Chapter 72: New Sweden and New Holland
After the Peace of Prague in 1635, Sweden was at its greatest apex seen yet in terms of power, territory, and prestige. Not only had King Gustavus Adolphus triumphed as the champion of the Protestant cause but he had also become a direct player in imperial affairs as both the holder of northern German lands and as a guarantor of the treaty. An exhausted but proud Gustavus returned to Stockholm to be greeted by jubilant crowds and his own family, whom he had been away from for years. The next few years would see a period of unassuming calm in the realm, the king finally resolving his lack of a legitimate male heir with the birth of John Sigismund in 1637, the future John IV Sigismund.
Shortly after his birth, however, the Swedish king would endeavor upon his reign’s other big legacy: the beginning of Swedish colonial and maritime expansion. In 1635, right after the finalization of the Peace of Prague, the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf was signed to extend the 1629 Truce of Altmark despite Polish king Wladyslaw IV’s desire to renew conflict with the Scandinavian power, which saw the continuation of Sweden’s right to collect tariffs from Poland in the Baltic Sea and the retention of Swedish-occupied towns in Baltic Prussia [1]. This extended source of revenue would provide the monarchy more funding for the Swedish South Company, which had been founded in 1626 with a mandate to establish settlements between English Newfoundland and Spanish Florida. Up until now, the company had seen little activity due to difficulties in its establishment. Peace and revenue, however, would enable it to send its first expedition to the mouth of the Vasa River in early 1638 [2]. There, expeditionary leader Peter Minuit, the ex-governor of New Netherlands, would lead the establishment of Fort Maria Eleonora [3] and ultimately New Sweden. During its construction, the new colonial governor would gather the local sachems of the Lenape and Susquehannock tribes and use the same skills that had brokered the Dutch purchase of Manhattan Island back in 1626 to formally purchase lands around the Vasa River for the Swedish. These negotiations with the local tribes also served to override historical Dutch claims over the region.
Dramatized depiction of Peter Minuit’s meeting with the Lenape and Susquehannock sachems
Although on the voyage back Peter Minuit would perish at sea while making a detour to the Caribbean, his accomplishments at Fort Maria Eleonora would secure the region for Sweden. Over the next few years, Finns and Swedes would come to settle in the new colony in small numbers and the Swedish South Company would rename itself the Company of New Sweden. To compensate for the small Swedish and Finnish populations at home, the new governor Peter Hollander Ridder would open the doors for prospective Livonian and German settlers and advertised the colony as the Lutheran star of the eastern seaboard in contrast to the Calvinists in New England and New Netherlands, the Catholics in Maryland, and the Anglicans in Virginia. This helped with population growth and by 1650, the colony boasted a total of 1,500 settlers [4] and was slowly expanding around the mouth of the Vasa River with the founding of outposts like Swedesboro. One notable aspect of the colony was the proliferation of log cabins from home as the primary architectural feature of New Sweden.
Further south, another nation had recently established a new foothold in the New World albeit through more forceful means. In its fight for independence and growing interest in the sugar plantations of Portuguese Brazil, the Dutch successfully invaded and captured Pernambunco, the richest sugar-producing region in the world, and other parts of northeastern Brazil. The Dutch West India Company, the counterpart of the VOC in the Americas, would further capitalize on their success and conquer the captaincies of Maranham, Rio Grande, Ceara, and Sergipi by 1637 [5]. Dutch Brazil, later to become New Holland, would subsequently conclude a truce that year with the Portuguese after the latter declared independence from Spain in 1635 and Cardinal Richelieu of France urged the Dutch to make peace with Lisbon. The peace would allow New Holland to consolidate its conquests and integrate the population into its institutions. The latter was particularly important as the Dutch represented only a small ruling minority in the colony and Dutch emigration to New Holland was matched by the emigration of many Portuguese settlers from Portuguese Brazil. Under the governance of John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen, a member of the House of Orange-Nassau, religious tolerance was granted to the Catholic-majority population and previously ostracized Portuguese Jews were given protection. Municipal and rural councils were also established to facilitate local government and it was through them that infrastructural improvements were conducted in the colony. It was through these measures and John Maurice’s personal dedication and love for Brazil that the colony thrived.
Harbor of Recife in 1640
However, John Maurice was recalled to the Netherlands in 1642 when peace negotiations with the Spanish began and the Dutch felt the need to reduce military expenditures. Seeing an opportunity, disgruntled Portuguese planters rebelled the following year after years of resentment over the high interest rates they were charged to rebuild their plantations. They won at the Battle of Tabocas and within a year had retaken most of New Holland. In response, the Dutch sent an expeditionary force of 6,000 men and 41 ships to stamp out the rebellion and ensure the retention of key toeholds like Recife on the Brazilian coast. Despite some reversals, they were defeated at the 1st Battle of Guararapes in 1646. The Dutch would win the second clash in 1647, however, thanks to the timely arrival of a few thousand reinforcements including many Catholic Brabantines eager for new opportunities in a religiously tolerant, Catholic-majority Dutch colony [6]. The victors were able to regain most of their lost lands but at a very high cost: the constant infighting had significantly decreased the profitability of New Holland’s sugar plantations. Even as the process of redistributing plantations into the hands of Dutch-Flemish owners, the colony was dealt an ultimately fatal blow when the Portuguese retook Angola in 1648. As a result, New Holland now lacked their main slave market and in Amsterdam, New Holland came to be referred to as the “South American tumor”. In 1654, in the Treaty of the Hague, the Netherlands gave back their Brazilian possessions to Lisbon in return for an indemnity of 2 million guelders.
The treaty, however, proved to be a pyrrhic victory for Portugal for the Brazilian conflict permanently depressed the sugar industry in Pernambuco and Brazil's share in the sugar trade would precipitously decline for the rest of the century due to the rise of various plantations in the Caribbean. The biggest legacy of Dutch Brazil, however, would be the small number of Catholic Brabantine settlers who had come just after the Dutch Republic gained Flemish and Brabantine lands. They would stay for religious reasons and eventually would turn Recife into a Brabantine enclave within Portuguese Brazil.
[1]: TTL’s treaty is more favorable for Sweden compared to OTL because of the Protestant victory in the Imperial Liberties’ War putting Sweden in the superior position over the Commonwealth.
[2]: TTL’s name for the Delaware River
[3]: TTL’s name for Fort Christina
[4]: New Sweden’s population is much larger than OTL due to TTL’s changes.
[5]: The outright Dutch victory at Abrolhos paved the way for greater Dutch conquests ITTL.
[6]: Portuguese victory IOTL