Do we assume Jamukha defeats Temujin here?How does the world change if the Mongol Empire either doesn't form or remains a very limited size?
Do we assume Jamukha defeats Temujin here?
Western historiography has largely overstated this. Fact is there was no single "intellectual centre" in the Islamic world, when we have other centres and we also see Islamic learning thriving after Baghdad's destruction, even under the Mongols, despite Baghdad losing its prestige.The Mongols destroyed the intellectual center of the Islamic world
All of these are believed to have contributed to European dominance. Removing them may butterfly this development away.
The Islamic Golden Age continues unabated and there are probably more advances than in our timeline. The Islamic Golden Age came crashing down after Mohammad II of Khwarazim ensured the destruction of his empire by killing Genghis's envoys. After the destruction of the Khwarazim Empire, it was open season on the Middle East, resulting in the fall of Baghdad in 1258.
The Black Death doesn't happen, since by reviving the Silk Road, the Mongols opened a path for an Asian disease to make it's way to Europe and also, the Mongols often used plague-ridden bodies as projectiles in their sieges, so any refugees that came from newly-conquered Mongol territory would be carrying the plague. No Black Death means Europe maintains a large enough population to ensure he survival of feudalism. In our timeline, in less than 3 years, 1/3rd of the European population died. Europe would remain backwards in terms of social and political progress for at least a few more decades. Also, no Protestant Reformation since the seeds of doubt in the Catholic Church's supremacy were born during the Black Death.
Without the Yuan Dynasty, the perfection of movable type printing by Wang Zhen probably never happens. Without the printing press, information becomes harder to spread around and is more easily cotnrolled. Previously, movable type printing had existed since the 11th Century, but it wasn't until the 13th Century it was perfected. I don't doubt that someone in this alternate timeline could perfect the printing press like Wang did, but if it's not invented when it's supposed to be invented in OTL, the effects are completely different.
Without the Silk Road to provide a market for Chinese goods, China is worse off in this timeline. Different ruling dynasties aside, without Kublal Khan, animal husbandry remains the norm, with no movement towards proper agriuclture. The development of the textile industry could remain as it is in our timeline, since Huang Daopo didn't seem to rely on any government support for her work with cotton textiles. In regards to trade, China would probably remain isolated for longer than in our timeline, with no push towards opening ports to receive foreign goods such as spice and medicine.
Not necessarily the only reason. Its just one of the possibility.The age of Enlightenment was connected with the questioning of authority that was a result of the weakening of the Catholic Church that happened after the Black Death. Without the Black Death, the Catholic Church would have kept much of its prestige. As Nathan says, feudalism would probably have survived, as the peasants would be weaker compared to the landlords. The nobility would be stronger and without gunpowder, the strengthening of the central authority would be delayed till this arrived. The nobility would remain strong compared to a developing bourgeoise. If Max Weber is right in his analysis of capitalism, the absence of Protestantism and especially the Puritan variety would weaken the spirit of capitalism even more.
By the time of Mongolian invasion Khwaresm empire and Caliphate had been at war so a picture of them enjoying ever increasing “enrichment” may be more than a little bit too optimistic. Caliphate (as a state) amounted to Iraq only and even this was quite recent (critical defeat of the Seljuk forces happened only in 1194). While Bagdad remained an important learning center, it is a big question if by that time it was still aNot necessarily the only reason. Its just one of the possibility.
Say Mongols didn't invade. Greater Persia and Abbasid Caliphate would continue with their Golden Age and their eventual enrichment would create a competition, in multiple factors, which Europe will be forced to overcome, after decades or centuries of stagnation and political and economic insecurity.
Off-topic but, the term "ad hoc empires" need immediately to be adapted by all people in the world“ad hoc” empires
In the case of the Russian principalities it is rather hard to tell if the net effect was "conservative" or something completely different. Prior to the conquest "Rus" roughly speaking amounted to two sets of the principalities: 1st, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Central/North Eastern European Russia - lighter shades of green) and 2nd, Principality of Galitz-Wolyn (Western Ukraine -darker green in the low left corner). Plus, there were some "extras", the most important - Republic of Novgorod (most of its huge territory shown on the map was low population density area inhabited by various paying tribute tribes).while i agree that the whole mongols killed the islamic golden age in fact i argued it ended the 12th century .
but every area conquered by the mongols suffered a conservative backlash rusia , persia and china
Thanks for the appreciation.Off-topic but, the term "ad hoc empires" need immediately to be adapted by all people in the world
If i counted it right: Turkmenistan (Khwarezm) -> Sogdia (Where the borders modern-day central asian polities flux in each other) -> India -> Persia Proper -> Mesopotamia -> China -> India again -> Azerbaijan -> Armenia -> Turkey -> GeorgiaSeriously, there were numerous formations of that type: territories that had little or nothing common demographically, culturally, historically and economically and without a single prevailing entity put together by a conquest, lacking the unified administration, held together by an absence of competition and falling apart easily either due to the internal problems or due to the outside pressure. Plenty of those both in Europe and Asia. Khwaresm became formally independent in 1157 and was in a process of expansion: Alaeddin Mohammed destroyed the Kara-Khitai Empire and the Gurid Sultanate of India in 1214, expanded the borders of the empire up to the Persian Gulf, launched a failed campaign against the Caliphate and was planning invasion of China (which was already invaded by the Mongols ). Jalal-Al-Din, when he became a Shah, after being defeated at Indus by Genghis fled to Azerbaijan, attacked Rum Seljuk towns in Eastern Anatolia, conquered the town of Akhlat in Turkey from the Ayyubids and conquered Georgia. Kept fighting everyone until was defeated first by the Seljuks and then by the Mongols and eventually killed. What various pieces of these states had in common? Pretty much nothing.