Mongols in the Americas

Acknowledgement

I need to thank Hresvelgr for his assistance with several aspects of the above entry and also future updates. He (I'm assuming Hresvelgr is a he) has been gracious and generous in his support and his willingness to share his specialized knowledge of the Mayas.

Nice person I say:)
 
Reading through, everything seems fine. You did say the Mongols valued only the Maya gold and jade, so I wondered, how valuable would they find the salt, honey, chocolate (mmm... :)), cotton, and tobacco the Maya produced? These were the main trade items they used (in addition to quetzal feathers and copal gum) and were important in the Maya economy. Would Mongols be interested at all in sipping pepper-flavored chocolate drinks while smoking some rather strong cigars? Anyways, be assured I am reading this, and crossing my fingers that it ends with Yuan-friendly Mayas with gunpowder, steel, and the flu to introduce to the Spanish. :p

Oh, and yes, I am a dude.
 
When we left the expedition to the Other Sea

Orghui Biskigür set about the task of building a defensable position. He named the point where he was encamped Asi ügei, meaning Better than expected, and the bay Umardumeaning northern. As the additional columns arrived, he expanded his perimeter until his base encompassed the abandoned village he had encountered on his arrival. The cattle and horses were set to graze in the village fields and ground was prepared to rebuild the dismantled ships.

In the hills above the bay he found suitable timber to build new ships and set men to felling trees to properly age according to the needs of the Korean and Chinese shipwrights sent by the Khan. The bay was full of fish and shellfish, the hills abundant with deer, Turkey (which they had come to appreciate) and other game, so the Khan’s men ate well.

Scouting patrols found the village on the river, and quickly subdued it. The villagers who had abandoned thei homes returned under the control of the Khan and the new village was allowed to continue it’s commerce save the assumption of their talismans of power by Orghui Biskigür. This would be his approach. Instead of sending a representative he would assume these tokens of authority himself, on behalf of the Khan. His men in the villages would be his agents and representatives.

In short order, the Mongol force had subdued all the lands along the coast for a distance of more than 100 li. The road, hastily built through the countryside was improved and the way stations decreed by Songghumal established and manned. Villages along the way of the road were occupied and the territory of the Khan stretched from the Bay of Alagh to the Olturigh Subud (pearl islands) and from Alagh to Umardu. The territories in Chimu continued to expand as well.

1297

Chimu:

Chun Bo Fen had sent out explorers to discover the treasures of Chimu. Many were already known, the gold, copper, rivers and valleys. One of his missions returned with reports of iron, so far not seen in this land, nearly 2,000 li to the south, near the coast. This was a barren area with little population. Ancient canals built to irrigate fields had dried uo because there was not enough water to fill them.

But, in this world, iron was worth more than gold to the Asians. Without iron, they would eventually be reduced to copper arrowheads, would not have cannon, could build no ships. With iron, the world could be theirs.

Chun, as a servant of the Khan at Alagh, was obligated to advise the Khan of this find. He did not. He hid the information from the Khan’s agents and sent a small mission of trusted Chinese to determine how they could best take advantage of this for the benefit of Chimu.

The province of Chimu extended for many hundreds of li along the coast, north and south of Chan Chan and also for hundreds of li up the river valleys towards the mountains. Additional Chinese continued to be sent by the Khan to assist in administering this great land. Chun withheld much information from the Khan about the wealth and resources Chimu possessed, especially the iron in the south, although that was not yet part Chimu. He lacked a few things though, harbors and suitable wood for ships,

In the spring of 1297, Chun received an embassy from one of the mountain kingdoms that he had heard rumors about. He himself witnessed their arrival. He was seated on the roof of his palace hearing the report of one of the explorers he had sent out. In the distance, towards the mountains and far up the road that lead from Chan Chan to the south east he saw a cloud of dust.

As he listened to the report, his attention was drawn back to this cloud, which did not appear to be one of the dust storms that could plague the dry regions around the city. Shortly, the report was interrupted by a messenger who told him that a large caravan was approaching the city.
There had been no evidence of caravans in this land to date, so the fact that one was approaching Chan Chan was important news indeed. He dismissed the explorer and ordered a scouting patrol top confirm the arrival of a caravan.

A messenger returned from the patrol and met with the governor in his reception chamber. It was indeed a caravan! The majority of the patrol was escorting it to the city. They had camels without humps and there were many of them and they were clothed in extraordinary fabric.

The caravan camped for the night some distance from the city and arrived mid morning. It was escorted not to the market, but to the great plaza of the palace. There, Chun saw a glorious procession arrive. First were his patrol, followed by a significant number of soldiers, about 500. They were not armored, and carried clubs, wooden swords with stone blades, axes of stone and bronze. They wore wonderful cloaks of brilliant cloth. They were followed by the humpless camels, carrying goods in bundles on each side, walking in line behind their keepers. Finally came a great palanquin, carried by more soldiers, not slaves as one might expect. On the palanquin was a magnificently dressed man, adorned with much gold, wonderful cloth and feathers and fine linen.

As the palanquin reached Chun, the man stood, and then bowed to the governor. It carried the aspect of respect, not submission.

The emissary had a translator for the Chimu language and Chun had a translator to Chinese. Through these men, the emissary passed his message.

Shi Zhan Shuang relates the exchange:

“The ambassador addressed the governor, Chun in the following manner:

[FONT=&quot]‘Great lord of the Chimu, He who comes from the sea with power and the strength of [/FONT][FONT=&quot] Imahmana Viracocha, He who makes thunder on the cloudless day, The great lord of Cuzco, grandson of Inti, Son of Manco Capac, Inca of the world, [/FONT][FONT=&quot]Mayta Cápac sends his meaningless servant to convey his greetings as brother to brother.[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]He instructs me to offer you these few tokens of great and eternal brotherhood[/FONT][FONT=&quot] to the Lord of Chimu as a symbol of his desire that you brothers live in filial peace and mutual prosperity.’[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]With that, great quantities of cloth, gold, silver, copper, gems, wool and other goods were delivered to the Governor. Of all the good, the fabrics were the most extraordinary; Wool of quality that rivaled silk. [/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]The governor asked the ambassador about the camels and was told that they were the gift of Inti to the Inca. They give cloth, carry goods and are sacred to Mayta Cápac.[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]The governor prevailed on the ambassador to make a gift, on behalf of the Inca, of 20 of these vreatures.”[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]The ambassador was sent back to his king with pearls, dried fish, lamb’s wool and some iron trinkets. Jade was also sent. Chun charged the ambassador with telling the Inca that his generosity was appreciated, but that the Asians were still new to this land and had not gathered the treasure needed to re-pay his generosity. That he should please accept these few items as token of their future mutual prosperity. There was no mention of the Khan in Alagh.[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]And so, the Yuan came into contact with the Inca. The Inca was surprised that the gifts sent in return were so paltry, but he took the knowledge that the resources of Chimu were limited with some joy. He ordered that smaller caravans be sent to Chan Chan and the other Chimu cities and that they should bring him information about these men. He particularly wanted knowledge of their bows, the thunder maker and the animals that carry them.[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]For the balance of 1297, trade between the Chimu cities and the Inca grew, as did the Inca’s knowledge of the men of Asia.[/FONT]
 
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1297 ctd

[FONT=&quot]1297:[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]Alagh: [/FONT]

Songghumal Khan did not focus just on the Other Sea. While he made certain that Orghui Biskigür had the resources that he could provide, he also sent missions along the coast which established small bases in tweo large peninsulas to the west and north. There weas evidence of large cities that had once existed there, and his bases made use of the sites and ruins. Along with these missions were sent a quantity of cattle and a few horses as well as a number of Ngöbe settlers.

His goal was to expand the Khanate, Distribute the animals and extend his hegemony. These lands had good resources, the soil was rich and the population low.

He continued to encourage intermarriage, sharing of technology and development of resources in the Bay. The bay of Alagh was now producing huge quantities of agricultural products, there was no hunger, there was no want. Everyone ate vegetables, nuts, fruits and meat as they pleased. The cattle, sheep goats and especially the pigs thrived. To the chickens and ducks brought by the Yuan army, turkeys were added. Between the animals in the fields and the eggs of the poultry, the people thrived.

As the population grew, there was a certain amount of idleness that developed. The Khan, seeing the potential of this idle workforce set his path in two directions. Men who had children in the villages and were not spending full time in the fields were set to work building a city, a capitol for the Khanate. Those without children and not absorbed in the fields were trained as soldiers.

The new soldiers learned their skills rapidly. They were quick to learn the secrets of the Mongol bow, the long spear and the scimitar. Horses were coming of age and the Khan determined to find out if these men, who had never seen them, were able to conquer the art of horsemanship. To this end, he established a schoo; where Mongol of exceptional ability taught the Ngöbe the intricacies o0f the horse. The best students were to be assigned to the existing units of Mongol cavalry to further refine their skills. They did surprisingly well in their few months of training and the Khan was able to expand his mounted force.

Others excelled at the subtle art of fighting invisibly, where they moved through the forests and fields, attacking the enemy without warning and then disappearing back into the cover of nature. By far, this was the majority of these Ngobe warriors. They made use of the knowledge of the Mongols and Chinese, but retained the stealth that they had employed in the hunt, before the arrival of the Kahn.

Ships also ventured farther along the coast until the reached a large gulf, where there were people living in the remains of cities. They said that a great nation had once ruled this land, but that they had fallen and retreated into the hills of the north. These people were the Maya they were told. The Maya were the people of the Stone Villages, whose gods ate humans and drank blood. The natives told the missions that the Mayans still ruled vast countries in the interior.

Songghumal Khan also paid close attention to the intelligence he received from his agents in Chan Chan. He was concerned because he felt that Chun Bo Fen was possibly withholding information from him. This was confirmed when one of the agents returned with a cargo of fine wool fabric and told him that the governor had met with the King of a nearby land, and that many gifts had been exchanged. None of which had reached the Khan. The agent had little more that he could tell the Khan, other than that the land was prosperous and rich and that it was calm.

When Chun did send the gifts from the Inca, he sent the most paltry samples of what he had received. The finest items were kept in Chan Chan. The Khan was understandably upset about this, but also knew that he needed to build his strength before removing Chun, The governor had more men at his disposal than the Khan.

In order to weaken Chun’s position, he sent a fleet to Chan Chan charged with bringing back a corvee to assist with the building of the new city. The Khan required artisans, craftsmen, woodworkers, smiths, all skills that Chun would need to build an army to hold against him.

Chun, faced with heavily armed ships within gunshot of the palace, his wife and child in the Khan’s custody, complied. However he took members of the corveed men’s families under his protection, as guests, and charged the men to provide intelligence to him of the new city and it’s defenses.
 
maps

I'll do what I can. Ive been having some issues with my graphics programs. I don't use them enough to master them.

It's also a hard part of the world if you want to uses a regional map. Right now I am spanning the boundary between North and South America, so the maps of one, usually fall short of where I need to go or are on such a huge scale that the area of activity is too small.

I also need to be aware of the terrain, particularly the rivers and valleys on the South American coast.

Thanks for the encouragement!
 
This is very good stuff, but please could we have maps? I'm confused with the geography.
I hope this helps. (I also hope it worked!)

I have marked the settlements and a few geographic features that are mentioned in the TL. Villages are not marked due to scale.

Chimu, on the Peruvian coast is also outlined.

I have not marked the Kingdom of Cuzco, although the city is marked on the map. The Inca Kingdom was pretty small at this time, early in their initial expansion.

The only Mayan cities I have noted are Mayapan and Tulum. Mayan territory is not marked, but would be most of the Yucatan I believe. Hresvelgr will correct me if I am off the mark there. Been a great help, that guy.


moz-screenshot.png


1296WorldMap-B_with_Frame post.jpg
 

J.D.Ward

Donor
Thank you very much!

That is exactly what I was hoping for.

Your narrative is now much clearer. One picture is worth here a thousand words.
 
Subscribed.

I've been following this thread pretty closely and I like the work put into it so far. The narrative is top-notch and the map really helped me understand the scope of things.
 
First Mayan Contact

1297

Asi ügei:

Orghui Biskigür ordered the ships rebuilt as quickly as possible. Patrols of the region located additional villages and authority was established. In most cases this happened with little difficulty, but as the patrols continued to explore westward along the coast, the villagers became more and more difficult. Finally, one of the patrols was ambushed as it was looking for a place to ford a river. Nine men were killed and their horses and weapons lost. The lone survivor was able to escape and eventually make it back to Asi ügei with the tale.

He told the commander that these natives were not like the ones in the nearby villages. They were cunning, violent and dressed differently. They fought from the cover of the forest using spears, bows and blowguns. When they emerged to do combat they used axes of stone and bronze, clubs with teeth and claws and wore cloth armor that was hard to penetrate and protected them from most blows.

Orghui was worried at this attack and what it could mean. He was not afraid to fight, he had been raised as a warrior. He knew that the Khan’s army was small and that they had limited resources, particularly iron and horses. If there was a strong enemy to confront, they might not have the time to build their strength. He was grieved at the loss of nine good fighting men, their equipment and, mostly, their horses. He sent a detachment of soldiers to the western villages in order to provide warning if an enemy approached from that direction, and ordered the shipwrights to speed up their re-building effort. Messengers were sent to the Khan to advise him of the ambush and also to request additional naval infantry for the ships.

His plan was to send a few hundred men with the ships and locate the villages where the hostile natives lived and subdue them. With success he should be able to send the ships to complete the exploration of the coast as planned.

[FONT=&quot]
[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1297[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]The Maya:[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]The canoes carrying the news of the Asian arrival on the shores of the Other Sea arrived at Tulum and the news was delivered to [/FONT]Ahau Cuat Cocom at Mayapan during the previous year. He instructed Ah Kom Xiu to return to the area with a force of men to keep an eye on the invaders. Acting now as the King’s military agent, he went to Tulum and set out by sea for the Bay of Umardu (as the Mongols had named it) with a force of about a hundred soldiers. Once there they would move eastward until they came in contact with Orghui’s men and gauge their strength.

His force found the Asians as they traveled along a river on their strange animals. From the strangers actions, Ah Kom Xiu decided that they must be looking for a place to cross the river. Perhaps they could not swim. With the help of a local guide, he was able to move along the river under cover and advance to a place where they could cross unseen. He sent a few men to determine the actual strength of the stranger’s force and to let him know if they changed direction. He deployed his men in the forest along the river where he felt the animals of the enemy would have difficulty, so they would not take them there. They had, after all, seemed to be keeping to the relatively clear river banks.

Scouts returned and told him that there were no more than ten of the strange men and that they did seem to avoid entering the dense forest. Ah Kom Xiu ordered his men to wait until the last of the strangers had entered the ambush zone. Once that happened they were to attack from the cover of the trees with bows, darts and spears and try to force them off their animals or into the river. Then on his signal, they were to attack the strangers and try to take them alive. One important thing was that he wanted to send as many of their animals back to Mayapan as he could as proof to Ahau Cuat Cocom that they had successfully engaged these men.

The ambush went as planned. The Asian horsemen came along the river bank in file. Once they were in the chosen place, the Mayan archers, dartmen and spearmen attacked with a flurry of projectiles from three sides. The Khan’s men were thrown into confusion and tried to wheel and return the way they came. Ah Kom Xiu gave his signal and his men began to come out of the woods, blocking the retreat with swinging clubs and flying darts. Arrows and spears continued to come from the forest on their flank and more of the natives had appeared on the riverbank to complete the envelopment. The only retreat now seemed to be the river, for they were surrounded on land. The first one to attempt to cross the river had his horse swept out from underneath him by the current. The river could not be crossed here. They dismounted and were immediately engaged in hand to hand with the Mayans. They fought much harder than the Mayans expected and their weapons were very deadly, but the King of Mayapan’s men prevailed, but it was a bloody encounter.

Ah Kom Xiu’s force lost 28 men killed. Nearly 50 were injured and several would die of the wounds they had sustained from the Mongol scimitars. Seven of the Mongols had died, two had been captured but one had escaped by jumping on one of the animals and charging through the Mayan force at great speed, the animal running over two of the men in it’s escape, crushing one of their skulls. He had also captured four of the animals, surprisingly uninjured.

Along with the Mongol horses he also had their weapons, to bring to the King. They had never seen anything like the compound bow and were amazed at the strength needed to draw it. They were even more amazed by how far it’s arrows could fly. The scimitars were of a metal they had never seen, grey and very hard, wonderfully made, and as sharp as an obsidian blade. The strangers wore clothing with similar metal attached which could deflect the blow from a club and metal helmets to protect their heads as well.

Their animals wore seats for the men to sit in and were hard for the Mayans to control. They had seen the men get on and off of them, but they could not get close enough to try it themselves, largely due to fear and uncertainty. These animals were bigger than any that they had seen before and they did not know if they ate meat, although there were none of the fangs or claws worn by the jaguar and other hunters. Ah Kom Xiu set his men as a human fence around these animals, enclosing a large area. Eventually they calmed enough that they began to eat the grass on the ground, although they were alert to any movement among the men surrounding them.

Men sent to capture the one escapee returned that night to tell Ah Kom Xiu that they could not catch the man on the animal. It ran too fast.
 
1297 Continued

The Aftermath;

Songghumal Khan

Orghui Biskigür had sent word to Songghumal about the ambush and the Khan was not happy. He sent additional Naval Infantry to Asi ügei as requested. Based on the report and discussions with local village headmen he came to the belief that these were not natives, but men from the stone villages, Maya. His understanding of the Maya had grown and he knew that they were a warlike people. He had heard of the huge temples that rose above the trees and about the amount of human blood required by their gods.

Human sacrifice was not something that the Khan was unfamiliar with. It was still practiced on certain occasions within his own people, but it was not a regular occurrence. He had listened to the tales of the great empire the Maya once had and the wars they fought with each other that destroyed that empire. The stories told that they went north into the great forests and rebuilt their cities and their way of life.

If he was to be dominant in this land, he knew he would have to deal with these cities and their armies someday. So he continued to build his strength, training men, breeding the herds and trying to find a source of iron. This last was perhaps the most important. Without iron, his ability to build weapons and siege machines was limited. The only source he had was the fleet and he was still collecting metal from the derelict ships.

He built a road into the mountains so stone could be brought to the site of the new city, and work continued. Local men had been taught the art of stone cutting and others had learned Asian carpentry methods. These skills would be used to build the great wooden halls of the city and to preserve the fleet. Other men were learning how to make tiles for the floors and roofs of the city buildings.

He had found a site in the great valley northeast of the bay. It stood on a hill and looked down towards the Yeke Köke Bulung, the great gulf to the west where islands of the Olturigh Subud lay. The city would be well watered, whit open land for the horses to graze in. Although it’s site was in the middle of this valley, the city would be elevated above the plain and in a good defensible position.

Ahau Cuat Cocom;

Ah Kom Xiu left some of his men in the area as sentinels. They were quartered in the local villages and the villagers saw to their provisioning to avoid the King’s anger. He had to march back to Mayapan because of the horses. They could not be carried in the canoes.

It took many weeks for him to reach Mayapan and he needed to keep the prisoners under constant surveillance. Since they were the only ones who could manage the animals, they needed to walk with them, but their legs were shackled so they could not mount the horses and ride away. They could speak a little in the tongue of the Ngöbe and Ah Kom Xiu took the opportunity to learn as much as he could about the strangers.

Both were ill when the Mayan force arrived at the King’s city. Ah Kom Xiu wanted to keep them alive as long as he could, feeling that they were more valuable alive than being sacrificed to Kukulkan, at least for the time being. They were brought into the city to the plaza before the main temple. There Ahau Cuat Cocom first saw the horses. He did not see them in full riding tack, but as naked animals, but they were so strange the king had some fear of them. The two men looked very bad. Both were ill, dirty and thin. Ah Kom Xiu made sure that the horses had their needs met and the men were fed, bathed and nursed.

The King asked him what he knew of the strangers, what had he learned. Xiu told the King that the men said they came from a great country far to the west, across months of water. They were an army sent by the emperor of that land, whom they called Khagan. They had come in the winged temples, which they had many of.

They now served an emperor in this land, whom they call Khan. He has a great army and rules vast lands with many people. They travel in the winged temples along the coast and have conquered the distant empire of Chimu. This empire was known to the Maya as a legend and rumor. They have many wonderful weapons and uncountable animals, such as the four thet had been brought to the city, and called them horses. These, they ride into battle on.

They also have huge beasts with horns who give meat and milk for the children and pull the walking tables, which do not really walk, but have wheels like a child’s toy. They can carry great burdens and prepare the land for planting.

The king asked about their city. He was told that the strangers did not have one but are always prepared to move to battle. The Khan is building a city but still lives under the favor of the Endless Blue Sky, which some of the strangers worship. Others, it seemed, worshipped many other gods and spirits. Some only worshipped a single god, although there were more than one “single” god apparently, because they worship different ones.

Ahau Cuat Cocom agreed with Ah Kom Xiu that it must be very confusing for them, because they could not know who to pray to or sacrifice to.

The King continued to question Ah Kom Xiu, and eventually the two strangers were questioned. The horses were well taken care of and that was the primary reason for not sacrificing the men. Soon, the three female horses were growing with young. The men the King had sent to learn about the animals from the strangers now would have much more to learn. He also continued to build his army, calling in forces from the other cities, training them and equipping them. This would not be a typical war he felt. This would be far different fromwhat they knew as war.

The Khan’s Son

The Khan’s adopted son, Nugün Ürije, turned 13 during the year. He had spent the past few years trying to make up for the nine years he had spent as a Ngöbe to be ready to accept the responsibilities and privileges that a Mongol boy received when they turned 15. He had learned everything he could about horses and riding. Indeed he was nearly as good as some of the Mongol cavalry when it came to horsemanship. He had become a fine archer and a competent swordsman. All were skills he would need as a warrior.

His Aunt had made sure that he retained his Ngöbe identity, the language, customs and beliefs of his father’s before him. He had always been a good fisherman and skilled canoeist, but he had learned Asian techniques of fishing and had fallen in love with sailing. The Khan had allowed him to go as crew on several missions to a new camp that had been established on the coastal plains to the west of Alagh. These voyages, several days out and back, had been magical for him. He had never lost sight of land before and did not know the waters were so vast.

He had become very popular with the Khan’s men. His enthusiasm, natural ability, curiosity and inventiveness made him a favorite with the cavalry and fleet alike. Ike Mense had taken the boy under his wing and begun to train him in the arts of the infantry. It was in this area that his creativity truly began to be noticed. He had the knack of combining his growing knowledge of Asian strategy and tactics with the knowledge of this world that was his birthright as a Ngöbe. Knowing when to use a blow gun instead of a Mongol bow, how to make the best use of the forest cover, where to go and not to go, and how to use the tools the forest gave him, it’s animals, plants, poisons and insects.

Ike Mense was so impressed with his overall abilities that he suggested to Songghumal that he honor the boy on his 13th birthday with a yearling. This horse would be old enough to ride into battle when Nugün turned 15. The Khan, pleased with the progress the boy had made since being brought into the Khan’s family agreed and gave his son a yearling mare. It was a gift he would never regret as Nugün spent as much time as he could with his mare, even attempting to bring it into Songghumal’s yurt on one occasion.
 
Advisory

If anyone has read the first post in this TL where I talk about the Mayans falling earlier, the Inca empire never happening...Forget all that!

I simply don't know any more!
 
Slight delay

To all the people who re following this string, I must extend my apologies.
Life has not been particularly kind in the past few weeks and I have been unable to concentrate of the TL because of requirements ITTL.

I have not abandoned Songghumal and Chun Bo Fen or any of the others. They have great adventures awaiting them...I think.

I will be updating this TL later this week, and I think I have developed a few new ideas that will make life interesting when the Europeans arrive in somewhat less than 200 years.

In the mean time, to those who are so inclined, pray that stuff does not hit the fan for me and my partner.

Thanks all
Phil
 
I hereby acknowledge that I am not a grammarian in English, much less Mongolian. The names in these postings use correct words, as far as I know, but they porobably do not employ the correct form for the usage. If anyone cares to correct me, please feel free.

There will also be a posting shortly which identifies all these place names.

This post was all crap!

Please see the updated 1298 post below, which reflects new information.


 
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Current place names

[FONT=&quot]Dorunadu jaq-a aral[/FONT][FONT=&quot], Island, Trinidad [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Dorunadu bagh-a aral[/FONT][FONT=&quot], Island, Tobago [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Aghurlal nutugh, Island, Grenada[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Amur nutugh, [/FONT][FONT=&quot]Archipelago, Grenadines[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Sughunagh aral, Island. St Vincent[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Jibqulang toque, Bay, Venezuela, Maracaibo Bay (outer)[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]hasighun mören, Bay Venezuela, Maracaibo Bay (inner)[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Alagh toque, Bay Panama, Gulf of Montijo[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Aral Nagan, Island, Panama, Isla Cebaco [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Aral Arslan, Island, Panama, Isla Leonas[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Olturigh Subud, Archipelago, Panama, Pearl Islands[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Jequetepeque, Region, Peru, Part of Chimor, north of Chan Chan[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Asi ügei, Town, Panama, Colon[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Umardu toque, Bay, Panama, Limon Bay, Site of Asi ügei[/FONT]
 
Ah okay sorry. One hmm quibble but did the Mongols do well in Jungle? And Panama has some of the worst jungles in world in terms of human's surviving comfortably in them. I can't see a civiization that is essentially a nomad culture surviving very well in them or trying to use them as an initial point of settlement.
 
Ah okay sorry. One hmm quibble but did the Mongols do well in Jungle? And Panama has some of the worst jungles in world in terms of human's surviving comfortably in them. I can't see a civiization that is essentially a nomad culture surviving very well in them or trying to use them as an initial point of settlement.

The dense jungles in Panama are bad, but the pacific coast is not as densely covered as the Caribbean. There are in fact large areas that are fairly open country in the area the fleet lands. There was also a substantial native population which had long since adapted their way of life to this environment (although many have died in the plagues that followed the landing).

One of the things to remember is that this is not really a Mongol force, but a Yuan army which had recently conducted a fundamentally successful campaign in Java (before being defeated by treachery) and also had experience in the jungles of South East Asia, Vietnam specifically, in an invasion of that land mounted by Kublai.

The Mongols form the leadership of this force but the vast majority is a cross section of the Mongol Empire as a whole. Chinese make up the bulk, from all regions of the country, including the hot, humid south. Uighur, Korean, and other nationalities, probably including Persian and Arab would round out the force, but ethnically, over half of them are Chinese.

I did a calculation of the make-up of the force once based on some research into the make up of Kublai's invasion force employed against Japan.

Mongol 696
Uighur 2,509
Chinese 10,841
Korean 2,173
Other 1,986
Total 18,205
 
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