Global scientific process will be slowed because the scientific method won't spread as quickly. The British empire built settler colonies and schooled the people it occupied - look at Hong Kong or Singapore. Its pretty much a certainty that even the idea of science actually happening will be less widespread without Empire.
I can't believe you're serious.
Industrialy, the U.K pursued free trade whilst every other empire bar the Dutch sought monopoly state power over resources. Its pretty much a given that a spanish or French version of empire will have lower industrial growth - as they did historically.
It's pretty much a given that OTL does not represent an inevitable outcome with a POD in the sixteenth century or earlier.
India will remain divided because "India" doesn't exist except as lines on a map - at this time its a motley selection of Rajputs and petty Sultans with the Mughals looming over the north. The most you'll do without the Raj is a couple of large Hindu states to the southeast and a couple of Muslim ones in the Northwest.
Because there's no possibility of any of these states uniting the subcontinent, as no subcontinent-wide empire ever existed.
Africa never showed any signs of pregressing past the early iron age at best and stone age at worst. Its not impossible that africa would develop some states with native industry, but its extremely unlikely - and french or spanish controlled africa isn't going to see as much investment - no settler colonies like South Africa, and a lower emphasis on trade means the continent is unlikely to be linked together as it was historically.
And it's not going to see as much investment because . . . the Spanish and French are incapable of development?
As for absolutist rule - the British parliament is the "Mother of parliaments". Only a few countries have the cultural heritage of freemen assemblies to develop into democracies, and of these only the U.K had the teeth to defend this against incursion. Europe would most likely be ruled by a dictator or monarch of either French or German extraction without a wealthy, strong britain that spreads enlightenment ideas, and creates the US to develop liberal democracy.
Because only Britain had the concept of enlightened rule, and France and Germany will inevitably be despotic.
What the British empire did abroad was nasty by modern standards, but for it's day it was probably the most benign power ever to have developed.
If you were white.