washington D.C. raid and Nereide on 29 December 1812, with the latter frigate being scuttled from damage received. Also, the fledging American state was expanding into ex-French and Native American territory.

In the aftermath of the 1815 Tambora Eruption and the 'Year without a Summer' that followed, the British decided to provide Napoleonic France with a truce lasting 5 years and starting to be effective from 15 January 1817, after protests and starvation in Britain. This would last 5 years and America would be responsible for supplying and transferring the needed food supplies to Continental Europe, along with the French Atlantic Fleet and Spanish Navy covering their ships and filled with the stated food supplies. A truce in which the French and British stopped active combat was achieved during the Napoleonic Wars, but it was as effective as Amiens without the treaty. Also, a mass exchange of prisoners of war was to be completed by 1817, having been started in the same year.

The prisoner exchange began on 1 February and involved plenty of British naval ships, mostly prizes taken from 1793-1816. An explanation as to the majority of ships used as such was because there was the possibility that some of the former French ships might be returned to French naval service, even though there was no indication of this. By the end of 1817, 30000 French and Spanish troops [mostly colonists, servicemen, auxillaries and sailors] were returned to their homelands, with all willing British troops being released from captivity to return to Britain and empire. Also, plenty of imported supplies from outside Europe were imported to Napoleon's Empire and its allies, enough to last them for 8 if not 10 years.

After Napoleon's death on 5 May 1821, however, things began to change. The French Navy was readied to defeat the United Kingdom. This time, it would be with all fireships and bomb vessels available to the French, Spanish and Danish navies and it would be launched on the 156th anniversary of the Great Fire of London, with the French targeting the Royal Navy's Channel Fleet for destruction. The combined fleets set off to defeat the British.

Having set sail on 31 August 1822, 3 of the 5 French and Spanish fire ships to reach Portsmouth were able to enter Portsmouth Harbour and set 15 Royal Navy ships of the line and frigates combined on fire before it was put out. To make things worse, the British capital at London was burnt by several French, Batavian and Danish ships, combined with local British republicans, revolutionaries and Napoleonic supporters. The Napoleonic Wars would resume from this moment.
 
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You can have the British decide a month earluier to stop impressment of US sailors and that will stop the War of 1812 entirely, since OTL they did 2 days before war was declared but the news was late. Perhaps Napoleon's invasion of Russia is delayed till 1813 for some reason, or Britain does better in Spain so they don't feel the need. Also, they can evacuate the forts if they feel they need more men for the fight against France.

I, too, would find it easier with the Quas War as a POD, though - or earlier, as long as there is a Federalist in the White House later. Say Washington chooses not to run for a 2nd term, so Adams wins in 192, Jefferson in '96 (or just Jefferson beats Adams in '96) and his poor performance with the quasi-war leads to Federalist win in 1800. Adams is back, no Alien and Sedition Acts to mar his Presidency, or maybe John Jay wins in 1800 due to butterflies. (Someone else negotiates the treaty with Britain in 1794 so there's no animosity toward him.) I think Jay would have made a good President.
Actually, I am thinking of the Anglo-American Nazi War scenario by Calbear combined into the Napoleonic Wars, with some American coalition involvement. And, this timeline's Napoleonic Wars should last until around 1830 or so, with a 1817-1822 truce.
 
Continuation of the Napoleonic Wars' active phase
After the resumption of the Napoleonic Wars, the selected British strategy to defeat Napoleonic France was intended to divert French troops to Spain and defeat the combined French-Spanish fleets. Plans were made to defeat Napoleon with a direct assault on the French coast and straight into the Grande Armee, by encouraging the defection of Napoleonic allies and even through focusing on the Balkans. The latter options were temporarily cancelled as they were likely to end in defeat by Napoleonic troops or they were logistically impossible. Also, defeating enemy fleets could tie up Napoleonic French and allied troops for coastal defence duties.

To invade Spain, the Royal Navy would use 30 ships of the line and 30 frigates, with half of this force supporting the invasion of Cadiz along with 14 American warships. The remaining ships would bombard other major Spanish ports and defeat the remnants of the Spanish and Portuguese Navies plus any French warships caught in the Iberian Peninsula. This was supported by a corps of recruited colonists from South America, the majority of the regular British Army and the entire United States Army's active force. With the invasion to start in 1824, there was ample time for the British and Americans to prepare as the Spanish Navy was still in an inferior qualitative condition to fight the Royal Navy one to one. The resumption of the blockade on France would block the French Atlantic and Mediterranean fleets from sailing to intervene and weaken their quality, allowing the British to defeat the Napoleonic and allied fleets separately. In the landings, which were more prepared than in 1797, the British Army managed to besiege Cadiz while the Spanish Navy in Cadiz, already decimated by Trafalgar in 1809, rotten timber and a deteriorating quality, was completely destroyed in an attempt to defeat the British and American invasion forces. In the aftermath of the Siege of Cadiz [2 April to 10 May 1824], the British Army gained a foothold to continue its planned offensive into Spain proper.

To respond to the crisis, the Napoleonic Grande Armee was ordered to march to Madrid and defend Spain proper. British Invasion forces had, in fact, captured Seville from Cadiz and cut off Andalusia from Spain with an advance from Gibraltar. A third invasion force resulted in the surrender of Lisbon to the British for the second time in 17 years and would outflank the Spanish Army's defence on the Gauadalquivir River on 25 June 1824, leading to the declaration of a guerrilla war against the British by the Spanish government. As the British Army advanced on Madrid, guerrillas harassed British supply lines. The offensive against Spain was supported by the Royal Navy's Western Mediterranean Fleet off the Spanish coast, exploiting the destruction of the Spanish Navy to assist the advance to Madrid and tie up Spanish troops on coastal defence duties.

On 11 August 1824, the Grande Armee defeated the British Army off Segovia and marched south. Madrid was relieved from being under threat of British capture while the British Army imposed a scorched earth policy to defeat Spanish guerrillas and the remaining Spanish Army regulars launching a counteroffensive with French assistance to liberate their nation. British propaganda played on anti-Napoleonic and religious sentiment, but the British invasions of Spain and Portugal had secured their objectives of destroying 30 Spanish, 3 Portuguese and 5 French ships of the line and 35 frigates by the time the Iberian Peninsula was evacuated by July 1826, freeing up the Royal Navy to deal with Russia, Scandinavia, the French coast and the Balkans.

During the winter of 1824-1825, the British Army prepared a defensive line that stretched from Torre Verdas to Badajoz and planned another starting from the Portuguese-Spanish border to [now fortified] Seville. Due to scorched earth policies and harassment by the Royal Navy, the French-Spanish counteroffensive couldn't exploit the British Army's retreat and its humiliation by guerrillas. Still, the retreat did succeed in shortening the army's defensive line in Spain, helped by British naval supremacy in the area.
 
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Diplomacy and the return of Russia into the Napoleonic Wars
After the British invasion of Spain was stopped and with the evacuation of the last British troops from the Iberian peninsula underway, the next objective was to compel Russia to join the British and restart the coalition wars against Napoleon. This would be through the invasion of Zealand and Estonia. With the Swedish Navy providing support since the defeat of Denmark-Norway over 1812-1817 at sea, the British would force Russia to join the Seventh Coalition, which was under treaty obligation to support Napoleon since the defeat of 1812 in the Treaty of Novgorod in 1813.

Although the French Empire invaded the Ottoman Empire in 1814 through Serbia with Russian and Austrian support, the campaign initially succeeded in liberating the Balkans from Ottoman rule only for the Russian campaign to be defeated off Lemnos and the Turkish Black Sea coast by the Royal Navy with the Black Sea Fleet's virtual destruction in January to February 1815. The risky Royal Navy venture saw Constantinople and the Dardanelles being abandoned by the French Navy and the Black Sea Fleet forcing into the Mediterranean, and in an attempt to stop the intrusion, the Royal Navy intercepted the Russian Black Sea Fleet off its base at Lemnos, which was defeated with three quarters of its strength being destroyed and captured [but later burnt or recaptured in wrecked conditions]. This, along with memories of the defeats of the Nile and Trafalgar, would lead to the French Navy's withdrawal from Egypt and Palestine from 18 June-20 October 1815 after 6 months of invasion. While the subsequent Ottoman counteroffensive did annihilate the French in Egypt, with the French troops captured to be released after the French-British truce in 1817, the Ottomans had to counter Muhammad Ali and Saudi Wahabis with limited forces while the Russians in Anatolia retreated from hard gained territory, at the end of a long supply line since the loss of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and the defeat of the French campaign in Egypt in the year succeeding these events, helped by a Royal Navy intrusion into the Black Sea.

After the resumption of active hostilities in 1822, British diplomats negotiated for an Ottoman entrance into the Napoleonic Wars to regain lost territory in the Balkans. This will be through landing on the Dardanelles shores, recapturing the lost territory in the Balkans and advancing into France through Austrian territory. British support would be provided through landing in Spain, which would divert the Grande Armee's attention and a naval assault on Russia should it invade the Ottomans.

After the invasion convoy sailed into the Baltic, defeating the last remnants of the Danish Navy and linking with the Swedes on the way, landings on the Finnish and Estonian coasts started on 21 April 1826. With the Russian Army holding the burden of defending Finland to the Balkans, the Black Sea and the Caucasus, the Russian capital was taken in a month with the Russian Baltic Fleet being destroyed or surrendered in port. After the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet, it would take several months of negotiations between the growing 'Seventh Coalition' and the Russian Empire to obtain peace between them. In the ensuring negotiations, provisions were made that Russia gain Finland, the Duchy of Warsaw, Bukovina and Galicia by attack, freeing the Ottomans for the invasion of Austria and the Balkans. With the Grande Armee resting after a campaign in Spain, this seemed to be the best time for a Russian attack.

The stage was set for a Russian declaration of war on France through the invasion of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw on 21 June 1827. At the time, the Ottomans had cut off what is present day Greece from the French Empire and would launch an offensive against the puppet state, retaking its former province at the end of the year [on 31 October 1827]. By next year, most of the Balkans would be invaded and recaptured by the Ottoman Empire, with the Ottoman Empire reaching the Danube and Zagreb on 1 October 1828.

With the invasion of the Duchy of Warsaw, the Polish Army was encircled and soon, Prussia might join the conflict. The encirclement of the Polish Army would be complete in 25 days after the Battle of Warsaw and it took the Poles another 2 weeks to surrender. In response, Napoleon II mobilised the Grande Armee, which was deployed along the European Atlantic coast from Cadiz to the Rhine and across the same river upon knowing of the Russian invasion with the intention of defeating the Russians and causing their surrender, but this would thwarted by the Prussian declaration of war on 2 August 1827 on France. The Grande Armee then marched across German countryside to reach the Elbe.

By 10 September, the Grande Armee was on the Elbe and defeated the Prussian Army, but the Russians and Prussians simply retreated into Poland without the Prussian Army being encircled and with fortresses left holding out, blocking the Grande Armee's route of advance for a month. With the onset of December 1827, the Grande Armee suffered decimations throughout the winter while advancing into Poland, ending its campaign only in January 1828 without any sight of the Russian and Prussian Armies as they retreated into Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. France lost 300,000 troops in the winter pursuit for want of winter clothing, scorched earth and supplies when the Grande Armee returned to recently captured Prussian fortresses and started receiving winter attire only when it wasn't needed anymore [in April 1828].

Although the American contribution was minimal, consisting of only a corps of troops in Europe, nevertheless, it is worthy of interest to discuss this point. The American corps, consisting of 3 divisions with 10,000 men each, was first involved in the Peninsular campaign until its evacuation from Spain. Then, it was stationed in Britain and involved in diversionary operations off Cadiz that led to the destruction of the French Atlantic Fleet that sortied from Brest in December 1827. The same fleet was to rendezvous with the Spanish Fleet and sortie into the Mediterranean to destroy the British Mediterranean Fleet, knock the Ottomans from the war and return to Brest, but it was caught off Cadiz on 21 January 1828, with its presence being reported to the Royal Navy's Channel Fleet, which sortied to meet the British Cadiz squadron and defeat the combined fleet once and for all, reminiscent of Trafalgar. All Spanish ships involved [and all the operational Spanish frigates and ships of the line] were destroyed or captured as the French made their escape from the battle and later Cadiz a week after, leaving any Spanish and disabled ships to capture by Britain and Spain.

The American Navy's Mediterranean Squadron was sent to reinforce the British fleet off Cadiz and was committed into saving the Cadiz Squadron as it was being overwhelmed, towing 3 disabled British ships [Canopus, Norge and Carnatic] from capture while American frigates alone revealed the Spanish Navy's incompetence by forcing a damaged ship of the line to surrender. Also, American frigates later towed several prizes to enable the Royal Navy to pursue the remnants of the French-Spanish fleet into Cadiz and the prizes were incorporated into the American Navy as USS Lafayette [ex Ocean-class Wagram], USS Generous [anglicized from French Genereux], USS Saturn [ex Bucentaure class], USS Columbus [ex Spanish Montanes] and USS Florida [ex Spanish Emperador]. When news of American ships capturing [albeit damaged] French ships to Gibraltar and America for repairs reached France, the French public was shocked, especially since that was in the same battle that saw the combined fleet being destroyed.
 
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The War of the Seventh Coalition
[Note that the Russian war of 1812 would be considered the 'War of the 6th Coalition' in this scenario.]

After the defeats of the winter in January 1828, and in particular, the heavy losses of the cavalry, the French were sent retreating to recently captured Prussian fortresses and later to the Elbe for want of supplies. In May 1828, the Russian-Prussian offensive against the French on the Oder began and although the French defeated the newly-formed 7th Coalition's offensive, a lack of cohesion, a failure of supplies to reach the frontlines and the cavalry losses will lead to France winning against the Russians and Prussians at Berlin, Bautzen and Frankfurt on the Oder only to be unable to exploit the morale boosting victory produced by the aftermath. In fact, the Prussians and Russians were able to retreat in an orderly order, albeit with heavy losses. More importantly, the Ottoman threat to the Napoleonic Empire from the Balkans to Italy and Central Europe plus the likelihood of Austria and Spain coming onto the side of the 7th Coalition by diplomacy would need to be taken into consideration.

Combat between both sides of the Napoleonic Wars [now under the teenage Napoleon II] would be temporarily halted for the best time to resume after the Oder Campaign, which would occur in Silesia during mid-August 1828. During the period, the Russian and Prussian Armies took advantage of the truce to rearm their armies and secure financial aid from the British and Austrian intervention. Also, the possibility of Austria's defection was likely besides an Ottoman advance from the Balkans to Austria and Italy. Finally, the British might land in Spain or Italy and link up with the advancing Coalition armies from the south.

In this set of events, the Austrian Empire finally came into the seventh coalition. Although there was a last desperate attempt to encircle and rout the Russian and Prussian Armies in a maneuver only to get the Swedish Army encircled at the Battle of Bautzen, it was effectively a dead end as the need for the Grande Army to reorganize in pursuit of the Swedes disrupted defensive operations and pursuit of the Prussians and Russians was made impossible as the French troops on the left flank were already routed when the victorious French III and II Corps came to the rescue.

Following the battle, the Seventh Coalition decided to go on the defensive, but taking into consideration the Trachenberg Plan already developed by the Seventh Coalition. With this in consideration, an offensive by Napoleon against Poznan failed to achieve its objective of knocking the Russians out of the war despite destroying much of the Prussian Army. Two months ago, the Ottomans entered Croatia and the Austrian Army gave battle, but failed. Now, Austria might enter the Seventh Coalition with a deal sealed between Austria and the Seventh Coalition that ceded Austrian Balkan territories in return for the Tyrol and northern Italy. Austria could regain the Balkan territories after the Napoleonic Wars, though.

The final destruction of the Spanish Navy on 10 February 1828 and the defeat and destruction by burning of the French Atlantic Fleet's Brest Squadron by the Royal Navy the same day, which cost Napoleon II 20 ships of the line and 10 frigates off Cadiz would lead to Spain's defection from the Napoleonic side of the Seventh Coalition. Without Spain's assistance, the Napoleonic offensive against Russia in Silesia saw several corps intended for the offensive diverted to the Pyrenees, and the replacements were taken from Italy. After repeated British attacks, Joachim Murat's Naples was forced to surrender to the Royal Navy's reinforced Mediterranean Fleet after amphibious landings on 29 August 1828. The Royal Navy then invaded the Napoleonic Italian Kingdom to threaten the flanks and force an Austrian declaration of war on Napoleon, which occurred on 30 November, besides diverting Napoleonic troops to deal with the Austrian and British threat to the south.

The Russians had retreated to Poland, but the Napoleonic Grande Armee's elite troops and cavalry were in Bavaria waiting for the imminent French offensive. On 20 April 1829, reinforced by the British and Ottoman Armies and deceptions about an offensive against the French Mediterranean coast, the Seventh Coalition attacked across a front stretching from Stettin to Salzburg and from Perpignan to Genoa. After the recapture of Berlin on 15 May and a general defection of German troops to the coalition, the French Pyrenees Army was stripped of vital reinforcements and the Spanish Army was able to enter Perpignan on 10 July. Then, the Spanish Army advanced onto Toulon, only to be temporarily repulsed on the Rhone from 19 August to 20 September 1829 and by mid October, France was severed from its Mediterranean coast thanks to the assistance of Ottoman, American, Neapolitan, Italian and British troops. All these were helped by the elimination of the French Atlantic Fleet on 11 April 1829 that resulted in the depletion of the Grande Armee in Germany as reinforcements had to be sent to coastal defence duties.

It must be noted that Napoleon II never had a significant interest in developing the steamship, which was first used by the Royal Navy starting 1819. By 1825, there were two dozens steamers in the Royal Navy, albeit all of them being paddle wheeled. Why Napoleon II and Admiral Cosmao Kerjulien lacked the initiative to build sufficient steamships [only 5 ships of this type were used in combat, with the rest being scuttled by the end of the war] was never justifiable, but Napoleonic obsession with huge quantities of sailing ships of the line and frigates being built to win the naval war against Britain and the growing Seventh Coalition was the most likely reason. Another reason was distrust over the usage of the new technology and the likeliness of winning the naval war of sail in quantities and attrition with British steamship construction, which never significantly diverted resources from the superiority of the Royal Navy in sail, the British Army and supply production and even funds for the Seventh Coalition.

Although the American contribution was minimal, consisting of only a corps of troops in Europe, nevertheless, it is worthy of interest to discuss this point. The American corps, consisting of 3 divisions with 10,000 men each, was first involved in the Peninsular campaign until its evacuation from Spain. Then, it was stationed in Britain and involved in diversionary operations off Cadiz that led to the destruction of the French Atlantic Fleet that sortied from Brest in December 1827. The same fleet was to rendezvous with the Spanish Fleet and sortie into the Mediterranean to destroy the British Mediterranean Fleet, knock the Ottomans from the war and return to Brest, but it was caught off Cadiz on 21 January 1828, with its presence being reported to the Royal Navy's Channel Fleet, which sortied to meet the British Cadiz squadron and defeat the combined fleet once and for all, reminiscent of Trafalgar. All Spanish ships involved [and all the operational Spanish frigates and ships of the line] were destroyed or captured as the French made their escape from the battle and later Cadiz a week after, leaving any Spanish and disabled ships to capture by Britain and Spain.
 
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The end of the Napoleonic Wars
With the last Grande Armee offensive against Austria in May 1829 being defeated due to the Russian victory on the Oder and the defection of many German statelets to the Seventh Coalition, Napoleon II lost control of the territories to the east of the Rhine under his control by November 1829 as the river was crossed and the Netherlands revolted from Napoleon's control. Finally, the Seventh Coalition marched from Rotterdam to Karlsruhe and entered France by January 1830.

In a last series of offensives, the French Grande Armee launched counterattacks that drove the Russians off Rheims in February-March 1830. However, the Grande Armee was only able to attack for a few days before the Seventh Coalition [reinforced by released Prussians] attacked and halted the attacks on the Aisne. To the south, an attempt by the French Mediterranean Fleet to escape was halted and the subsequent surrender of Toulon led to southern France under Coalition and French Royalist control. When the offensive was resumed in the south by May 1830, the French Army defending the area could only retreat as the Seventh Coalition threatened the French Army with encirclement, resulting in its retreat and the siege of Paris.

Over 30 May to 30 August 1830, most of the French Army facing the Seventh Coalition was involved in the defence of Paris as this was the period the city was besieged. An attempt by the French Army's right flank to counterattack the advancing Seventh Coalition Armies was halted as deceptions convinced the corps involved that they were under threat and the corps simply advanced pointlessly to the Marne, only to retreat after the siege of Paris began. This was known as the Battle of the Marne and occurred from 20 May to 5 June 1830. After the offensive's cancellation, the dejected troops moved to positions south of the Seine and prepared to relieve Paris. It might have succeeded had it been not for the deployment of several heavy British guns that halted a relief attempt on 10 July, and the presence of these guns made it impossible for the French Army to exploit any opportunity at relieving Paris.

Although there was a chance that peace might be in place with the Napoleonic Empire surviving even as late as November 1829, with terms allowing Napoleon II to stay in power in France up to as late as March 1830 provided France retreated to its 1790 borders, ceded its colonies and some border regions and reduced its military size, by this time, the only option available to France was now its unconditional surrender to the Seventh Coalition, with a restoration of the king as head of state being the only choice awaiting. In this situation, republicans, revolutionaries, Bonapartists and nationalists plus the trapped people of Paris were united in waiting for their imminent fate to come, even if execution or extradition and a decade or more of imprisonment was the most likely outcome for them, which occurred to most of the first four aforementioned groups in this sentence.

After three months of bombardment and subsequent starvation, the French Army attempted to breakout to relieve Paris, only to be destroyed. Finally, the troops in Paris, mostly being inexperienced, broke out and were defeated off the Seine on 1 September 1830. However, as the capital city was under fire, the French Army in Paris had to immediately surrender to the advancing Prussians. But, there was no mercy for the French troops as they had to immediately surrender at the sight of flames while the Prussians vented their anger against the French who surrendered with threats and murder that had to be restrained. Nevertheless, a few of the the French outside Paris did welcome the Coalition into their homes thanks to what Napoleon and his son did to France with their wars of 27 years, albeit a minority while the citizens in Paris suffered.

After the siege, the last pockets of Napoleonic resistance were cleared by the Seventh Coalition and the French Royalists, with the last pocket at Lyons entered by 5 December 1830. With this, the Napoleonic Wars were over after 27 years, 6 months and 17 days. By the time, Napoleon II was in captivity and would be later transported to exile in St. Helena, where he would die in 1835. However, peace was to be settled by treaties and counterinsurgency operations, plus the issues of supplying a war and cholera devastated Europe had to be settled. In the first few months of 1831, rebellions by ethnic groups seeking their independence or political rights and between those at different ends of the political spectrum and wanting to seek revenge and old scores being settled had to be ended. In the end, Prussian, reactionary and royalist French rampage against civilians was such that the Seventh Coalition had to issue ultimatums to stop the chaos that resulted and to treat the French [unless found guilty of political or criminal charges] to be treated as being liberated people and not as subjects of the Coalition powers, waiting to be abused with crimes. Ultimatums were also issued to the French population to comply with the orders of the Seventh Coalition and the new French kingdom or face repraisals and punishment such as a temporary denial of basic food and medical supplies, which reduced the effectiveness of insurgencies.
 
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Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars
Although the last Napoleonic fortress was surrender into Coalition hands by 5 December 1830, the Napoleonic Wars were not exactly over, but using that date to describe the end of the wars is misleading. In winter to spring 1831, insurgents across France and the Low Countries were posing a threat to the stability of the post war order and the threat of the Napoleonic veterans, officers and administration to the restored Bourbon rule in France under Charles X [who would be later replaced by Louis Philippe in 1832, after the final version of the Congress of Vienna was signed], who ruled from Versailles until Paris could be rebuilt, resulted in them being purged over the year. Also, rebellion in the urban areas was mainly contained with starvation, mobs and vigilante sponsored threats; which increased the unpopularity of the Bourbon king that he was replaced with Louis Philippe. The devastation inflicted on urban areas through poor supplies of food and medicine, along with damage inflicted by war, would lead to a heavy death toll during the cholera epidemic that entered France in 1831. The situation was even worse in the French countryside, but famine and cholera that decimated both the counter revolutionary French troops and the Seventh Coalition would halt the insurgencies by 1834 by also making life hard for the insurgents to live with, along with the disproportionate responses to the insurgencies.

Also, any newly independent or rebellious nations were split up [in the case of Italy and the states that composed the Confederation of the Rhine and a few Napoleonic created kingdoms], annexed [Belgium and Poland, the latter between the three partitioners of 1795 and with all of what was once the Grand Duchy of Warsaw under Russian rule, plus the former Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire to Ottoman rule] or reabsorbed by their previous rulers. Norway ended up being a part of Sweden. Saxony lost its northern portion to Prussia while all of Pomeriana and Lauenburg became a part of Prussia.

The case for France was more challenging. After such a disastrous and extremely long war, Prussia and Britain were receptive towards the dismemberment of France. However, the need to maintain a French national identity meant that in the end, the borders of 1790 were restored to France. In exchange, France would cede all her colonies [except from a few Caribbean islands] and ships of the line above 74 guns, plus any individual frigate with more than 40 guns or with heavier than 18 pounder guns itself [with both types of vessels restricted to 40 of each type at maximum allowed]. That said, there were very few [3] of the vessels to be ceded. Besides, France would have to stop colonization activities outside Europe [apart from demilitarized trade posts] for 10 years, reduce the cavalry force to 30,000 cavalry at most, renounce claims on Flanders and Belgium to Dutch control and surrender Italian territorial ambitions to the new kingdoms and Austria in present day Italy, Alsace Lorraine to the newly formed German Confederation, any territory south of the Pyrenees and Catalonia under French rule to Spain and acknowledged a Savoy that was enlarged westwards to Nice and with Lombardy incorporated into it. Although humiliating, the threat of dismemberment or harsher punishment, besides chaos nationwide, would lead to France accepting the terms on 28 November 1832 by signing the final versions of Treaty of Paris and the Congress of Vienna.

Other than mentioned above, the Congress of Vienna is similar to its actual, 1814-1815 version and territorial changes follow the actual congress unless mentioned or French applicable. Same applies to treaties not involving France.
 
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