Of lost monkeys and broken vehicles

Part 113
  • Guadalcanal, February 1st, 1943

    Twenty Japanese destroyers evacuated nearly 5,000 soldiers from the island. Further missions over the next week would complete the Japanese withdrawal. It would be only in February 9th that the Americans would realise the Japanese were gone.

    Stalingrad, February 2nd, 1943

    The last remains of the German 6th army surrendered to the Soviets bringing the battle of Stalingrad to an end. Hitler had recently promoted general Paulus to field marshal on the theory German field marshals never surrendered so neither would he. Paulus had proven him wrong by surrendering nevertheless. He was the first German field marshal to do so. He would hardly be the last.

    Over Smyrna, February 3th, 1943


    An Okcu fighter modified for photo-reconnaissance managed to dart over the port and escape the Greek and Polish Spitfires and Ierax III fighters hot on its tail, bringing its precious photos back home. Getting over Smyrna had been getting increasingly more difficult as of late between constantly increasing numbers of Allied fighters in the air and more and more anti-aircraft guns below. It had been a sign of this and the importance the Turkish general staff was giving to reconnaissance that some of the precious Re-2005 fighters being built under licence, named Okcu [1] had been converted to the role.

    Thessaloniki, February 4th, 1943

    Field marshal Erwin Rommel, had Fevzi Cakmak practically screaming at him over the phone. "Our reconnaissance has detected large numbers of tanks and heavy guns being landed in Izmir as we speak. I'm telling you the Greeks and the Amis are going to be attacking here not again on the Olympus as your intelligence was telling. We need the reinforce the 1st army now. It's bad enough that Halder did not send the forces you are getting now when we could reduce the city, it will be worse if the perimeter is broken and we get another active front on our hands."

    The Turk was right. He ordered 10th Panzer to prepare to immediately move by train from Giannitsa where it had been moved in reserve after the fighting in Olympus was over to Anatolia. More would follow.

    Arakan, February 8th, 1943

    Operation Cannibal the offensive to take Akyab island had initially been hoped to take place in September 1942. Lack of landing craft and objections over the the training of the available forces had postponed it for late December. Then Bernard Montgomery the commander of the British XV Corps had outright refused to begin it before his forces were sufficiently trained for the operation, Harold Alexander commanding the Burma front had backed him up and Claude Auchinlek and the government in London had been forced to agree. But now it was finally time as the Indian 14th Infantry division and 77th Infantry brigade went to the attack.

    Berlin, February 9th, 1943


    If some people who knew thought the war was going well Hermann Goering was not among them. Thus the meeting with Wever, Milch and their aides. The Luftwaffe was facing increasingly stronger opposition while at the same time several of its new projects were in developmental hell. This was not boding well for the war effort and just as importantly the position of a certain Hermann Goering within the Nazi hierarchy. Decisions had to be taken before it was too late, already some idiot in the army had tried to can the Skoda T-25 tank project forgetting to whom Skoda belonged too. Goering and Wever had already forced over Milch's objections cessation of the project to improve the failed Me-210, Bf-110 would continue into production till Heinkel He-219 and Milch's favourite the Ta-154 took over production. The effort of all variants of the Jumo 222 engine would be frozen to facilitate production of the earlier Jumo 213 then it could resume under better circumstances. The failure of Me-309 the intended replacement of Bf-109 was a more serious issue. There was fortunately an alternative, shockingly enough for German pride the Italian FIAT G.55 was proving itself since entering service the previous summer Axis best fighter and it's new G.56 variant promised to be even more formidable. It was thus decided to organise licence production of G.55 and G.56 in Germany. But there were problems even with this, the FIAT fighter needed 9,000 man-hours to build compared to 5,000 for the Bf-109. Thus initially only a fraction of the industry would be switched to G.55, more could follow when production was optimized....

    Smyrna, February 12th, 1943


    As Fevzi Cakmak had correctly predicted, the Allied offensive was coming on the Smyrna front. What he could not predict was the level of resources the Allies had available. The US 7th Army under Patton with 6 divisions, 2 of the armoured, two Greek armoured divisions and the British 5th Infantry division reinforced by and armoured brigade had joined Ptolemaios Sarigiannis Army of Asia Minor in Smyrna over the past few weeks. Cakmak and Rommel had reinforced the Turkish 1st army as much as they could and more German reinforcements were on their way but the Allies could reinforcements to Smyrna faster than the Turks and Germans could, the transportation network in Anatolia was limited to a fraction of its normal capacity during the winter months and the Germans were limited to about a division a week from Macedonia. The 1st army was well dug in and would fight back doggedly. Still cracks had begun showing almost immediately. It was not the surprise breakout some in the Allied camp had hoped for, particularly as more and more German reinforcements joined the fight. This didn't make it any less costly in men and material...

    West of Ireland, February 18th, 1943

    The pair of Hudson's of Squadron 101 of the Irish Army Air Corps, turned back east towards their base and some well deserved rounds of beer after successfully depth charging a German submarine heading south and sinking it with all hands. It would be only after the war and cross-checking captured Kriegsmarine archives that the submarine would be identified as probably being U-180 and several more decades more till an Indian funded maritime archaeology expedition actually found the wreck confirming Subhas Chandra Bose's final resting place.

    [1] Archer
     
    Appendix Demographics of Turkish provinces 1922-1940
  • A table with the population of TTL Turkey by province in 1927 and 1940 including settlement patterns for the TTL 1922 exchange of populations and OTL figures for the same purposes for comparison. Note the OTL numbers are solely for the territory controlled by TTL Turkey at the start of the war.

    ProvinceOTL 1927 populationOTL RefugeesTTL 1927 populationTTL RefugeesOTL 1940 populationTTL 1940 population
    Afyon258.7411.045
    265.767​
    8.071​
    316.034​
    324.616​
    Ağrı103.5622.856
    114.091​
    13.385​
    121.477​
    133.827​
    Amasya115.1453.844
    161.715​
    50.414​
    136.029​
    191.045​
    Ankara404.7261.651
    419.077​
    16.002​
    602.965​
    602.965​
    Antalya206.2704.920
    214.385​
    13.035​
    256.366​
    266.452​
    Aydın211.6046.630
    44.153​
    6.630​
    281.784​
    165.372​
    Balıkesir418.71837.174
    109.866​
    5.618​
    482.827​
    126.687​
    Bilecik114.0374.461
    147.458​
    37.882​
    127.977​
    165.483​
    Bingöl00
    0​
    0​
    70.184​
    70.184​
    Bitlis90.3093.360
    124.824​
    37.875​
    68.825​
    95.129​
    Bolu217.597194
    220.859​
    3.456​
    257.393​
    261.252​
    Burdur83.436448
    86.991​
    4.003​
    119.498​
    124.590​
    Bursa399.54534.543
    494.952​
    95.967​
    461.648​
    571.885​
    Çankırı156.5880
    158.407​
    1.819​
    183.782​
    185.917​
    Çoruh (Artvin)89.63046
    89.630​
    46​
    153.273​
    153.273​
    Çorum247.5991.570
    251.822​
    5.793​
    302.745​
    307.909​
    Denizli237.0662.728
    238.640​
    4.302​
    285.225​
    287.119​
    Diyarbakır193.304484
    229.451​
    36.631​
    257.321​
    305.439​
    Elazığ213.6332.124
    225.012​
    13.503​
    190.366​
    200.506​
    Erzincan133.970116
    161.254​
    27.400​
    158.498​
    190.777​
    Erzurum270.3761.095
    372.160​
    102.879​
    371.394​
    511.207​
    Eskişehir154.1952.567
    162.833​
    11.205​
    206.794​
    218.379​
    Antep213.4951.330
    137.698​
    19.505​
    306.906​
    197.945​
    Giresun274.6456.502
    294.556​
    26.413​
    279.236​
    299.480​
    Gümüşane122.190811
    140.589​
    19.210​
    181.290​
    208.588​
    Hakâri25.016310
    28.167​
    3.461​
    36.446​
    41.037​
    Hatay00
    0​
    0​
    246.138​
    246.138​
    Mersin211.6423.330
    259.313​
    7.311​
    257.709​
    315.756​
    İsparta144.8041.175
    155.851​
    12.222​
    171.751​
    184.854​
    Kastamonu335.601842
    356.802​
    22.043​
    369.847​
    393.211​
    Kayseri250.4907.280
    312.974​
    69.764​
    342.969​
    428.522​
    Kırşehir127.064193
    134.986​
    8.115​
    149.518​
    158.840​
    Kocaeli286.68227.687
    356.832​
    97.837​
    375.530​
    467.421​
    Konya502.2285.549
    518.496​
    21.817​
    620.936​
    641.049​
    Kütahya303.6411.881
    315.063​
    13.303​
    359.890​
    373.428​
    Malatya305.78576
    320.493​
    14.784​
    418.473​
    438.601​
    Maraş184.9581.143
    222.259​
    38.444​
    202.073​
    242.826​
    Mardin182.773200
    148.455​
    13.503​
    252.505​
    205.094​
    Muğla174.6874.968
    0​
    0​
    211.445​
    211.445​
    Muş00
    0​
    0​
    73.939​
    73.939​
    Niğde293.80018.988
    337.660​
    62.848​
    275.443​
    316.563​
    Ordu201.3021.248
    230.908​
    30.854​
    305.017​
    349.877​
    Rize171.6630
    173.420​
    1.757​
    172.764​
    174.532​
    Samsun273.28322.668
    369.673​
    119.058​
    363.384​
    491.554​
    Adana335.70911.384
    507.702​
    61.753​
    375.777​
    568.298​
    Siirt101.6370
    102.472​
    11.347​
    146.522​
    147.726​
    Sinop168.5331.189
    169.943​
    2.599​
    190.844​
    192.441​
    Sivas329.7417.539
    642.502​
    122.515​
    468.243​
    1.489.750​
    Tokat263.7218.218
    295.935​
    40.432​
    317.919​
    356.753​
    Trabzon292.573404
    385.651​
    93.482​
    390.733​
    515.039​
    Tunceli00
    0​
    0​
    94.639​
    94.639​
    Urfa208.539290
    162.608​
    18.360​
    245.398​
    191.349​
    Van75.437275
    132.915​
    57.753​
    112.975​
    199.054​
    Yozgat208.6281.635
    241.861​
    34.868​
    276.611​
    320.673​
    Zonguldak267.9901.285
    267.990​
    1.285​
    349.783​
    349.783​
    TOTAL11.158.308250.25612.017.1211.542.55914.355.05816.346.215
     
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    Part 114
  • Magnesia, February 25th, 1943

    The burned out ruins of the city where liberated by the Greek VII Infantry division. Twenty three months of occupation, with the city under the fire of Greek guns, followed by two weeks of house to house fighting to drive out the Turkish 24th Infantry had left out very little intact. Over 90% of the city had been destroyed. The Allied advance continued.

    Athens, February 28th, 1943

    Kostis Palamas, Greece's greatest poet and first and only Nobel laureate, had died the previous night. Despite wartime over 100,000 people had gathered to the first cemetery of Athens, including prime minister Ion Dragoumis a close associate in times past.

    Vemork, February 28th, 1943

    Explosions wracked the Norsk Hydro plant as Norwegian commandos attacked, destroying the heavy water production facilities and about half a ton of heavy water that was in storage. Allied planners, fearing the progress of the German nuclear weapons program and having very little concrete information on its actual status would breath a collective sigh of relief at the success of the Norwegians. It was only post war that they would learn they needn't have to worry since the German weapons program was hopelessly misguided. The biggest beneficiaries might well have been the German civilians wherever a German nuclear reactor got built as a meltdown would had been almost certain.

    Mount Vermion, Greek Macedonia, March 2nd, 1943

    Guerrillas belonging to LAS [1], the armed wing of the People's Liberation Front had shown up first and had subsequently grown to include non communists who wanted to fight the occupiers and had no other alternative. But the alternative in the form of the Greek Forces of the Interior had shown up and with that people switching sides. Ares, had not taken kindly to this. When a few days earlier a group of 30 guerrillas had switched over he had enough. LAS forces in Vermion had been ordered to attack and disarm their Nationalist counterparts and treat the men who had switched sides as deserters. But Pavlos Gyparis, the head of the Forces of the Interior in Macedonia, a veteran guerrilla of many wars and Venizelos bodyguard and go to man for special operations, might had been many things but easily intimidated was not one of them. When pushed he'd push back. Athens when news of what was going on in the mountains of Macedonia finally reached it would be anything but amused...

    Goa, March 9th, 1943


    Four German merchant ships had found refuge to the Portuguese colony at the start of the war. From there they had start reporting the movements of allied ships to German submarines by radio. Once found out by the British something had to be done about it. Portugal was still neutral and with Salazar still fearing a German invasion of the Iberian peninsula keeping a strict neutrality despite the Portuguese-British alliance. This might change as both the general war was starting to tilt towards the Allies and the Spanish civil war towards the Provisional government, by now Ochoa's armies controlled nearly 60% of Spain and slowly but surely grinding down the Falangists, but this was still in the future. Thus 18 men of the Calcutta Light Horse had secretly slipped into Goa's harbour and attacked the German ships. One ship had been sunk. The other three had scuttled themselves fearing capture by the British.

    Moscow, March 10th, 1943


    Igor Kurchatov was confirmed as head of Laboratory No 2. The Soviets had lost no time after Georgy Flyorov had noticed the previous year the disappearance of publications on nuclear physics from American, British and German scientific journals and alerted Stalin to it. The Soviets could hardly allocate even a fraction of the resources funnelled on its American counterpart but it was still a start.

    Adrianople, March 15th, 1943

    Alois Brunner had been sent to Thessaloniki back in early February to organize the destruction of the Jewish communities of occupied Greece and Constantinople. That both typically were either Bulgarian or Turkish territory had mattered little. Bulgaria was protecting the Jewish population of "old Bulgaria" but the Jews of the annexed Greek territories, who since 1912 had supported Greece were fair game. As for Constantinople Peker had already conscripted en masse the non-Turkish population into labour battalions and imposed ruinous taxation on them. From there to letting the Germans have their way, particularly in exchange of promises of more arms and military support was not too big a distance. Brunner and his henchmen, had quickly introduced the use of yellow stars for the Jewish population and forced the Jews of Thessaloniki and Constantinople into ghettos. But then the plans to start shipping Thessaloniki's Jewish population to the death camps in Poland had been met with practical difficulties, the single railroad to Thessaloniki was working at full capacity to reinforce the Olympus front and subject to bombing and sabotage, by now the rail yards in Thessaloniki were under constant air attack. Brunner was not to be stopped by such issues. Further east, the railroads into Bulgaria were under less pressure. The Jews of Thrace, nearly 25,000 in the Greek census of 1940 had been rounded up ten days earlier. The first train carrying over2,000 of them to Poland, left Adrianople...

    [1] Laikos Apeleutheritikos Stratos - People's Liberation Army.
     
    Population on TTL Syria and Armenia
  • I mean for places like Armenia, Georgia, and Syria. They all gained land at Turkey's expense so I'd be interested to know what this could change for them, particularly Armenia.
    The additional territories of Syria would be this, data for 1927.

    French SyriaTotalKurdsTurksArabs
    Kilic45761
    3504​
    41497​
    760​
    Antep48211
    3692​
    43719​
    800​
    Urfa64001
    25408​
    30739​
    7855​
    Mardin47621
    28619​
    5523​
    13479​
    Sirnak10512
    7857​
    569​
    2087​

    So TTL Syria is 3,151,756 people by the time of the war compared to 2,860,411.

    Georgia should be effectively unchanged. The only difference in its territory is retaining the Artvin okrug which in 1916 had supposedly 37,414 people. Given that the majority in the whole of Batumi oblast were Christians who voted with their feet in 1921, the difference to the population of Georgia should be negligible, despite the 3272 square km of additional land. Something in the region of ~6-12,000 people in 1922 if the Turks have not fled west to avoid the returning Russians, sorry Soviets. Also more Greeks left it for Greece so it even out.

    Armenia... ok for a start Armenia has got the Russian 1914 border which means Kars, Ardahan and modern Igdir. The "Caucasus Calendar" published in Tbilisi in 1917 gives ~471,000 for the area including ~188,000 Christians and ~64,000 Azeris. The Turkish 1927 census gives us a population of 205,464, including 42,945 Kurds. No Christians any more, for uhm obvious reasons but also no Azeris either. Had they preferred Azerbaijan or both they and the Yazidis got counted as Turks in the census? I'd guess the latter. Per the 1926 Soviet census you had a total Armenian population of 1,567,568 of which only 743,571 lived in Armenia with another 111,694 in Nagorno Karabah. It's not unreasonable to assume that at least a fraction of these end up in Kars TTL. So lets call it 393,715 people on TTL Kars+Igdir in 1926, adding up the 188,251 non-Muslims of 1917 with the 205,464 of the Turkish 1927 census. Add 1,110,673 for OTL Armenia SSR, Nagorno Karabakh and Nakhchivan to get 1,504,388 in 1926. Should grow to 2,034,362 by 1939.
     
    Part 115
  • Kharkov March 14th, 1943

    The city fell again to the Germans. Manstain's counter-offensive had dealt a series of painful blows on the Soviets. But this time it could hardly compare to the disastrous defeats the Soviets had dealt on the Germans and their Allies over the previous months.

    Athens, March 16th, 1943

    Nikos Zachariadis did not show the slightest sign of nervousness as he entered the room together with Demetrios Glinos. Only Ion Dragoumis and George Kafandaris, the head of the Liberal party and vice-premier.

    "Well?" Dragoumis only asked

    "Why it's nice to meet you comrade prime minister"

    "Mister prime minister. That clarified, Vermion"

    "What about it? Comrade Makedon had to disarm groups of fascists and armed collaborators. He should be recommended for his actions."

    "Do you think I'm an idiot? Oh I get it you think I'm just a well bred bourgeois idiot who's never been away from a salon. Back at the time you were born I was just chasing skirts in Athens." Glinos an old acquittance of Dragoumis visibly flinched. Zachariadis seemed unperturbed as Dragoumis continued.

    "So let me tell you how it is going to be. The party will ensure that Klaras plays well with the other kids. Otherwise I will personally denounce Klaras publicly over the radio for a traitor who undermines the war effort. And the party alongside him. And crush Klaras and anyone that actually backs him up like a bug. We have a war to win and Huns to kill. This meeting is over"

    Sardeis (Salihli), March 21st, 1943


    Not unsurprisingly modern Greek maps called the city by its ancient name, not her Turkish one. For the soldiers of the US 34th Infantry division that had just taken the town it did not matter much. What mattered was that by now both they and the Greeks and the British were advancing at a reasonable rate while the Germans and the Turks while still by no means broken were not fighting for every single scrap of land as they had before the siege lines of Smyrna. Just the next day the Greeks would liberate Perhamos up north.

    Epirus, March 22nd, 1943


    The Greeks had been held before Ioannina through winter. But now just as further east the front further east on the Olympus was starting to liven up again the relative quiet of the Epirote front came to an end. Before the end of the month Ioannina would be liberated...

    Mount Vermion, March 23rd, 1943


    Stelios Sklavenas, cursed Mizerias as he was parachuted over the mountain. His companions, a small group of commandos of the 2nd Raider Regiment, propaganda was calling it the Sacred Band, took it in good stride. Well they should, they were not jumping into the middle of the night for the first time in their life after a crash course of a few days. But needs must. The last thing the central committee needed was for Ares to bring it to conflict with the government in the middle of war with the fascists. Particularly when any sane person recognised what would be the likely result of such conflict. And it would be a shame if all the good work Ares had done went to waste...

    Arakan, March 25th, 1943

    Bernard Montgomery ordered a halt to the offensive in Arakan. His forces had managed to take the small port of Maungdaw and push forward in the Mayu range but the attack had run out of steam in the face of growing Japanese resistance well away from Akyab island which Auchinleck hoped to see captured. Recriminations between Auchinlek on one side and Alexander and Mongomery on the other would follow...

    Philadelpheia (Alasehir), March 26th, 1943


    The allied advance came to a halt to the east of the town. Over the past six weeks Allied forces had broken the siege of Smyrna and advanced over 140km from the city liberating most of Asiatic Greece and inflicting nearly 80,000 casualties on the Turks and Germans, most of them infantry units cut off when Allied armour had broken out of the Smyrna perimeter. But they had lost over 21,000 men and 340 tanks doing and by now their advance was starting to run out of steam between German reinforcements and a worsening supply situation the further they went from the port of Smyrna. Besides it was time to withdraw the US divisions that had participated in the offensive. Back at Casablanca the Americans had agreed to commit their forces in the Mediterranean to the Greek front during the first months of 1943 instead of letting them sit idle in North Africa. But but this would not come at the cost of the strategy agreed upon at Casablanca, despite Churchill's proposals to the contrary...
     
    Part 116
  • Ioannina, March 28th, 1943

    Napoleon Zervas raised the Greek flag over the central square. Much of the town including the building of the Zosimaia school had been heavily damaged by over two years of fighting. North of the town the regiments of Zervas VIII Infantry Division, were still pushing northwards against the Italians. Almost half of Epirus was still occupied and if anything in even more chaos than the actual frontlines as bands of the Greek army of the Interior, were fighting it out with Italian occupation forces and thousands of collaborationist troops recruited by the Italians from Greece's Albanian minority.

    Mount Vermion, March 31st, 1943

    Ares Makedon had been driven to tears by the tongue lashing delivered by Sklavainas. Someone might wonder why someone of Ares apparent abilities, accomplishments and actual power, after all it was Ares who had created LAS as a fighting force at a time the communist party was still ambivalent of the Greek war against the Axis in the first place would stand to a relative nobody, Sklavainas had been a successful trade unionist and unsuccessful candidate for the parliament. But party discipline run strong and Ares has an almost religious devotion to Zachariadis...

    Epirus, April 3rd, 1943


    The port town of Parga was liberated by the Greek II Infantry Division. The Greek advance north continued slowly but steadily all along the front, Igoumenitsa and Kalpaki would be liberated in April 9th, by the time the Greek offensive temporarily halted in April 12th, the Metsovon pass was cut off and Axis troop movements between Epirus and Macedonia would need to go through Korytza further north.

    Athens, April 5th, 1943


    Aca Stanojevic had led the government of Yugoslavia since Christmas 1937. It had been a thankless job for the 91 year old prime minister, between conflicts within his own cabinet, pressures from the throne, both young king Peter II, who had come of age the previous year and prince Paul who had effectively ruled Yugoslavia since the death of king Alexander and pressure from the allies. The Yugoslav government in exile had to its credit a large, mostly Serb, army in Greece that had performed relatively well for the past two years. But it also had to deal with increasing complaints both from its allies and within the exiled army over the activity, or lack of activity of the Chetniks under Draza Mihailovic back home. Mihailovic had been generally idle against the occupation forces fearing mass reprisals against the Serb population planning instead a mass uprising at some nebulous point in the future when the Allied armies in the Balkans would advance north to liberate Yugoslavia. At the same time several units of his Chetniks as well as armed bands claiming affiliation to them had not been idle in fighting the partisans and often working together with the Italians and Croatian Ustashe in doing so. It was hardly a situation either the Greeks who were hosting the Yugoslav government in exile or the British or its own soldiers were willing to accept when their own armies were bleeding on the front and supplies and reinforcements reached the Axis forces with little trouble though Serb railroads. With the increasingly geriatric Stanojevic unable to cope with the pressures a new government under Slobodan Jovanovic had been appointed. The situation back in Serbia had to be dealt with, without any further delays.

    Ravna Gora, April 8th, 1943


    Lieutenant colonel Zaharije Ostojić hopped off the Westland Lysander that had carried him to occupied Serbia. Draza Mihailovic along with Dragutin Keserovic his chief of operations, and Zvonimir Vuckovic, warned over the radio were waiting for him. Ostojic handled to Mihailovic the enclosed envelope with the orders from the government in exile. Mihailovic turned white as he read the orders.

    "I'm recalled to Athens?"
    "For consultations with the new government sir. I have orders to replace you during your absence."
    Mihailovic looked towards Keserovic and Vuckovic. "Do you think I should go?"
    Keserovic the regular officer of the two looked mildly scandalized. "It's the crown orders sir. What else should you do?"

    Mihailovic boarded the waiting plane...

    Cairo, April 9th, 1943

    The Egyptian, a lowly secretary in the Allied General Headquarters pulled out the small camera and start photographing the documents the English major had brought him. He did not know nor cared why the Englishman was betraying his country. Money? Blackmail of some kind? Ideology? He had no need to know. By nighttime the photographs would be in the hands of the right people...

    Sivas, April 12th, 1943


    The intelligence coup in Cairo, had been huge. Now it was up to Erwin Rommel and Fevzi Cakmak to take advantage of it. Apparently Winston Churchill had managed to convince everyone to have another go at Gallipoli. Only this time it would be done right, the plans MAH agents had managed to get their hands on in Cairo were talking about 5 or 7 Allied divisions landing in Gallipoli and he Allied armies in Thessaly attacking north. It was a plan characteristic of the Englishman and the Greeks had apparently enthusiastically supported it, after all Pangalos was a dye in the wool Venizelist and Venizelos has insisted for two decades what great opportunity had been lost at Gallipoli when Constantine had refused to participate. One had to agree that just like in the last war it made sense, if it succeeded it could knock Turkey out of the war and create a domino with Bulgaria following and the Axis position in the Balkans collapsing. If it succeeded. If it failed it could be as much a quagmire for the Allies as it had been in 1915. German reinforcements were already on the way, three more divisions would be available by the end of the month. Cakmak was confident of victory. And a victory at Gallipoli
    could well give Turkey the opportunity to extricate itself from the war on reasonably good terms, the first inquiries Turkish diplomats had made in Switzerland had not been entirely promising. He kept that last thought to himself...

    Berlin, April 13th, 1943

    German radio made known to the world the finding of mass graves containing the bodies of thousands of Polish officers massacred by the NKVD back in 1939. The Soviet Union would deny the accusations. Not many, particularly among the Poles in exile, would take her denials at face value, even though the other Allied governments, the Poles excepted, officially accepted the Soviet position. The work of Wladislaw Sikorski, already difficult, had just been made even more so...
     
    Part 117
  • Athens, April 15th, 1943

    Draza Mihailovic left, the building hosting the Yugoslav ministry of war, the Greeks had transferred to the Yugoslavs the building of the German embassy in Vasilisis Sophias 2 avenue back in 1941. The new prime minister Slobodan Jovanovic had at least deigned to be present at the meeting only to have Mihailovic dressed down for his inactivity in fighting the occupier. When Mihailovic had, reasonably he believed, pointed that a more active policy would just multiply Bulgarian and Italian reprisals he had been told flatly that general policy demanded the disruption of the supply lines back to central Europe and that his inactivity endangered the support of the Royal government and favoured the communists. The end result was that he was not returning back to Serbia. As a consolation prize he had been handed command of the 2nd Cavalry division. Which supposedly would be converted to armour as soon as the tanks became available. When the tanks would be made available? That was a different question...

    Helsinki, April 15th, 1943


    Just like the Turks the Finns following the Stalingrad disaster had start sounding the Allies over leaving the war. Just like Turkey, Finland was not ready to accept Allied demands. The negotiations failed.

    Corfu channel, April 17th, 1943


    Salamis, shrugged off the hit by the 6in Italian coastal gun with barely a dent at its armour, its 14 inches of belt armour had been designed to stand up to far heavier guns. Moments later its own guns thundered sending a salvo of six 16 inch shells in the direction of the Italian coastal battery. Closer to the coast Allied cruisers and destroyers, pounded anything that looked dangerous as three Greek Euzone regiments and the Polish 2nd Wielkolpolska Grenadier regiment stormed the beaches. Further inland men from the 10th Paratrooper regiment, Corfu's own, were already raising hell all over the island since the previous night.

    Over Bougainville, April 18th, 1943

    US Magic intercepts had revealed the flight path of admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's planned inspection of the Japanese forces in New Guinea and the Solomon islands. Despite misgivings over possibly revealing to the Japanese that their codes were broken the Americans had decided to act upon it. Eighteen P-38G fighters had jumped Yamomoto's flight. The G4M bomber carrying Yamomoto, true to its nickname between Allied pilots of the "flying zippo" had crashed at sea burning after being hit. None aboard had survived.

    Corfu town, April 22nd, 1943

    The proverbial wooden rooster that would have to crow for the Italians to leave Corfu had crowed for the third and last time as the survivors of the four thousand men of the Italian garrison, had surrendered the previous day, overwhelmed by Allied forces. Now the Poles of the 2nd Wielkolpolska Grenadier regiment were about to parade through the liberated town, but were in for a surprise of their own as the Philharmonic Society of Corfu received them with the Marsz Pierwszej Brygady...

    Philharmonic Society of Corfu playing First Brigade

    Moscow, April 25th, 1943


    The Soviet Union severed its diplomatic relations with the Polish government in exile. When the Germans had publicized the finding of mass graves with thousands of killed Polish officers two weeks earlier, the Soviet Union had officially claimed that it had nothing to do with the graves and that the Germans had been the perpetrators of the massacres. The Western Allies had every reason to believe the claim to be false of course. But war necessities trounced such minor inconveniences like the truth thus they had accepted the Soviet claims at face value. It hadn't been that easy for the Poles to do the same and they had not. Thus Stalin had added insult to injury and had severed relations claiming the Poles undermined the war effort by propagating Nazi propaganda.

    Over Attica, April 28th, 1943


    The German Ju-188 reconnaissance aircraft, turned back north. The ports, from Piraeus to Laurion and Eleusis were teeming with transport ships while large American units appeared to be waiting to embark. It all comforted with the intelligence re[prts fpr a Gallipoli landing...

    Skaramanga Navy Yard, Attica, April 30, 1943

    HNS Meliti, named after the battle of Malta the previous year, the sixth and last of the Kanaris class destroyers, was launched, clearing the slipways. Despite proposals to follow Kanaris class, a close copy of the British J class with American armament, with locally building Battle class destroyers, Britain's latest design, no more destroyers or submarines were getting laid down for the time being. Meliti and the submarines Nereus and Poseidon already under construction would be completed but the navy had received from Britain 6 destroyers and 2 submarines last year, and more were expected this year. Dedicating local resources to landing ships and submarines made more sense...
     
    Part 118 The Wine Dark Sea
  • Andrianople, April 28th, 1943

    Max Merten was a content man. The original plans to clear out Thessaloniki from its Jewish population had had to be delayed due to train shipment constraints, but he had improvised successfully. Thrace had just been proclaimed Judenfrei, as 14 train shipments from Bulgarian and Turkish territory, had moved nearly 25,000 Jews through Bulgaria and Romania to the camps in Poland. The rounded up Jews from Kavala, Serres and Drama, nearly 4,000 more would follow in the next week. Then it would be the turn of Constantinople and finally Thessaloniki, the army there kept complaining the railroads through Serbia were overloaded and under constant air attack and sabotage. He could wait. After all Constantinople and the Dardanelles had over 57,000 Jews, slightly more than Thessaloniki. It was going to take months. And profit one Max Merten handsomely...

    Warsaw, April 29th, 1943

    The last fighters of the Jewish Military Union, escaped through a tunnel the Warsaw ghetto to the rest of Warsaw. After 11 days of heavy fighting, the Jewish resistance, doomed to destruction from the start was collapsing although it would take the Germans more than two weeks more to fully suppress it. But sometimes you had tot fight even if you were doomed to lose from the start...

    Nicosia old town, April 30th, 1943

    Lieutenant Alparslan Turkes was woken from the sound of shooting nearby. Moments later Emine Denktas burst into the room in the basement of the house that was hiding him. The 19 year old, her father Raif had named her after her deceased mother she had told him was visibly agitated but still held it together he noticed.

    "We must move you. Someone talked, the Greeks just hit the house we were hiding the Germans and Special Branch is on the way here."

    Turkes cursed and followed the girl. The last six months had been a frustation to put it mildly. Being a native of the island he had been a natural choice to take part to the mission here. The local Turks had been sympathetic, but with four fifths of the population of the island Greek most of the local leaders were unwilling to support a revolt, Emine here and her father were the exception. Perhaps he shouldn't blame them. Perhaps but he did. The motherland's need mattered more, and the motherland needed all the help it could get. At least if the leaders didn't care the common people did heed to the motherland. He and his comrades had been able to organise sabotage, get intelligence from the many Turks in the police, demonstrations, even a few guerrila bands. But the British had reacted by dismissing any Turks they suspected from the police, recruiting auxiliary police units among the Greeks and unleashing them all and the local army units on them. With the enthusiastic backing of the local Greeks of course. The heavy handed reaction had gained the Kara Cete, the fighting group set in the island, yet more support but after six months it had whittled down almost to nothingness. It didn't matter he'd go on as long as he could...

    Buffalo, New York, May 3rd, 1943

    The next batch of licence built P-51B, left the Curtiss factory. The appearance of the Italian Series 5 back in the fall of 1942 over the Mediterranean had been something of a shock and Curtiss own P-40 clearly could not compete with them. Switching production from P-40L to the P-51B was an obvious fix, both aircraft were using the Merlin engine and it did not make sense when there was a shortage to Merlin engine supply to use them on Warhawks instead of Mustangs. Production of the Allison engined P-40s was continuing unabated.

    Olympus, May 7th, 1943

    A thousand guns opened on the German, Italian and Bulgarian positions. As his soldiers hunkered down in their trenched under the barrage waiting for the tanks and infantry to follow Erwin Rommel calmly waited for the attack to develop. He had available more than half a million men to meet the Allied assault and had been forewarned about it. True more than two thirds of his soldiers were Italians and Bulgarians but Rommel was not making the mistake to underestimate them as many of his fellow German officers were doing...

    Lemnos, May 7th, 1943


    The guns of Georgios Averof thundered at Turkish positions, as Lynx and Mustang Mk III fighters darted overhead to hit targets further inland. The Greek 13th Marine and the 4th Archipelago Infantry regiments had hit the beach at dawn, the III Airborne brigade under Christodoulos Tsigantes had preceded them overnight. Uncle George had led the liberation of Lemnos a generation ago. Now it was back...

    Beyazit Square, Constantinople, May 9th, 1943

    Fevzi Cakmak looked from one of the windows of the old building of the Ottoman Ministry of war to the square, the Forum of Theodosius back in Byzantine times, he could not remembed what the Greeks called it nowadays and if he could help it it would never matter again. The Greeks had hit Lemnos two days ago, it would likely fall but he expected this, simultaneously with the beginning of the attack on Olympus, this one was apparently developing slowly, the Allies were making small probes for the time being preceded by massive artillery barrages. The Allied fleet had left Greek ports initially heading south. Exactly as expected. He hid a smile. Air reconnaissance had become very difficult given heavy Allied air activity over the Aegean but the Allies apparently still were not aware their plans had leaked, they still hoped to confuse the Axis about the actual target.

    Mediterranean Sea, May 10th to 11th, 1943


    Ships from ports as far away as Algiers, Tunis, Piraeus, Smyrna, Alexandria and Beirut were converging across the Mediterranean. Eight battleships, two aircraft carriers, twenty cruisers and thousands of smaller craft massed with five divisions of the 8th British Army under Richard O'Connor and the 7th US Army under George Patton assembled. History's largest amphibious force since the Greeks had unleashed 1,186 ships for the eyes of Helen would be going to action at dawn...
     
    Appendix Hellenic Air Force May 1943
  • Order of Battle

    10 Bomber Wing
    32 Bomber Squadron "Keraunos" (Bristol Blenheim)​
    34 Bomber Squadron "Ajax" (Martin Baltimore)​
    11 Fighter Wing
    21 Fighter Squadron "Theseus" (KEA Ierax)​
    22 Fighter Squadron "Ierax" (KEA Ierax)​
    24 Fighter Squadron "Ares" (Supermarine Spitfire)​
    13 Combat Wing
    12 Fighter Squadron "Leon" (Curtiss P-40)​
    23 Fighter Squadron "Fantasma" ( Curtiss P-40)​
    27 Fighter Squadron "Sparta" (KEA Ierax)​
    15 Fighter Bomber Squadron "Tigris" (KEA Lynx)​
    14 Fighter Wing
    11 Fighter Squadron "Perseus" (Supermarine Spitfire)​
    13 Fighter Squadron "Keraunos" (Supermarine Spitfire)​
    30 Fighter Squadron "Drakon" (NAA P-51B)​
    15 Combat Wing
    25 Fighter Squadron "Aetos" (Curtiss P-40)​
    29 Fighter Squadron "Alepou" (Hawker Hurricane)​
    31 Fighter Bomber Squadron "Velos" (KEA Lynx)​
    16 Combat Wing
    26 Fighter Squadron "Herakles" (KEA Ierax)​
    28 Fighter Squadron "Athena" (KEA Ierax)​
    14 Fighter Bomber Squadron "Panther" (KEA Lynx)​
    17 Bomber Wing
    33 Bomber Squadron "Lailaps" (NAA B-25)​
    35 Bomber Squadron "Typhon" (Martin Baltimore)​

    Combat Aircraft Inventory

    NAA P-51B: 20
    Supermarine Spitfire: 54
    Hawker Hurricane: 14
    Curtiss P-40: 65
    KEA Ierax: 110
    KEA Lynx: 50
    NAA B-25: 27
    Martin Baltimore: 38
    Bristol Blenheim: 26
     
    Last edited:
    Appendix Turkish Air Force May 1943
  • Order of Battle

    1st Air Regiment
    1 Aircraft Squadron (He-111)​
    2 Aircraft Squadron (LeO-451)​
    3 Fighter Squadron (Bf 109)​
    4 Fighter Squadron (D.520)​
    2nd Air Regiment
    53 Fighter Squadron (Bf 109)​
    54 Fighter Squadron (TOMTAS Okcu)​
    27 Aircraft Squadron (Do-17)​
    28 Aircraft Squadron (Hs 126)​
    3rd Air Regiment
    42 Fighter Squadron (Bf 109)​
    57 Fighter Squadron (TOMTAS Okcu)​
    23 Aircraft Squadron (Hs 126)​
    24 Aircraft Squadron (Hs 126)​
    4th Air Regiment
    21 Fighter Squadron (Bf 109)​
    41 Fighter Squadron (TOMTAS Okcu & Atmaca II)​
    43 Fighter Squadron (TOMTAS Atmaca II)​
    58 Fighter Squadron (TOMTAS Atmaca II)​

    Combat Aircraft Inventory

    Bf 109E/F/G: 78
    TOMTAS Okcu: 53 [1]
    TOMTAS Atmaca II: 44 [2]
    Dewoitine D.520: 23
    He 111: 24
    LeO 451: 22
    Do 17: 16
    Henschel Hs 126: 59

    [1] Locally built Reggiane Re.2005
    [2] Modified Reggiane Re.2000 with DB601, similar to Re.2001
     
    Part 119 Alcibiades revenge
  • Syracuse, Sicily, May 11th, 1943

    Lieutenant colonel Demetrios Kaslas, became the first senior officer on the shore. All around him the men of his 34th Infantry regiment, for the most part recruited from Athens and Pireaus were storming out of the landing boats ashore, as did the men of the 3rd US Infantry division to which the Greeks had been attached. Italian resistance so far was limited, the 206th Coastal Division covering the beaches was thinly spread, badly equipped and consisting of mostly older reservists. After twenty four centuries the Athenians were back.

    Andravida, Western Peloponnese, May 11th, 1943

    Mustang III of HAF's 30th Squadron "Drakon", start taking off from the airstrips. They would meet over Zakynthos, the B-25s and Martin Baltimore's of the 17th Bomber Wing and head west to attack targets in Sicily. The Mustang III was something of a happy coincidence back from the dark days of 1941 when the French having bought the new Mustang I fighter were facing a shortage of Allison engines in Syria and had converted several airframes to use Merlins instead, which being built in Athens were more readily available. Even the makeshift French conversions had proven superior enough, for the British to start converting their own Mustangs to use the Merlin engine dubbing the conversions Mustang X. By early 1942 with the Americans now in the war the news were across the Atlantic and North American fast at work for a properly made Merlin Mustang instead of conversions.

    Gela, Sicily, May 11th, 1943


    The men of the British 50th Infantry Division stormed ashore. To their west 44th Infantry Division was landing at Licata. To their east 51st Infantry Division was landing at Scoglitti. Richard O'Connor's 8th Army had been tasked with the southern landing zones. Further to the east Patton's 7th Army, with the 3rd and 36th US Infantry divisions, the the Greek 34th Infantry regiment and 7th Regiment Tirailleus Algeriens were landing from Noto to Syracuse. If one added the 1st and 82nd Airborne divisions making the largest airborne assault the world had ever seen, the soldiers of Giovanni Messe's 6th Army that was responsible for the defence of Sicily had their work cut out for them.

    Palazzo Venezia, Rome, May 12th, 1943

    "I promised you we would break Negus ribs! As we did. Now I promise you we won't just break the ribs of the people that dared violate the sacred soil of Italy. We will break every single bone in their bodies and drown them to the sea for daring to do so!"

    Italo Balbo, inside the room suppressed a sigh. Mussolini, talking to the crowd in Piazza Venezia below them, was attacking his subject with gusto, none had ever accused the man for not being a good orator. But the crowd beneath, party stalwarts and guys carried off the streets was notably subdued, compared to other times. The average Italian was willing to follow the duce as long as he was mostly left alone in his personal life and he brought victories outside Italy. But what had the war now in its third year and the alliance with the damn Tudros had brought Italy beyond some early victories bound to be reversed now that the Anglo-Americans had finally gotten their pace? A string of defeats, loads of casualties, now invasion of the motherland and subservience to the Germans, just as he had predicted. Mussolini could claim the Anglos would be thrown to the sea as much as he liked. But Messe was screaming for reinforcements, his own beloved air force was dying under the weight of enemy material and admiral Bergamini the new commander of the fleet wasn't exactly optimistic over the prospect of challenging the landings. Something had to be done but what?

    Lemnos, May 13th, 1943


    The last Turkish and German soldiers defending the island were marched to the transport ship waiting for them to moe them to the Makronisos prisoner of war camp. Lemnos was free once more. And Greek and American engineers were already at work repairing the airstrips and port facilities...

    Brenner pass, May 13th, 1943


    One more train carrying soldiers and tanks of the 15th Panzergrenadier division crossed the pass heading south. The OKW had been caught with its pants down by the Allied landings in Sicily, while 16 German divisions were in the Balkans not a single division was in Italy. The XIV Panzer Corps with 15th PanzerGrenadier and the Herpan Goring Panzer divisions was being hurried south but it would take a week till the first German division made it to Sicily. Till the Messe's men were on their own. And even now the OKW was still stringent with its reinforcements to Italy. The Allies were still attacking in the Balkans. Several divisions were tied down fighting in the Olympus and neither Hitler nor the OKW were convinced the landings in Gallipoli were a ruse and Sicily the real thing...

    Syracuse, May 15th, 1943

    The dishevelled group of Italian prisoners of war looked at the man before them with some consternation. The Americans who had captured them, had treated them well, feeding them much better than their own army had, many of the soldiers were even talking Italian after a fashion and were friendly. But this man was in Italian uniform. Not the one the army today used, an older one with a red shirt.

    "My grandfather had told your forefathers that he offered neither pay, nor quarters, nor food; he offered only hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. I offer you the same. Italy is enslaved, to the Germans and their fascist puppet and must be liberated. Let him who loves his country with his heart, and not merely with his lips, follow me."

    A couple men looked at each other and took a step forward. More followed them. Most did not. They were content with the war being over for them. And the possibility of having to take one fellow Italians, fascist or otherwise was not one to be taken lightly.

    Sante Garibaldi, had left Italy back in 1925 when he and his brothers had failed to stop Mussolini. In 1940 he had hopped on the last ship bringing the free Poles to Britain to fight on. Following that he had worked with the SOE in France, the Near East and Spain but could not bring himself to fighting fellow Italians. But this madness and the destruction of Italy had to end, and the honour of the country restored, his Polish contacts had given him information of what was going on in Poland, Italy could not be on the same side with this Germany, which seemed to be even more brutal than its own forefathers in 1871 and 1914. He had been allowed to recruit in the Greek POW camps right before the invasion of Sicily, the Greeks did have their misgivings but would not forget the Garibaldini, himself included, had come to fight for Greece in 1866, 1897 and 1912-13, they did own his family and knew it. And thus the Camicie Rosse were back...
     
    Part 120
  • North of Mardin, Anatolia, May 14th, 1943

    The 6th Indian Infantry Division, reinforced by an armoured brigade from the 31st Indian Armoured Division, attacked. The two Allied armies in Southern Anatolia were still not in position to launch a major attack, the needs of the Greek and Sicilian fronts meant, were taking precedence, and Slim's 9th army had had the 5th Indian and the 78th British Infantry Divisions removed from it, the former to reinforce Montgomery in Burma, the latter to join the landings in Sicily. But neither Slim nor De Lattre were willing to let their troops stay idle. Thus a series of limited attacks to improve Allied positions before a major offensive could take place, begun...

    Warsaw, May 16th, 1943

    The Great Synagogue was blown up by the Germans, who proclaimed the end of the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Tens of thousands of Jews had been massacred or would be shipped to extermination camps.

    Augusta, Sicily, May 17th, 1943

    US troops entered the city. Allied forces were steadily advancing out of their initial landing zones, but Messe's soldiers were not showing any sign of collapsing or panicking just yet, with the Napoli division counterattacking the next day and temporarily reentering Augusta before the Americans could push it back again. Meanwhile the first German reinforcements had crossed into Messina.

    Over the Ruhr May 16/17th, 1943

    The Lancaster bombers of 617 Squadron RAF, begun unleashing their massive 10 ton bombs on their targets. Eight out of the 19 bombers participating in the raid would be shot down by the Germans, but they would leave two dams breached, one more damaged and severe flooding in their wake...

    Sutjeska, Yugoslavia, May 17th, 1943

    127,000 Italian, Croatian and Bulgarian troops begun the fifth major offensive against the partisans and this time also the Chetniks in Bosnia and Montenegro. Much to the dismay of the Italian occupation authorities, the Chetniks over the past few months had begun to be much more active against the occupation armies, despite just as often fighting against the partisans. No major German formations were taking part in the offensive, all sixteen German divisions in the Near East were fully committed on the Olympus and Anatolia already. Air support was coming from the ZNDH the Croatian air force, again the Italian, German and Bulgarian air forces had their hands full fighting the Allies further south. Over the next month the occupation armies would inflict thousand of casualties on the resistance but once more fail to destroy it.

    Over Sofia, Bulgaria, May 20th, 1943

    A quartet of DAR 12B Strelka fighters rose to intercept the aircraft of the 303 and 305 Polish Air Force squadrons attacking the railway station. Back in 1940 Germany had refused to the Bulgarians licence production of the Avia B-135 to force them to buy Bf 109s from Messerschmitt instead, Bf 109s Germany was in no position to deliver. And thus Bulgaria following the invasion of Yugoslavia and the heavy attrition of its air force had instead turned to FIAT buying a licence of G.50 instead. DAR had managed to deliver a mere 32 aircraft the previous two years, with production of the newer G.55, DAR 12B for the Bulgarians, reaching two aircraft a month since January. It was only a pittance when the Bulgarian air force had lost 439 aircraft since the start of the war. But it was better than nothing, when the only fighters Germany had managed to deliver were 23 Bf 109Gs the previous March, and 96 D.520s taken over from Vichy France in 1942.

    Cork, May 23rd, 1943


    Michael Collins inspected LE Niamh before she left for her first war mission. The former HMS Haldon a Hunt class destroyer, had been delivered from the Royal Navy the previous year making it the first major warship of the nascent Irish navy. The Irish were already pressing both Britain and the United States for more ships.

    Kiel, May 24th, 1943


    Admiral Karl Dönitz sent the order to his U-Boats to pull out from the Atlantic. 43 German submarines had been sunk since the start of the month managing to destroy only 30 Allied merchant ships. The battle of the Atlantic might not be over yet but it was starting to turn clearly to the Allied advantage, with ever more numerous and ever more effective escort ships and aircraft hunting down the German boats.

    Near Urfa, Anatolia, May 25th, 1943

    A pair of machine guns opened up at the convoy moving supplies north to the front. The Kurdish auxiliaries escorting the convoy would quickly move against the Turkish guerrillas and then raid the nearby Turkish village, whether the villagers had anything to do with the guerrillas or not, as usual in this kind of warfare was proving irrelevant. But just like in 1919-1921 the Turkish population in occupied territory was not in the mood to stay idle. And thus the Kuva-yi Miliye was back...
     
    Part 121
  • Fore River, Massachusetts, May 25th, 1943

    USS Bunker Hill became the fourth Essex class carrier to join the fleet. The USN carrier fleet had suffered grievous losses since the start of the war. But the four Essex class ships already delivered more than covered up for the losses and twelve more were on various stages of construction with a further seven on order, the orders would be increased to ten come June. As if this wasn't enough the navy had just taken delivery of its fourth Independence class light aircraft carrier, converted from Cleveland class cruiser hulls, with five more on the way. By now the decision back in January 1942, driven by the shock of the loss of USS Lexington at Pearl Harbor, to convert USS Alaska and USS Guam to aircraft carriers looked excessive. But it was to late to change it.

    Metsovon, May 28th, 1943


    The last Italian pockets in the area were eliminated with the Italians pushed back within 14km of Grevena in the north. The Allies could now move troops and supplies directly between Thessaly and Epirus once more. Repairing the Epirus railroad was going to take a while yet with priority given to expanding the double track railroad from Athens to the Olympus and repairing the railroads in Ionia, but this too would eventually happen.

    Venice, May 29th, 1943


    Hitler and Mussolini men one more time to discuss the situation in Italy. The climate could be best described as acrimonious with Hitler accusing the Italian army's military performance and demanding total war from Italy and the Italians accusing the Germans for lack of support. Nothing serious would come from the meeting. Nothing besides the rift between the two allies widening even more, and yet more distrust created for Mussolini within the Italian leadership after he had failed to gain anything serious from the Germans.

    Newcastle upon Tyne, June 1st, 1943


    HMS Perseus the tenth Colossus class light aircraft carrier was laid down. With 16 ships on order the class would be surpassed only by the American Essex class in number.

    Palermo, June 3rd, 1943


    The British 44th Infantry Division captured the city. Italian resistance, by now reinforced by two German divisions continued unabated in the north-east of the island, much to Patton's frustration his advance had been checked in the Etna. But further Allied reinforcements were also pouring on the island, an estimated 359,000 men would be committed by the Allies in the battle for Sicily...

    Leninakan, Armenia, June 7th, 1943

    One more Soviet probe was beaten back. Vladimir Triadafillov had beenn ordered to take the battle to the enemy and that he had. But he had not been given any reinforcements, every last soldier and tank was being poured by the Stavka to the Western front where intelligence was that the Germans were preparing for a major offensive to reduce the Kursk salient. So he had restricted himself to limited attacks to conserve his forces till reinforcements could be made available. This had been beaten back handily by the 3rd Turkish army. Fighting would continue nevertheless...

    Spain, June 10th, 1943


    The Spanish army start its next push towards Zaragosa. By now it was clear that the provisional government had the upper hand against the Falangists, with the Spanish army fielding over 450,000 men against 289,000 for the Falangists. But the Rebel junta her rear secure in German occupied France was not giving up just yet with the government's army having to pay for every single advance it made.

    Washington DC, June 11th, 1943

    The decision to cancel the four remaining Alasca class cruisers was taken. There had been thoughts to proceed with construction of the third ship USS Hawaii on the original design, her two sisters converted to carriers were going to be slightly inferior to the Essex class carriers so it made no sense to build her as a carrier, but with the last three ships of the class cancelled it did not make much sense to build her as a single ship class either. Construction on USS Kentucky would resume instead.
     
    Part 122
  • Epirus, June 14th, 1943

    Konitsa was liberated by the Greek army. The Epirote front was something of an afterthought for both sides, a single Greek army corps of three infantry divisions and five much smaller Italian divisions and Albanian auxiliaries on the other side, with the Italians also having to deal with thousands of partisans of the Greek army of the interior in their rear.

    Thessaloniki, June 14th, 1943


    Maximilian Von Weichs took over command of Heeresgruppe E, the Wermacht command of all German troops in the Near East from Erwin Rommel. Rommel would be taking command of the newly reformed Heeresgruppe B i Italy.

    Sicily, June 19th, 1943

    Five weeks of fighting had reduced the Italian defenders and the four German divisions that had rushed to their aid to the north-east of the island in a line anchored by mount Etna. Now the Allies attacked the Etna line in turn, with the British 8th army attacking from the west and the US 7th army from the south. Between them the two Allied armies had 359,000 men and 600 tanks in ten divisions. But Messe's troops were hardly out of the fight yet. Just over the next six days they would launch no fewer than twenty-four counterattacks.

    Solomon islands, June 21st, 1943

    US marines begun landings in New Georgia. Two days later further landings would take place in Trobriand islands. Rendova island would follow on June 30.

    Ionia, June 24th, 1943

    The anticipated Allied invasion of Gallipoli and a renewed offensive in Ionia, had led to the concentration of over a quarter million Turkish soldiers and three German divisions to meet it. With the evaquation of the US 7th Army from Ionia, the Turkish 1st Army now found itself enjoying substantial numerical superiority over the Greek Asia Minor Army. The Turkish general staff was not the kind of men to let such a possible opportunity go to waste. The 1st army went to the attack.

    Palazzo Venetia, Rome, June 25th, 1943

    Benito Mussolini was being faced with increasing internal trouble for the past few months. The invasion of Sicily, despite the stubborn defense put up by the Italian army for the past seven weeks had turned things from trouble to outright crisis. It was clear to most people who counted within Italy that the war was not going well for the Axis. The invasion of Sicily had brought forth the realization that the situation was even worse for Italy in particular which was being faced with outright disaster. But Mussolini had not budged to the increasing pressure from the the chief of the armed forces Vittorio Ambrosio, the king and even within the fascist party to leave the German alliance and seek peace with the Allies. He had not, or was not able, though to take decisive action against the supporters of peace either, vaguely promising the king to arrange peace with the Allies by mid September. Under increasing pressure he had been forced to call the Grand Fascist Council in hopes of securing its support for the continuation of his policies and most importantly his continuing control of the state. But the council had just let the plots underway to overthrow him by the king, the army and Italo Balbo on one side and within the fascist party by Dino Grandi and his own son in law count Ciano to manifest themselves. Both fascist quadrumvirs present Balbo and De Bono, the third quadrumvir alive De Vecchi was in Greek custody since the capture of Rhodes in November 1940, had openly sided with Grandi against Mussolini as had the king. And that was it. After over two decades the duce was no more in charge of Italy. He would be arrested on the same day. A new government would be formed under royal auspices. Of the the three candidates for prime minister Enrico Caviglia would be quickly eliminated since he was critical of fascism and the king wanted the fascist regime to continue and no liberal politicians returned to power. This left Badoglio and Italo Balbo. The king would had preferred the former as he thought he would be able to control him more easily. But in the end Balbo's ties with the royal family, his well established anti-German credentials and a reputation as more decisive than the old marshal had won the day.

    Sicily, June 27th, 1943


    Catania fell to the US 36th Infantry Division. By now it should be clear to the Italian and German defenders that Sicily was going to fall. But fighting still went on while the newly formed Italian Royal government under Italo Balbo loudly proclaimed it would continue fighting...
     
    Part 123
  • Ionia, June 30th, 1943

    The offensive of the Turkish 1st army was ordered to a halt. It was true that the Turks and Germans had begun with nearly twice as many men. But the Allies had command of the air, the Luftwaffe reinforcing her units in the Balkans with 140 more aircraft in May and June, had barely managed to put a dent on Allied air superiority and the Greeks had been well dug in, with superior armor and artillery and after three years of war more than adept in shifting forces where needed, helped by ample numbers of Studebaker and Ford trucks to move men and supplies much faster than the Turks and Germans that still had to largely depend on on animal drawn transport. After two of the initial Turkish probes had been savaged by the Greek III Armoured Division and with reports of reinforcements already pouring through the port of Smyrna to Ptolemaios Saririgiannis Army of Asia Minor, Cakmak had had enough. There was no point to waste men and machines by continuing the offensive. Better let the Greeks and the English break their heads on Turkish defenses.

    Eleusis air base, Athens, July 1st, 1943


    Greek and Polish airmen presented arms as prime minister Wladislaw Sikorski climbed down the ladder of the converted B-24 that had brought him to Greece. The Polish prime minister was to meet with the Greek government in downtown Athens and go on an inspection tour of the Polish forces in Greece. Three Polish infantry divisions the 1 Dywizja Grenadierów, 2 Dywizja Strzelców Pieszych and 4 Dywizja Piechoty were fighting in the Thessalian front, with two Polish Air Force squadrons the 303rd "Kościuszko" with Spitfire IXs and 305th "Ziemia Wielkopolska" with B-25 Mitchells flying out of Eleusis. Fourteen more Polish squadrons were operating out of the British islands, the last of them No 336 Bomber squadron had been formed back in February.

    Rome, July 4th, 1943

    The Italian government ordered the headquarters of the 6th army to move to Calabria. Resistance to the Allied armies still continued but the Italiann hold on Sicily was systematically being reduced.

    Kursk July 5th, 1943


    781,000 German soldiers supported by more than 2,900 tanks including brand new Tigers and Panthers and almost 10,000 guns attacked. The German offensive had to be delayed repeatedly between lack of resources and crises in other fronts, in particular the landings in Sicily. Many German generals including Guderian had even suggested outright cancelling it, Guderian thought it better to stay on the defensive for 1943 and resume the offensive come next year. But enemy armies kept growing. thus in true Prussian fashion the German army was to once more take its chances and risk winning or losing everything on a single roll of the iron dice. Only this time over 1.4 million veteran Soviet soldiers withe more than 5,000 tanks and five times as many guns waited to receive the assault with yet more ready to reinforce them when needed...

    Sicily, July 8th, 1943


    Messe and Kesserling begun evacuating second line units and material through the straits of Messina to Calabria. The Allies would attempt to interdict the movement but the Regia Marina and the Regia Aeronautica would prove they still had teeth the hard way when Italian torpedo bombers heavily damaged HMS Indomitable and the submarine Dandolo nearly sunk the light cruiser HMS Sirius. The British and Greeks would attempt to infiltrate the straits of Messina at night with PT Boats, only for two boats to be sunk by the light cruiser Pompeio Magno, one of only a handful of Regia Marina ships equipped with radar. The evacuation and the fighting further south went on...

    Rastenburg, East Prussia, July 12th, 1943


    Marshals Von Manstein and Von Kluge were summoned to the Wolf's Laid to decide on the continuation of the German offewnsive at Kursk. So far the offensive had been going rather worse than the Germans had hoped for. Their forces had advanced but at very high cost. And while Von Manstein still hoped he was about to break through Soviet forces in his sector and destroy the remaining Soviet reserves afterwards, a rather optimistic assessment of the size of uncommitted Soviet reserves, the Soviets had already counterattacked in Von Kluge's front. Coupled with the imminent collapse of the defenses of Sicily the decision was taken to halt the offensive. But that the Germans had decided to stop their attack hardly meant the battle was over. The Soviet counterattack in the northern sector, was already evolving to a full scale counterattack...
     
    Part 124
  • Kayseri, July 13th, 1943

    One more Focke Wulf FW190A-3 fighter took to the air, the square red roundels of the Turk Hava Kuvvetleri shining in the morning sun. The fighter was the best Germany had to offer at the moment and of the minor Axis allies, the Turkish Air Force the first to receive it. But Turkey was deemed too important in Berlin, not to receive everything Germany could spare. Everything Germany could spare was of course of relative value with Germany being increasingly hard pressed, as had been seen back in April when along with 71 Panzer III and IV tanks the Germans had also delivered 41 Hotchkiss H39 captured from the French army back in 1940. But it was still better than other German allies like Romania could hope for...

    Messina, July 18th, 1943

    American and British forces took the city. All of Sicily was now in Allied hands. The Italian and German defenders had held out for nearly ten weeks inflicting slightly over 33,000 casualties. Their own casualties were well over five times as many, exceeding 182,000 men.

    Rome, July 19th, 1943

    521 Allied bombers, hit targets in the city varying from the Ciampino airport to the San Lorenzo steel factories. Over 3,000 civilians would be killed in the bombing. It was unclear at least to the Italians, what the Allies planned now that Sicily had fallen. But what seemed clear was that the pressure on Italy would continue unabated.

    Lisbon, July 20th, 1943


    General Castellano had been ordered in secret to Lisbon to contact the Allies in the Portuguese capital while the battle for Sicily was still underway. But his mission had been met with several obstacles. For a start Spain was still at war and while Italy still maintained relations with general Ochoa's government it was not possible to reach Madrid overland, with Falangist Spain interspersed between occupied France and the territory under the control of the provisional government. Instead Castellano had been brought by submarine to Spain as it was feared that somehow the Germans might have noticed him if he used an airplane and from there with some discreet aid from the Spanish government to Lisbon. Yet more problems had arisen since for some reason the Italians had chosen someone who could not speak English to negotiate with the Anglosaxons. But even that was finally overcome and negotiations begun.

    Hamburg, July 24th, 1943

    Nearly 800 RAF bombers hit the port city. Most of the bombs fell wildly off from their actual targets but was amounted to thousands of tons of bombs was bound to cause extensive damage to the city and kill almost 1500 people. But this was just the start. Another 123 USAAF B-17s would hit the city the next afternoon followed by 121 more of the morning of July 26th. Then the RAF would be back on the night of the 27th with 787 British heavy bombers hitting the city and unlike most times managing to concentrate most of their bombing on a relatively confined 3x1.5km area. The result, unexpected by the British planners, had been a firestorm killing about 40,000 people and making over a million flee the town in terror fearing further British raids. The British would indeed launch two more large raids on the 29th with 777 bombers and on August 2nd with 740. But with the raids suffering increasingly heavy casualties, 28 aircraft had been shot in the third raid and 30 more on the next, RAF would finally switch to other targets for her night bombing.

    Russia, July 26th, 1943

    Two weeks earlier the Soviets had counterattacked towards Bryansk with nearly 1.3 million men. The Germans on Hitler's orders had stood firm and inflicted very heavy casualties casualties on the Soviets. But unlike 1941 and 1942 the Soviet attack went on and the Germans forced to retreat. The situation wasn't any better for the Germans in the air. The Soviet 16th air army did suffer disproportionately heavy casualties but its new La-5FN, Yak-9 and Pollikarpov I-185 fighters were easily a match for German fighters and sometimes superior. Within a week the Luftwaffe had been reduced to fewer than a tenth of the sorties the VVS was making.

    South-Eastern Anatolia, July 29th, 1943


    The French and British armies, now under the overall command of Henry Maitland Wilson, Wavell could not direct simultaneously operations in Italy and the Middle East attacked. By now the tho allied armies had 8 divisions available, two of them armored in addition to multiple independent brigades varying from Moroccan goumiers to British tank brigades and Arab, Jewish and Assyrian volunteers.

    Syracuse, August 1st, 1943


    General Castellano came for one more round of negotiations with the Allies. The Italians wanted guarantees from the Allies against the Germans, including an allied landing north of Rome. The Allies were not prepared to offer as much...

    Greece, August 1st, 1943


    USAAF P-51 and P-38s and Hellenic Air Force P-51 and Lynx fighters begun taking off. Five Heavy Bombardment groups of the USAAF 8th and 9th Air Forces with 178 B-24 Liberators between them were already on their way to Ploesti on what was to be the largest attack on the Romanian oil refineries since the start of the war and they were not going to go into the teeth of Romanian and German air defenses without escort...
     
    Part 125 gladio iacta est
  • Larisa airport, August 1st, 1943

    A B-24 bomber trailing smoke landed on the airstrip. Landed might have been considered an euphemism, the aircraft was so heavily damaged it had nearly crashed and would almost certainly be written off. It still had brought its crew, the ones that survived at least, home. The USAAF had hit the Romanian oilfields hard, or so it appeared. But despite the fighter escort the Romanian and German air defenses had still managed to shoot down over 50 bombers and damage as many, with the Romanians IAR 82 fighters, a version of the older IAR 80 fighter with the far more powerful BMW801 engine, encountered for the first time by the Western proving fearsomely effective, at least at low and medium attitudes. But the FARR and the Luftwaffe had not come unscathed either losing two dozen fighters in the ensuing air battles. [1]

    Solomon islands, August 2nd, 1943

    Fighting around the islands continued. Four Japanese destroyers were engaged by over a dozen American PT boats at Blackett strait with the tiny torpedo boats failing to cause any damage on the Japanese and one PT boat lost to ramming. Four days later the Americans would exact a degree of revenge when three Japanese destroyers would be sunk by USN destroyers in the battle of Vella gulf.

    Ukraine, August 3rd, 1943


    The Soviet offensive in the Donbass had ended in failure the previous day, with nearly 100,000 casualties suffered. But if the Germans hoped for a respite they were going to be sorely disappointed as the Voronezh and Steppe fronds under Ivan Konev with 1,144,000 men and over 2,400 tanks went to the attack beginning the fourth battle of Kharkov.

    Reggio Calabria, August 4th, 1943


    The British XIII Corps crossed the straits of Messina into Calabria capturing Reggio against weak Italian resistance. It was perhaps questionable if marching north through Calabria against enemy resistance was the best of ideas. But Eisenhower and Wavell had deemed the operation necessary and that was that.

    Cassibile, Syracuse, August 4th, 1943

    General Castellano, put his signature on the instrument of the Italian surrender. Italy's war on the side of Germany was over. Or it would be as soon as the armistice was publicly announced, it had been agreed to keep it secret for a short period of time for the Italian government to warn her forces of the impeding surrender.

    Rome, August 5th, 1943

    The orders for the surrender to the Allies start going out to military units in Italy, occupied France and the Balkans. Utmost secrecy was needed given the large numbers of German troops intermixed with the Italians practically everywhere. Official communications from general Vittorio Ambrosio, the Italian chief of staff of the armed forces, to the Germans, spoke of transferring units to south Italy to deal with the Allied invasion there and plans of a naval attack against the beachhead...

    Stockholm, August 5th, 1943

    The Swedish government announced it would stop allowing German troops to transit through its railroads from Norway to Finland. After all the ability of Germany to threaten Sweden appeared to be constantly decreasing at the moment just as Swedish ability to resist kept increasing with the steady expansion of the country's armed forces.

    Berlin, August 6th, 1943


    Something odd appeared to be going on with the Italians. Germany already feared Italy might try to drop out of the war and had prepared contingency plans to deal with the possibility. Had an armistice actually been signed? So Abwehr reports, citing a handful of pro-German Italian officers were claiming, but no obvious Italian or Allied action to give substance to the reports had taken place so far and if Germany acted prematurely and tried to disarm the Italian army it might well cause the very event it was trying to avoid. Thus the fiction that nothing extraordinary was underway had to be maintained just as German reinforcements were sent to Italy and the Balkans. Hopefully the fiction would prove true. If it was not then Germany would be ready for what was coming. It was an importunate time to have to disperse German forces with the Soviet Kursk counteroffensive in full swing. But it couldn't be helped.

    South-Eastern Anatolia, August 6th, 1943

    Maras fell to the 10e Division Infanterie Coloniale. The main focus of the Allied offensive was further east, where the 8th Indian Division had seized Batman a week ago, aiming at taking Diyarbakir and hopefully the Ergani chrome mines to its north.

    Sarantaporon, Thessaly, August 7th, 1943

    The newly arrived 1st Gebirgs division took the place of the 29th Piemonte Division on the line. Signal intelligence was indicating the possibility of a renewed Allied offensive over the next few days and Von Weichs did not trust the morale of the Italian divisions on the line on such a critical position after the news of the fall of Sicily and the Allied landing in Calabria. Besides there were increasing rumors that Italy might surrender, with secret instructions from Berlin alerting him to the possibility. If it did, better not have the Italians in a position where they could surrender the gates of Macedonia to the enemy without a shot.

    Trepka mines, Kosovo, August 7th, 1943

    The Italian major looked with some incredulity at his German counterpart.

    "You are here to relieve us?"
    "Yes , I'm told general Ambrosio has asked for as many Italian divisions as possible to be relieved from the Balkans in order to reinforce your defenses back in Italy. We of the 297th division and the 117th Jager division are your relief here in Albania." "And if anything untoward happens we keep the chrome and the oil flowing back to the Vaterland," the German officer noted to himself but did not say. The Italian officer said nothing. German divisions were pouring into the Balkans and into Italy over the past few days ostensibly to reinforce the Italian defenses and allow the Italians to shift more divisions to their mainland. After all that was a demand of Italy's own government. But Rome wouldn't care for him leaving the chrome mines to the Germans and returning to Italy without explicit orders to that effect.

    Trieste, August 8th, 1943


    Oil start pouring into the bunkers of the half complete battleship Impero, as a scratch crew from other Italian warships took over the ship. Ostensibly Impero was to be used as a decoy in an all out attack by the Regia Marina against the Allied landing in Calabria. If it was indeed a decoy it was going to be a very costly one. But the Italians appeared to be serious about the operation, at La Spezia the battleships Roma and Italia, the latter the renamed Littorio, were also preparing to sail along several cruisers and destroyers and the just completed aircraft carrier Aquila even though the latter was still conducting trials and its air group consisted just of a handful of Re.2000 fighters...

    Asia Minor, August 8th, 1943


    The Army of Asia Minor, by now 9 divisions, one of them armored, in three corps, attacked. The Greeks had nearly as many men as the twelve divisions of the Turkish 1st army opposing them, with nearly a quarter million men on each side. Tanks, artillery, trucks, supplies and air support were a different matter...

    Algiers, August 9th, 1943

    General Dwight Eisenhower begun his speech on the radio. It was short and to the point. By the time he was done a few minutes later the world knew Italy had just surrendered to the Allies...

    [1] In comparison to 7 in OTL when the bombers went in on their own.
     
    Part 126
  • Syracuse, 21:00 PM August 9th, 1943

    Sante Garibaldi entered the radio room. Eisenhower's message and Balbo's one confirming the surrender had been competed hardly half an hour ago.

    "My fellow Italians the war is not over. Italy has just joined the forces of freedom. But German troops, brought in by the traitor Mussolini are still on sacred Italian soil. Make no mistake the Germans are not going to leave just because the government did the right thing and ended Mussolini's war. it is our duty to break their shackles on Italy. As it is the duty of every Italian soldier outside Italy to fight for freedom. Mussolini in his madness joined the very people against whom the nation fought four wars of independence to attack our brothers in arms. Restoring Italy's honor demands you follow the examples of our forefathers from Giuseppe Garibaldi to the Count of Santarosa who shed their blood for the freedom of France and Greece!"

    Would the speech have much effect or even be heard by many? Even if a single soldier heeded the call it would be more than if it hadn't been made at all...

    Rome, August 9th, 1943


    General Taylor, second in command of the 82nd Airborne Division, had been distinctly unimpressed by his Italian counterparts and their fear of the Germans. He would not endanger his men for them. His recommendation to wait on executing operation Giant to airdrop the division in Rome had been transmitted to Allied headquarters.

    Olympus, 02:00 AM August 10th, 1943

    Slightly less than six hours had passed since Dwight Eisenhower had gone over the airwaves to announce to the world the surrender of Italy when the night horizon lit up from one end of Thessaly to the other as 1,700 Allied guns opened up against the German and Bulgarian positions. Operation Herakles had begun. Even further west the Greek divisions of the Epirus Army Detachment were surging north just as the German XXI Mountain Corps surged south to reinforce its units already in contact with the Greeks and secure Albania and its important mineral and oil production with the Italian 7th army caught in the middle.

    Salerno, August 10th, 1943

    Hundreds of Allied ships carried the US 5th army, with the British X Corps under its command, ashore. Plans of making landings further north to directly secure Rome had been decided against due to fears of getting out of Allied air cover. Instead the Allies would take Salerno and advance north, hopefully the Italians could hold out till the Allied divisions reached them. But the German XIV Panzer Corps defending the area would prove surprisingly resilient with a counterattack by the 16th Panzer division threatening to destroy the Allied bridgehead before the massed fire from French and British cruisers and battleships supporting the landings forced it back. The initial crisis over the Allied bridgehead steadily expanded and reinforcements were brought in. By August 19th nine Allied divisions and 170,000 men were ashore.

    Taranto, August 10th, 1943

    The landings here were a mostly British affair, the sole exceptions being the Greek and Polish warships with the landing fleet and the Greek 34th Infantry Regiment coming ashore. British forces advanced in the face of only limited resistance. Kesserling was already evacuating Calabria and Apulia hoping to establish a defensive line further north from Salerno to Bari. The Italian attempt to hold onto Naples till the Allies came would be crushed after two days of fighting. But Bari would hold out while the Legnano, Mantova and Piceno divisions joined the allies.

    Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia, August 10th, 1943

    If the Germans had any worries about the stance Ante Pavelic's regime would be taking it would be immediately dispelled and the Croatian collaborationist regime proclaimed its loyalty to Germany and ordered the Ustashe and the Croatian Home Guard to occupy Italian Dalmatia and help the German forces in Yugoslavia disarm the Italians. But the occupation of Dalmatia would be anything but uncontested as the Yugoslav partisans moved there taking the arms of surrendering Italian units, with many Italian soldiers and in some cases entire units joining them.

    Golcuk naval base, Turkey, August 10th, 1943


    Turkish marines stormed the handful of Italian ships in the base as the cruiser Yuavuz Sultan Selim, ironically built in Italy like most of the Turkish navy, menaced the ships from right outside the base. Keeping the Italian ships in the fight would be useful. The Turkish navy had not made any serious foray in the Aegean since December 1941, against the increasing numbers of Allied warships it would had amounted to suicide. But it was having a rather more successful war against the Soviets in the Black sea.

    North of Sardinia, August 10th, 1943


    A Fritz X guided bomb hit the battleship Roma heavily damaging her and killing among others admiral Bergamini. But despite the damage the massive ship shrugged off the hit and continued sailing south, Re.2000 fighters launched from Aquila would chase the Germans off before more damage could be done. The fleet would reach Malta on August 11th and surrender to the Allies.

    Rome, August 11th, 1943


    Rome was being held of elements of 6 divisions, two of them armored with 55,000 men and 200 tanks including some modern P26 ones. But the loyalties of at least the Littorio armoured division, manned by former Blackshirts was suspect and the Italian command for the most part disorganized and indecisive. Thus the forces dispatched by Kesserling had managed to secure the city despite having no more than 26,000 men and the spirited defense put out by the Ariete division under general Raffaele Cadorna to the north of the city. But the Italian government had been able to escape the fall of Rome and so had most of the men of the Ariete, Sassari and Piacenza divisions.

    Corfu island August 12th, 1943


    A few months earlier the sight of the battliship Impero, even unfinished and her escorts from Trieste would had been a source of fear. Now the Corfiots made jokes that the Impero was not so imperial as the Italian squadron entered the harbor, to be interned.

    Ajaccio, Corsica, August 13th, 1943


    The island became the first part of mainland France to be formally liberated as elements of the French army entered the port unopposed. No German forces were present in either Sardinia or Corsica which had such passed to the allies without a shot.

    Hotel Campo Imperatore, Gran Sasso, Apennine mountains Italy, August 13th, 1943


    Two weeks earlier Benito Mussolini had been moved to Gran Sasso, the second highest peak in Italy, guarded by two hundred carabinieri. While Hitler had ordered to prepare plans to liberate his fellow dictator these had not been set in motion right away as Italy remained in the war. But as soon as the news of the Italian surrender had come out the orders to proceed with the escape plan. The German Fallschirmjäger and SS commandos had landed with gliders on the peak and captured the hotel without firing a single shot. Then Mussolini had boarded a Fi156 aircraft that had landed on the peak to be moved away. Otto Skorzeny, the commander of the SS troops would also board the plane despite the misgivings of the pilot to escort the duce. The small plane took off, then overweight and unable to gain enough speed crashed below. None aboard survived.
     
    Part 127
  • Donbass, August 13th, 1943

    The Soviet Southwestern Front under Rodion Malinovsky went to the offensive. Within three days it would be joined by the Southern Front increasing the number of Soviet troops involved in the attack to over a million men.

    Tirana, August 15th, 1943

    An independent Albanian kingdom was proclaimed with German support in the capital of Albania. In the end fear of Greeks and Serbs had been the deciding factor for Albanian nationalists who feared Greek and Yugoslav victory would cost Albania the territorial gains made in 1940-41 and even lead to dismemberment of the country. Albanian help had allowed the Germans advancing from the south to meet the Greeks advancing from the south much faster than the Greeks had hoped, but neither this nor Balli Kombetar throwing its lot with the Germans stopped the Greek. Argyrokastron, Gjirocaster for the Albanians had been liberated already from August 11th and the Greeks were steadily advancing north. By now they had been joined by over 50,000 Italian soldiers, the German attempt to disarm the Italian army had failed spectacularly, out of the 117,000 Italian troops in Albania, 43,000 had been evacuated by the Italian navy, 22,000 disarmed with a few joining the Germans and the rest had thrown their lot with the Allies.

    Diyarbakir, August 15th, 1943


    The city fell to the British 9th Army much to the joy of its Kurdish and the dismay of its Turkish inhabitants. To its north two German corps, were holding the line and the path to the all important Ergani chrome mines. Much further west De Lattre's French were pushing north along the railroad towards Malatya while a handful of Morrocan goumiers tried to secure the passes of the Taurus and the road to Cilicia one ravine at a time. Turkish and German casualties were already over 31,000 men since the start of the offensive and keeping to mount...

    Katerini, Macedonia, August 16th, 1943


    The soldiers of the 143rd Gebirgsjäger Regiment had boarded trains in Erzurum a week earlier for the long journey west, to join the fighting in Macedonia. The Turkish general staff was not entirely happy over removing the 6th Gebirgs division, the last major German unit in the Caucasus front. But the front was quiet for the past several months with Soviet probes easily beaten back and reinforcements were sorely needed in Macedonia, which was just one of the major crises the German army had to deal with...

    Peenemünde, August 17th, 1943


    560 RAF bombers hit the rocket base. Extensive damage would delay rocket launches for two months and force the Germans to disperse rocket production. But unfortunately for the Allies, or perhaps fortunately given the huge amounts of resources funneled to it, the German ballistic missile program went on.

    Lisbon, August 17th, 1943


    The Portuguese government publicly announced it would allow Allied naval and air forces to use the Azores islands. It was a step short of joining the war, which the Salazar government was not inclined to do as long as the civil war went on in Spain. When the war was over? It would have to be seen. But it did not look as if it would take very much longer for the question to arise. The Spanish provisional government by now controlled two thirds of Spain and its army held an almost two to one numerical advantage over the Falangists.

    Olympus, August 18th, 1943


    A night attack by the 2/39 Euzone regiment drove the 99th Gebirgsjäger Regiment out of Sarantaporon in vicious close quarter fighting with grenade and bayonet. The Germans would counterattack at dawn but by then the Greeks had been reinforced by the French 5e Demi-Brigade de Chasseurs Alpins and beat the Germans back. The road to Macedonia was nearly but not quite yet open. But the Germans and the Bulgarians would continue to contest the ground step by step despite mounting casualties, it would take more than a week before the Allies managed to reach Servia and the Aliakmon river.

    Kastoria, Macedonia, August 20th, 1943


    The men of the Acqui division, were forced to retreat towards the town. The Italian divisions prior to the armistice had been pulled out of the front ostensibly at the request of general Ambrosio, in order to be moved back to Italy. It had proven... inconvenient after the armistice as the Italian 2nd Army in Macedonia had no direct link to the Allied forces in Thessaly. But if the Germans had hoped that this meant the Italian units would be easy prey they had been sorely disappointed. Further north in Yugoslavia the Italian 11th Army had been mostly disbanded with relative ease, even though nearly 24,000 men had managed to join the partisans. But in Greece after some initial incidents of the Germans forcibly disbanding or outright attacking Italian units, 113,000 out of the 2nd Army's 208,000, including entire divisions in some cases had openly declared for the Allies and fought back. Now the question was whether they would be able to hold out till the Allies attacking from the south managed to link with them. But Free Italians had no intention of surrendering. Not after a counterattack by the Alpini of the Taurinense division had recovered the bodies of over a thousand Italian soldiers who had earlier surrendered and the Germans had executed...

    Kharkov, August 23rd, 1943


    Soviet soldiers raised the red banner over Dzerzhinsky square. The fourth and last battle of Kharkov was over with the city at last liberated.

    Chita, Trans-Baikal, August 24th, 1943


    The men of the 209th Rifle Division begun boarding the trains, for the journey west. It would take almost two days just to reach Irkutsk 900 km to the west and much more to reach the final destination of the division in Armenia. It was hardly the only units that had received marching orders west. Over 130,000 men from the Far East were to reinforce Triandafilov's Caucasus front...

    Albania, August 26th, 1943


    The Greek army crossed the pre-war Greek-Albanian border capturing Tepelene. The Allied advance was faster in the centre of the front compared to the flanks, on the western coast the Germans and Albanians still held Himara despite what amounted to all out revolt from the local Greek population and naval support, but no matter delays was steadily gaining ground.
     
    Appendix Allied Forces in Near East and Mediterranean August 1943
  • Allied Armies of the Orient (Theodore Pangalos)

    GHQ Reserve
    • 13th Marine Infantry Regiment (Alkiviades Bourdaras)
    • 3/40 Euzone Regiment (Georgios Grivas)
    • III Airborne brigade (Christodoulos Tsigantes)
      • 10th Paratrooper Regiment
      • 2nd Raiding Regiment
    Thessalian Front
    • 1st Greek Army (Dimitrios Katheniotis)
      • A Corps (Charalambos Katsimitros)
        • I Infantry Division (Basileios Brachnos)
        • II Infantry Division (Euripidis Bakirtzis)
        • 1st Armoured Cavalry Division (Ioannis Tsaggaridis)
      • C Corps (Georgios Dromazos)
        • IX Infantry Division (Stefanos Sarafis)
        • XIII Mountain Division (Thraymboulos Tsakalotos)
        • 2nd Armoured Cavalry Division (Sokratis Demaratos)
      • 1st Free Polish Corps (Wladislaw Anders)
        • 1 Dywizja Grenadierów
        • 2 Dywizja Strzelców Pieszych
        • 4 Dywizja Piechoty
    • 10th British Army (Oliver Leese)
      • X Corps
        • 46th Infantry Division
        • 56th Infantry Division
        • 6th Armoured Division
      • New Zealand Corps (Bernard Freyberg)
        • 2nd New Zealand Division
        • 5th Infantry Division
        • 8th Armoured brigade
    • 3rd Yugoslav Army group (Milorad Petrovic)
      • 3rd Army (Jovan Naumovic)
        • 5th Infantry Division Šumadijska
        • 20th Infantry Division Bregalnička
      • 5th Army (Vladimir Cukavac)
        • 31st Infantry Division Kosovska
        • 34th Infantry Division Toplička
        • 2nd Cavalry Division (Draga Mihailovic)
      • 2e Corps Armee Francaise Libre (Antoine Bethouart)
        • 1re Division Francaise Libre
        • 2e Division Francaise Libre
    Epirote Front (Ioannis Pitsikas)
    • B Corps (Georgios Stanotas)
      • IV Infantry Division (Emmanuel Mantakas)
      • VI Infantry Division (Leonidas Spaes)
      • VIII Infantry Division (Napoleon Zervas)
    Asia Minor Front
    • Army of Asia Minor (Ptolemaios Sarigiannis)
      • D Army Corps (Georgios Kosmas)
        • VII Infantry Division (Ignatios Kallergis)
        • XI Infantry Division (Demetrios Giantzis)
        • III Armoured Division (Andreas Kallinskis)
      • E Army Corps (Ioannis Alexakis)
        • V Infantry division (Konstantinos Ventiris)
        • X Infantry Division (Panagiotis Spiliotopoulos)
        • Archipelago division (Efstathios Liosis)
      • Z Army Corps (Demetrios Papadopoulos)
        • XII Infantry division (Sotirios Moutousis)
        • XVI Infantry division (Demetrios Psarros)
        • Crete Division (Christos Karassos)

    18th Allied Army Group (Maitland Wilson)

    Anatolian front

    • Armee D' Orient (Jean De Lattre De Tassigny)
      • 1ere Corps Armee Francaise Libre
        • 3e Division d'Infanterie Algérienne
        • 7e Division d'Infanterie Algérienne
        • 10e Division Infanterie Coloniale
        • 3e Division Blindee
    • British 9th Army (William Slim)
      • III Corps
        • 6th Indian Division
        • 31st Indian Armoured Division
        • Arab Legion Brigade group
        • 1st Assyrian Brigade
      • XVIII Corps
        • 8th Indian Division
        • 10th Indian Division
        • 1st Armoured Brigade
        • 7th Armoured Brigade
        • 1st Jewish Infantry Brigade
    • Iranian Army
      • 1st Infantry Division
      • 2nd Infantry Division
      • 3rd Infantry Division
      • Cavalry Brigade
    15th Army Group (Mediterranean, Archibald Wavell)

    Italy and Sicily

    • British 8th Army (Richard O'Connor)
      • 1st Paratrooper Division
      • V British Corps
        • 50th Infantry Division
        • 51st Infantry Division
        • 1st Canadian Infantry Division
        • 21st Armoured brigade
      • XIII Corps
        • 4th Indian Division
        • 44th Infantry Division
        • 78th Infantry Division
        • 25th Armoured Brigade
    • US 5th Army (Mark Clark)
      • VI Corps
        • 3rd Infantry Division
        • 34th Infantry Division
        • 36th Infantry Division
        • 45th Infantry Division
      • 82nd Airborne Division
      • 1st Armored Divisiom
    • US 7th Army (fGeorge Patton)
      • 1st Infantry Division
      • 9th Infantry Division
      • 2nd Armored Division
    North Africa
    • IX Corps
      • 1st Infantry Division
      • 8th Armoured Division
      • 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade
    • XXX Corps
      • 1st Armoured Division
      • 7th Armoured Division
      • 4th Infantry Division
    • Armee d' Afrique (Alphonse Juin)
      • XIX Corps Armee
        • 2e Division d'Infanterie Marocaine
        • 4e Division Marocaine de Montagne
        • 6e Division d'Infanterie Algérienne
        • 9e Division Infanterie Coloniale
        • 1e Division Blindee
        • 5e Division Blindee
    Garissons and Lines of Communications troops
    • 10th Armoured Division (Egypt)
    • 1st South African Armoured Division (Egypt)
    • 6th South African Armoured Division (Egypt)
    • 9th Armoured brigade
    • 2nd Assyrian Brigade
    • 1st to 7th Kurdish brigades
     
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