This chapter deals exclusively with international affairs directly following the Fourth of July Coup, and the next chapter will cover the internal affairs with microscopic detail.
"AND WE'LL MAKE MEXICO PAY FOR THE BONUS"
OR, HOW AMERICA LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE LIBERTY LEAGUE
US Troops on parade before leaving to collect payment of American war debts
The ruling Liberty League had to act fast. When Pershing took the White House and arrested FDR for espionage and collusion with a foreign government, VP John Nance Garner, marshal of the National Guards of Virginia and Maryland, was immediately installed as President, which helped to make the League's rule look more legitimate. However, Garner was merely a figurehead, and Pershing held the real power as the "Secretary of General Affairs." Due to his sincere loyalty and service to the League, Patton was promoted to General and placed in charge of the security of Washington, DC.
Now, the new government was on the move. It had to placate the people immediately. It outlawed the Democratic and Republican Parties, but didn't discourage new ones for now. In that moment in time, there was only the League. The Constitution was suspended under a state of emergency by an executive order signed by Garner and Pershing, and Congress and the Supreme Court disbanded. Acting with no constraints, Pershing immediately announced Prohibition had been ended. This was a wise move, and it won the loyalty and support of a vast, vast percentage of America. Now they had to begin some sort of fix for the economy. Many plans were bandied about, but by early August, the President, Pershing, and the Cabinet had arrived at a conclusion.
For over 40 years, Starting with the Spanish-American War, America had been embroiled in a series of conflicts to the south of the border. Known collectively and informally as the "Banana Wars," it had seen an extensive loss of men and treasure, with little to be gained. For most of the conflicts, America had crowned itself a liberator or savior in Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti, Dominican Republic, all in the Caribbean, and the Philippines in Asia. From fighting the Sandinista, to quelling Pancho Villa, putting down the Negro Rebellion in Cuba, to supporting Panama's declaration of Independence from Colombia, America had invested much. Now, Pershing, a veteran of many of those same conflicts, said it was time to be rewarded for their efforts. The Pershing Plan was simple: March into the countries America had aided or assisted and collect tribute. This would then be used to pay veterans their bonuses and to put capital and spending money into the economy.
Above all was Mexico. The unstable nation had a deep-seated rivalry with the US, and above all was the Zimmerman Telegram, in which Germany had conspired with Mexico to attack the US and reclaim Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. To quote Pershing's speeches, "Mexico stabbed us in the back and cannot be trusted!" Mexico had gold. Mexico had oil. Mexico had farms. Mexico had things which the struggling US needed badly. And so it was that in mid-August, 1933, Pershing called all able bodied men to join the military. He whipped into a shape in weeks that hadn't been seen since 1919. Millions of men, ready to go at any time.
General Patton was then instructed to take troops, cavalry, and tanks to Corpus Christi, Texas, and they were placed on high alert. On August 20th, the US ambassador to Mexico acting on behalf of the American government demanded Mexico's government under Abelardo L. Rodríguez pay the USA the sum 700 million dollars in installments over the next five years. If the money was not paid, the US armed forces would march south and confiscate appropriate resources and put in place a trade embargo to squeeze it out of them. Mexico, very unstable since the resignation of President Pascual Ortiz the year before and still recovering from losing a fifteenth of its population in a decades long civil war, was thrown into a panic.
Many cried for war, but the President knew his country would simply be annihilated by the vastly superior US forces. He had good reason to fear Patton, as the man had practically invented mobile vehicular warfare during the Pancho Villa Expedition, and had strapped the corpses of Mexican fighters to the front of his truck. On August 28, 1933, General Patton and his entourage of some 500 troops crossed the border under truce flags and arrived in Mexico City on September 8th. There, Patton and Rodríguez signed the 1933 Expeditionary Force Reimbursement Accord, and Mexico pledged to deliver the sum of 600 million dollars, plus 20 percent of the money gained from oil sales. Also the US was given exclusive trade rights with Mexico until the year 1999. Rodríguez was utterly humiliated, and his regime was very unstable. However, in exchange for his cooperation, the US was to open Camp Coolidge, five miles from Mexico City, as a permanent base for 400 US troops who were sworn to uphold Rodríguez as the rightful President of Mexico. This also approved the leasing of several tanks to the Mexican government, plus military trainers. They were almost immediately needed, as riots broke out across the capital city. With the use of tear gas and small arms, the attempted revolt was almost immediately crushed. This firmly cemented Mexico as a puppet of the United States and a major early and much-needed success of the Pershing-Garner government. On a side note, taking a major interest in these affairs was Nazi Germany, whose agents and officials were quite present at the signing of the Accord.
Patton's Army marches to Mexico City to attend the signing of the 1933 Expeditionary Force Reimbursement Accord and to begin the construction of Camp Coolidge
As Mexican treasure was sent back to the States, the first real payment of Bonuses was accomplished, and armed with this new cash some veterans began to create new business or get a new lease on life. Next, that fall in late October, similar demands were sent to Cuba and Nicaragua, and as the US Navy was anchored not far from their shores, they also gave in to US demands. The rest of the regions followed soon after, and before long gold, oil, and cash was flowing into the US economy, and its effects could be felt nationwide. Things were still not good, but definitely getting better. Critics were shut down by Pershing: "We are owed this. Our boys died for them. This is merely fair. You can't ask for your neighbor's help when you are down and not expect him to do the same. Besides, we keep this entire damn hemisphere safe thanks to the Monroe Doctrine, and this is the least they can do. I don't look upon them as inferiors, but merely as neighbor's who can't afford to protect themselves from aggressive foreign powers."
This all led to the summoning of national leaders to Miami, Florida, in December of 1933. On Christmas Day, Mexico, Cuba, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Panama all agreed to sign themselves into a treaty and trade agreement with the United States, known as the North American Protection Sphere (NAPS). This treaty placed every country which had been "assisted by the US government in internal conflicts from 1899 to present day" under a yearly reimbursement debt, and also promised the US easy ports for their Navy and the first say about trade agreements. However, in exchange the US also promised immediate protection from any foreign powers, leasing or gifting of military equipment, and assistance to the governments of said nations in the form of cheap foodstuffs, emergency relief, and "in-country advisors" that would essentially help keep whichever dictator happened to be in power in any given region.
The world's reaction to NAPS was quite mixed, and France especially officially condemned it as "wanton aggression by a state gone rogue." The Soviet Union also condemned it. Britain remained neutral, however many resented the formation of the alliance (though however Prince Edward and Oswald Mosley of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) spoke positively). Germany, Italy, and Spain all applauded the effort by the US to pull its economy back together whilst strengthening trade and borders. Also, after the US, those same countries were next in line for any trade deals and they were to profit heavily from the US's "hemispheric protection racket."
As 1933 drew to a close, America's economy had come roaring back, but at the expense of constantly battling civil unrest. However, the improvements in the economy were undeniable, and many "found their loyalty bought with a bonus."