Massilia city state turn into a kingdom

Kingdom, specifically? I find this somewhat unlikely. Massalia was an oligarchical republic designed to preserve the status quo to a degree that the Romans might have found impressive. Short of a Gallic sack of the city in support of some noble who takes advantage of the chance to proclaim himself king or, more likely, Tyrant I don't really see it happening.

Great power, possibly adopting similar gov't forms to OTL's Augustan Rome? Easy. Rome loses the Punic Wars, probably 1st or 2nd, but exhausts the Carthaginians in the process. Massalia, possibly aided by an influx of Roman refugees, can expand into Gallia Cisalpina and/or northwards into Transalpina without worrying about being seen as a threat to Rome, possibly even into northern Iberia, and becomes a trade empire to rival Carthage, albeit trading more in raw materials including slaves on the Rhone and other rivers in the region. Ultimately, they slowly Hellenize the Gauls into a variety of similar oligarchial republics, and can (assuming they successfully force back the Germanic expansion of the 1st century BCE if it isn't butterflied away, though I'm sure that the descendants of the Massaliots would honor Ilios Kaisor for ages) ultimately match Carthaginian trade power and outdo them in manpower. However, as long as they don't have issues with food supply, I don't think they'll ever destroy Carthage as completely as IOTL, instead directing their energies north towards Britain, Germany and Scandia to control trade. The migrations of the 4th Century CE would still occur, though the Massaliot Federation would have much less of a front to manage (esp. if Attila or the equivalent turns south against whichever successor kingdom emerges dominant in the East). Either they are overwhelmed politically or they withstand the migration, but beyond that I can't say how this would change history. I do doubt that Christianity emerges as a dominant religion without Rome, but I could see the Cult of Isis developing with some similarities in a similar role. Ultimately, Europe uses Greek as its lingua franca until early modernity or the present day, with the Hellenic language family replacing OTL Romance languages.
 
@Wolttaire
Massalia, as a political power, was essentially reduced to a coastal presence that, in its apogee in the Vth century, went as far as Avignon and the Rhone's delta, supported by settlements but critically by integrated/clientelized oppidae and Gallic peoples. Due to the general crisis in the end of First Iron Age that I roughly described you there, (basically trade road shifts and Halstattian initial changes), this presence was even more pushed back to the coast, being understood that Massalian colonies were largely independent and tied mostly trough religious and economical links.
Even before Hannibal's passage in pre-Alps, Massalia's chorê was extremely reduced and threatened by its neighbors, and it expanded significantly on the hinterland only after Roman intervention in Transalpina.

At the very least, you'd need a political dominance of Massalia upon its colonies, which would be easier said than done.

Massalia, possibly aided by an influx of Roman refugees, can expand into Gallia Cisalpina and/or northwards into Transalpina without worrying about being seen as a threat to Rome,
Massalia mostly avoided being eventually taken over by Celto-Ligurian confederacies thanks to Roman alliance. Without this, their relative hostility (mostly from Salues, and especially from the IInd century) would eventually take its lot. Maybe not taking the city itself (while it's nothing impossible in the right circumstances and the build up of a regional coalition), but possibly some of its colonies and even more of its remaining chora, to the point being probably as reduced as Emporion's.

and becomes a trade empire to rival Carthage, albeit trading more in raw materials including slaves on the Rhone and other rivers in the region.
In all likeness, slave trade really became a Gallic export only trough Roman presence and colonialism : grain and metals were generally the main trade goods brought by Greeks and Italians until the IInd century.
Note that the Rhodanian axis relatively declined from the Vth century onward, with the "Gallic isthmus" (roughly the Aude/Garonne axis) taking more importance in the West, and the Danubian/Rhine axis in the East.

Ultimately, they slowly Hellenize the Gauls into a variety of similar oligarchial republics,
IOTL, Massalian presence did introduced various hellenized features (such as alphabetization, sophistication of oppidae, etc.) which played against it : the confederation led by Salues was powerful enough to take on the city in the IInd century.

Long story short, while you could see a tyranny emerging in Massalia by the IInd century as a reaction against Celto-Ligurian threat, as a permanent state of emergency if you will, the relatively declining role of Massalia into Gallic trade (eastern Languedoc's oppidae and emporioi took on themselves to drain a significant part of Italian trade)
Even, because reasons, the confederation of Salues doesn't appear ITTL, there was a strong tendency to relative unification among Celto-Ligurians that would benefit a relatively further center (Voconces or Cavares, if not Allobroges due to their tradition of mercenariate in Cisalpina which would remain intact ITTL) .
 
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