Egypt, officially the
Islamic Republic of Egypt, is an African country in the northeast corner of
Africa, bordered by the
British Sinai to the east,
Libya to the west, and
Darfur,
Sudan,
Ethiopia and
Eritrea to the south. Across the
Red Sea lies
Arabia, and across the
Mediterranean lie
Greece,
Anatolia and
Syria, although none share a land border with Egypt.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation,
Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the
Giza Necropolis and its
Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest. Egypt's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, which has endured, and often assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman Turkish, and Nubian. Egypt was an early and important centre of
Christianity, but was largely
Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country, albeit with a small Christian minority, against which dozens of human rights abuses have been alleged.
From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers: the
Ottoman Empire and the
British Empire. Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. However, British military occupation of Egypt continued, and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism. Following the
1952 revolution, Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation, nationalized the British-held Suez Canal, exiled King Farouk and his family, and declared itself a republic. Following Egypt's loss in the
Sinai War in 1956, a coup ousted the
pan-Arabist government of
Gamal Abdel Nasser, and replaced it with a fundamentalist Islamist government – an anti-Western totalitarian theocracy governed by a "
Supreme Guide".
Islam is the official religion of Egypt and
Arabic is its official language. With over 126 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the
Nile River, where the only arable land outside the far south can be found. The large regions of the
Sahara Desert and the
Sahel, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater
Cairo,
Alexandria,
Khartoum and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
The sovereign state of Egypt is a considered to be a regional power in North Africa and the Middle East and one of the leaders of the Muslim world. Egypt's economy has historically been strong, however it is now suffering from international sanctions, prompted by its totalitarianism, human rights abuses, and alleged support for
terrorist groups. Egypt is a member of the
Union of Nations,
Islamic Bloc, and
Khartoum Pact.
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