That is rather vague...Do you mean that:
the word Canada never gets moved over into french, and we end up with something similiar to Canada but not named Canada?
the British never capture Quebec, leading to no American revolution, leading to some other kind of British-American commonwealth owning all that land minus Quebec?
the Quebecois join the Americans in the revolutionary wars and become part of the states?
Canada is captured in the war of 1812, leading to the same results as above?
the 1837 rebellions succede leading to lower and upper Canada gaining independance from Britain?
the British joining in on the American civil war, losing, and Canada again becoming part of the Union?
the Charlottetown and the Quebec conferences fail, leading to no Confederation of Canada as WE know it, but instead a maritimes confederation and a still united provinces of Canada?
the reciprocity treaties never end, making Canada apart of the American economic sphere much earlier, leading to some kind of Canada joining the states?
For the sake of answering your question, I am going to assume you mean the conference at Charlottetown fails and what we know as the confederation of Canada never occurs. What would probably occur is three British dominions on the continent of North America.
The first one being the Maritime Confederation, which the Charlottetown conference was originally supposed to be. It would encompass all that is now Atlantic Canada. New Foundland would be included, since it ALMOST joined the Canadian confederation OTL but it dropped out. Without the fear of Ontario and Quebec, New Foundland joins. The Confederation will probably be pretty loose, with provinces like Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, New Brunswick, New Foundland, and Labrador all forming it
Canada and Quebec stay joined, and their still the ones who are going to get Ruperts land. The main difference here is that this Canada would REALLY centralised. The Canadian ( when I say this, I mean the fathers of confederation from upper and lower Canada) fathers of confederation wanted a really centralised nation, and without the other pesky provinces wishing to decentralise. You'd also probably see a wider spread of French thoughout, especially if you can avoid the Red River rebellion. The concept of provinces might never even develop in Canada and it might work on some kind of county system as well. Without British Columbia, the railroad to the west is less drasticly needed and settlement will probably be slower.
Finally the third one would be British Columbia, which would also include the Yukon (and maybe Alaska if you threw that in but its a little late). Without Charlottetown, Simcoe would probably never be sent, and with the centralist tendencies of this new Canada, you'd probably see British Columbia (actually the united Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbi-its real name before Confederation) go its seperate way. This one is up for grabs in terms of government, but my guess would be a mix with some kind of provinces coming up. Areas like Vancouver island, the lower mainland, the central interior, the kootenays, the Okanagan being the provinces while the northern bits remain territories. Settlement will probably be lighter, but then again it was pretty light until recently.
Now you must understand that any POD after the American revolution that doesn't result in anexation will have a Canada in some form or another