May 24th – June 21st – 1940 – The Battle of Belgium – Aftermath – The Allies
The results of the Battle of Belgium satisfied no one. The Allies may have averted disaster, though the Belgians were far from convinced that this was the case. If one did accept that a catastrophe had been avoided this surely begged the question, how had they come so close to disaster in the first place? Most of Belgium was in Nazi hands and there were anxieties in Paris and London as to how long the Belgians could be expected to continue resisting as King Leopold III seemed unreliable to say the least, and he proved quite willing to bypass his own government to explore the possibility of agreeing term with the Germans. Leopold’s actions would bring Belgium to the brink of civil war when Leopold attempted to return to the throne, but for now they were largely unknown beyond his inner circle of advisors [1].
Searching for a silver lining the British could at least look to the performance of the BEF and the new models of armour that had been deployed. These served as a belated affirmation of the success of the MTA and the procurement decisions made after Munich, though the man responsible for those decisions would receive no thanks for his efforts. The Cruiser IV in particular had been seen to be the best of the Cruiser tank models available and the manufacturers of it, along with the Valentine and Matilda II, were reaching a point on the ‘learning curve’ where output was rapidly improving, with the numbers coming off the assembly lines expected to double and even triple in the coming months. There was a lot less enthusiasm about the Covenanter, whose technical issues persisted despite the continual assurances that the next fix for its cooling problems would be the definitive one. As far as the senior officers of the BEF went Generals Brooke and Montgomery were considered to have acquitted themselves extremely well and had been marked out for greater responsibilities in the near future [2]. On the other hand, there was a feeling that Gort had been, as one of his subordinates put it, ‘stodgy’ and while his decision to fall back to the Escault had been the correct one questions were being asked in the war cabinet as to whether he was the right man to command the BEF in the more dynamic mobile warfare that might resume if a way could be found to penetrate the German lines. For the moment however he was left in place as such a breakthrough by the Allies seemed a nebulous prospect at the moment [3].
These bright spots did not distract from some harsh lessons that had been handed out by the Germans. For one thing the Mk VI B had proven to be every bit as poor in combat as had been feared. Given that of an available tank force of about eleven hundred vehicles around seven hundred and fifty were still Mk VI B this was a serious issue [4]. Even the ramping up of production expected in the next few months would not be enough to retire the Mk VI B until the autumn of 1941 (in fact production exceeded Whitehall’s predictions but even so this would still see the Mark VI B linger on in service far longer than anyone wanted). Even if more Cruiser tanks were available, with even the Covenanter seen as preferable to the Mark VI B, there would still be the major challenge of converting units over, requiring large scale reorganization and retraining [5]. The unpleasant reality was that the BEF would have to solider on with what it had awaiting the dispatch of further formations, such as 3rd and 8th RTR, from Britain once their re-equipping was complete.
Politically Churchill was reinforcing his position, helped by the fact that at the height of the crisis in Belgium several of his cabinet opponents had embarrassed themselves by suggesting the situation in the Low Countries was lost even as the BEF was digging in on the Escault Line. This was not to say that Churchill had not been disturbed by the apparent threat of the BEF being driven into the sea by the initial German assault and he had discretely enquired of the Royal Navy about what contingencies existed for conducting an evacuation of the BEF if the worst should happen? No such plans had been worked out, but several were soon outlined in response to the Prime Minister’ request [6].
If there was one other thing above all others which the British were very unhappy it was the French High command. Brooke’s view of them as a ‘shambles’ and Gamelin as ‘fossilized’ had come to be shared by most of the senior British officers and Churchill himself for that matter. He had spoken with Reynaud several times by phone, and it was clear that the French PM was unenthusiastic about Gamelin and was simply looking for the opportunity to replace. The British perception of Gamelin was hardly helped by the remarks he made about the BEF to Brooke and other officers sent to liaise with him over future plans. He may have placed much of the blame for the failure of Plan D on the Belgians, but he still had plenty left to heap on the ‘English’. He had somehow stopped short of using terms like cowardice, but ‘timid’ and ‘uncooperative’ loomed large in his complaints.
This did not stop him making demands of the British in terms of planning a counteroffensive. To put it simply Gamelin demanded that the BEF be practically doubled in size to provide the Allies with the necessary strength to overwhelm the German lines and drive through them. This demand prompted utter dismay from the British. The increase in the number of British tanks that Gamelin put forward seemed completely detached from reality to those in Whitehall for the reasons already discussed. Gamelin understood his demands were outlandish, but he had no desire to mount a counteroffensive until such time as the Anglo-French forces could overwhelm a Wehrmacht running low on fuel and ammunition. Some sources claim that Gamelin said that he, ‘would be happy to wait for the Americans to arrive’. However sympathetic Roosevelt might have been to the Allies the prospect of American soldiers setting foot in Europe was not one that anyone could take seriously in the summer of 1940, though some argue he simply meant he wanted to wait until the flow of supplies from the USA reached the levels hoped for if Roosevelt won the Presidential election in November. Even this interpretation would mean that Gamelin had little interest in any offensive action in 1940 [7].
Churchill travelled to France on the 29th of May for a face-to-face meeting with Reynaud. Churchill made it clear that he and his Generals were all in favour of a swift counteroffensive, before the Germans could reorganize or try to seize the initiative once more. While the British would strive to make the maximum possible contribution to such an offensive, by land, sea, and air, it must regrettably fall on the French army to take the lead in such an endeavour. If Churchill was hoping that Reynaud was willing to listen to reason, he was sorely disappointed. Gamelin’s insistence on the British ‘pulling their weight’ had found a sympathetic hearing in the French leadership. This was in no small part thanks to Daladier, still smarting from being unceremoniously ousted from office in favour Reynaud in the aftermath of the of the argument over supporting Finland during the Winter War. There was also the spectre of the terrible losses taken by the French in the first world war that loomed every time an offensive was discussed. Reynaud was thus in no position to offer any assurances to Churchill, falling back on the position that it would take considerable time to build up the quantities of supplies and munitions he had been assured would be needed to support such an offensive. Churchill made the proper diplomatic noises, but left France deeply disappointed, and with his faith in the resolve of the French to see the battle through to victory substantially reduced. More than anything he feared that the Germans would not simply sit and wait for the British and French to make such leisurely preparations [8].
[1] Although Leopold was cleared of treason in a post war investigation, his return to Belgium in 1950 provoked a violent general strike, and as mentioned nearly led to civil war. The crisis was averted by his abdication.
[2] Timings will be different, but Brooke will still become CIGS in due course. As for Montgomery, well his time will come but not necessarily where you would expect.
[3] Gort was no military genius, and the likes of Brooke, Montgomery and Slim would rapidly eclipse him. However, if anyone can claim the mantle of ‘The man who saved the BEF’ its Gort.
[4] Which is still rather less than OTL and they will be replaced sooner.
[5] Yes getting heatstroke in a Covenanter is still preferable to being shot to pieces in a Mk VI B IMHO.
[6] The same people who would advocate peace talks in June OTL have jumped the gun here and Churchill is just being prudent of course.
[7] This again is based on various reading about Gamelin, he seems to have been determined to avoid any latter day Nivelle offensive and willing to fight a battle of attrition, with the Germans doing most of the bleeding.
[8] Churchill did make this trip in OTL and the outcome was about as uninspiring as the version portrayed here.