Question - Was not Vermont once part of NY. They broke away.
They once talked about this in another thread. That Central America and the Caribbean are on the Caribbean tectonic plate and not the North American tectonic plate. Cuba is said to be on the North American tectonic plate. Except for maybe a small piece in SE Cuba . That even though Bermuda is including has North America that
Bermuda is not part of the Americas, but is an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago.
So North America should end at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Seems certain geological information needs to be updated.
Did not know Newfoundland was once not part of Canada. Would not really think they would manage to prosper by themselves.
So to answer the OP - Quebec has a new nation makes sense. US might have ended up with Canadian Maritimes.
If we include Central America then how about these:
Yucatan could have been a republic but no one wanted to help them so they went back to Mexico. They asked European nations including the US for help against the Mayans in return they would allow themselves to be annexed. US had been in Mexico during the Mexican American war and was not interested in getting involved.
How about the former republic of Los Altos becoming whole again or surviving. Following is about when Los Altos was added to the United Provinces of Central American
In the 1830s an additional state was added, Los Altos, with its capital in Quetzaltenango, occupying parts of what is now the western highlands of Guatemala and part of Chiapas (now part of Mexico), but this state was reincorporated into Guatemala and Mexico respectively in 1840.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_Central_America
As for Chiapas it was controlled by the Spanish from Guatemala not Mexico City. Remember. the Chiapas you see today on maps was not the Chiapas in 1821. The Chiapas of 1821 was made up of todays Western Chiapas. Eastern Chiapas was later added.
Chiapas was conquered by Spain in the early 16th century, and became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, administered as part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (what is now Central America), from Santiago de Guatemala.
In 1823, western Chiapas was annexed to Mexico. More of current day Chiapas was transferred after the disintegration of the Central American Federation in 1842. The remainder of the current state taken from Guatemala in the early 1880s by President Porfirio Díaz.
The Mexican forcibly took parts of Los Altos in 1842 and parts of Guatemala in 1880 thus creating Eastern Chiapas.
So in 1821 Chiapas declared there Independence and united with the other new independent provinces of Central America to the Empire of Mexico. When Mexico became a Republic after a short-time Central American provinces pulled out and formed there own United Provinces in 1823. Los Altos separated from Guatemala in 1838 and joined the United Central American Provinces.
Back to Chiapas. They had a vote. Found the results from September 12 1824.:
96,829 voted in Favor of uniting with Mexico. 60,400 voted in favor of uniting with Guatemala. And 15724 votes abstained. So what was Chiapas which today would only make up Western Chiapas united with Mexico.
Some Guatemalans today still say Mexico stole Chiapas from them.