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Say one or several of the Hindu states head of Muslim attacks from the Arabs, Persians, Turks and whoever else established the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. And for the sake of this, the Hindu Kush is the western border of Hindustan.

Off the top of my head, no Sikhs, no Urdu and no Muslim missionaries to Malaya. These have important effects of their own. What else can you think of? Does this help or hinder Muslim conquests in other areas?

Signing off now, will check on this in the morning.
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