OTL history question: Gunpowder and ammunition supplies for various societies

How did societies before 1900 generally acquire gunpowder and ammunition?

For example, were there a few suppliers and everyone traded for it? When did it no longer become viable to produce gunpowder in cottages? When would makeshift ammunition have become impractical, and when would it have become unusable entirely?

How would these societies have obtained/acquired/produced/manufactured/gotten hold of their gunpowder and ammunition?
- late 19th century African kingdoms (Ashanti, Dahomey, etc.)
- Revolutionary America
- Confederates in the Civil War
- Qing Dynasty 1600s
- Mughal Empire 1700s
- Caribbean pirates in the 1600s
- The participants of the Battle of Lepanto
- Conquistadors during the conquests
 
How did societies before 1900 generally acquire gunpowder and ammunition?

For example, were there a few suppliers and everyone traded for it? When did it no longer become viable to produce gunpowder in cottages? When would makeshift ammunition have become impractical, and when would it have become unusable entirely?

There were very large-scale nitre collection efforts and there are definitely examples of centralised powder works.

- Conquistadors during the conquests

...used comparatively very very few firearms compared to swords, lances and crossbows. They probably just brought the ingredients in barrels, mixed on the spot, and probably cast their own bullets, the way 16th c. musketeers did in Europe.
 
When would it have become unfeasible to cast bullets outside of a large factory or arsenal?

When rifles came on the scene, with much finer tolerances it was difficult to make reliable ammunition without serious casting equipment which practically meant that most production shifted to factories.
 
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