If the ottomans stayed out of World War 1, an ever increasing number of Jewish migrants to Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem and southern Beirut Vilayet, a Jewish majority would eventually take over.
Around 1860 Jews became the majority in Jerusalem, and around the time the Jews were kicked out of Iraq Jews formed the majority of Baghdad.Turks happened to be far less antisemitic than some of the other inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. Jews would be happy to live under the Turks if they were treated equally. If I recall correctly the Empire recognized four religions that would be treated fairly under the law: Greek Christianity(Orthodoxy), Roman Christianity(Catholicism), Islam, and Judaism.
The Ottoman government, if it viewed the Empire as a Turkish national state, would and could likely relocate massive numbers of Turks in the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
If it stayed out of World War 1, it could have invaded Russia in 1919 to take Russian Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and south Chechnya. It may even take the Crimea, an easily defensible and highly productive region. The Crimea, along with Sicily and Egypt, was one of the three big breadbaskets of the Roman Empire. The Ottomans saw themselves as a Muslim Roman successor to some extent, especially considering it mostly controlled the same land. Azerbaijanis are a Turkic people, so they'd fit right in in a Turkish national state.
The Hejaz region would be difficult to control, as that would be the heart of an Arab national state that would eventually try to pop up. The British would likely use such separatism/nationalism as a mean of expanding its sphere of influence and weakening the Ottoman Empire. The Empire probably couldn't keep couldn't keep Eastern Arabia due to the same reason.
Without WW1 the Armenian genocide wouldn't have occurred and Turkey could have just left the Armenians as a single Vilayet.
At the best, the Ottomans could have kept all non-Arabian Peninsular territories with Turks and Jews slowly becoming the majority in most provinces, and expanded into the former Russian Empire.
The Empire would have to democratize eventually. This would leave it as a constitutional monarchy. It'd probably end up either as a republic with a few autonomous regions, or a federation where certain regions had more power over their internal affairs than others. Democratization would have been a while off though, likely in the mid to late 20th century.