A bit of an old graphic there RMcD94...and a bit misleading too since it basically has only the discretionary budgets broken out on the right side and only military spending from the mandatory budget broken out on the left side. Typo was right BTW. Here's a link for the current US Budget (2010):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_federal_budget
For a non-territorial Ameriwank, if I'm reading the aim correctly from the aim of a kinder gentler America without slavery sooner, you'd have somewhat of a shakeup sooner (i.e. the civil war). The US was founded as a federalist nation actually where the federal government was initially created to oversee commerce between the states and provide for a unified national defense, nothing more really. Perhaps if federalism did not take hold and the 'Anti-Federalists' got their way and there was no state boundaries there would be more control over the southern states where the plantation economy used slaves as its main labour pool in its economy.
You wouldn't have a civil war but most likely a period of intense unrest if someone banned slavery not due to racism but due more to economic issues of the southern states in the colonies. Eventually I'm guessing the central government of the United States would prevail although the economy would be dead essentially in the south; Some southern states might want to re-secede back to becoming part of the British Commonwealth so you may end up with a split there when all is said and done with a small country making up most of the northeast of the OTL United States with a separate country eventually going the route of Canada to the south, assuming the British go towards abolitionism in their colonies.
The rest of the OTL US would probably be independent countries eventually seceding from their colonial masters (i.e. France, Spain, England) and perhaps some smaller Native American nations, depending on how France Spain and England chose to deal with them. The map would look a lot different. The US-proper would essentially be a smaller at best 2nd world country at this time.
If the internal combustion engine is invented in this TL earlier with Samuel Morey becoming successful would probably require discovery of sizeable fuel sources earlier and an earlier 'industrial revolution' in the NorthEast US of the OTL and someone getting driving home the idea that the engine could be used for something other than powering balloons. Assuming that's done, the US would end up being a technology exporter earlier and probably on the level of a minor European country.
That's about as far as I can see something like this happening.