Margaret, Maid of Norway Timeline Revised

OOC: This is a revised and some-what modified version of this timeline: https://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=226726, which was based off a "A List of Monarchs" thread. In this timeline, the name of the British state is Great Britain (as in OTL), instead of Brittania in the previous version, and another thing is that Henry III, after winning Evesham, gets rid of parliament and asserts his "mastership" over England. Just to keep in mind.

All discussion and comments on this alternate history piece should still go to this discussion thread: https://www.alternatehistory.com/disc...d.php?t=226727. Please DO NOT place them on this thread, for I wish for continuous and clear posts.

IC:

Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France from 1369)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France from 1369)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France from 1369)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France from 1369)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France from 1369)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
 
Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-??, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-1489, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]
(1480-1489) Henry VII/IV "the Unifier" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [9]
(Became Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1489)

Emperors of Great Britain and Ireland, Kings of Normandy (1489-???)

(1489-1513) Henry I "the Unifier" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [9]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
[9] Henry, the eldest son of Richard III, ascended the English, Scottish, and Normandian thrones (as well the Irish lordship) on August 22, 1480, when his father Richard III died. Henry's reign saw the final unification of the British Isles into one state, a process which had begun 190 years ago when Edward II of England and Margaret I of Scotland had married. This process had been continued by every English-Scottish monarch since the Joint Sovereigns (with the exception of Henry VI the Boy King). As such, on January 1, 1489, Henry VII of England and Scotland proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland, establishing the British Empire and unifying the British Isles into one state. The name "Great Britain" was derived from both the national personification of England and the name of the old Roman province of Brittania (which had comprised England and Wales). Henry proclaimed an end to the old English and Scottish regnal numbers, becoming Henry I of Great Britain from the date of his proclamation as Emperor. He continued to maintain his distinct title of "King of Normandy", but adjusted the regnal numberings for that title as well. Henry spent his reign consolidating Britain as a major power in Europe. He focused heavily on royal finances, economics, and justice. Henry I introduced "Justices of the Peace" throughout Britain, which supplemented the system of magistrates and sheriffs introduced by Edward IV of England-Scotland. He concluded a commercial treaty with Burgundy, replenished the revenues of the royal treasury, and encouraged British trade with the continent. Henry had two sons (Arthur and Henry) and two daughters (Mary and Margaret) by his wife, Joanna of Castile: he married his eldest, Arthur, to Katherine of Aragon (Arthur however would predecease his father: Katherine would then be married to Henry). He also established an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I. Henry I died of tuberculosis on April 21, 1513.
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-1489, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]
(1480-1489) Henry VII/IV "the Unifier" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [9]
(Became Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1489)

Emperors of Great Britain and Ireland, Kings of Normandy (1489-???)

(1489-1513) Henry I "the Unifier" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [9]
(1513-1547) Henry II "the Womanizer" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [10]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
[9] Henry, the eldest son of Richard III, ascended the English, Scottish, and Normandian thrones (as well the Irish lordship) on August 22, 1480, when his father Richard III died. Henry's reign saw the final unification of the British Isles into one state, a process which had begun 190 years ago when Edward II of England and Margaret I of Scotland had married. This process had been continued by every English-Scottish monarch since the Joint Sovereigns (with the exception of Henry VI the Boy King). As such, on January 1, 1489, Henry VII of England and Scotland proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland, establishing the British Empire and unifying the British Isles into one state. The name "Great Britain" was derived from both the national personification of England and the name of the old Roman province of Brittania (which had comprised England and Wales). Henry proclaimed an end to the old English and Scottish regnal numbers, becoming Henry I of Great Britain from the date of his proclamation as Emperor. He continued to maintain his distinct title of "King of Normandy", but adjusted the regnal numberings for that title as well. Henry spent his reign consolidating Britain as a major power in Europe. He focused heavily on royal finances, economics, and justice. Henry I introduced "Justices of the Peace" throughout Britain, which supplemented the system of magistrates and sheriffs introduced by Edward IV of England-Scotland. He concluded a commercial treaty with Burgundy, replenished the revenues of the royal treasury, and encouraged British trade with the continent. Henry had two sons (Arthur and Henry) and two daughters (Mary and Margaret) by his wife, Joanna of Castile: he married his eldest, Arthur, to Katherine of Aragon (Arthur however would predecease his father: Katherine would then be married to Henry). He also established an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I. Henry I died of tuberculosis on April 21, 1513.
[10]
Succeeding his father Henry I to the British and Normandian thrones on April 21, 1513, Henry II would become known as "the Womanizer", because of the six women that he married throughout his reign in a quest to have male heirs. Henry's first wife, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536), whom he had married in 1509, was pregnant many times, but only one child, a daughter, Mary (born 1516), survived past infancy. As a result, by the end of the 1520s (and also because Katherine had been briefly married to Henry's older brother Arthur, who died in 1502), Henry became dis-satisfied with his wife. His struggle to get a divorce from her lead to Henry's breaking away from the Catholic Church, and proclaiming himself Supreme Head of the Church of Great Britain (and of the Church of Normandy). In 1533, Henry, with his new religious authority, finally divorced Katherine and married Anne Boleyn (1501-1536), who despite giving birth to Elizabeth (in 1533), failed to give birth to any male heirs. Henry had Anne executed on false charges of treason, thus absolving himself of her, and married Jane Seymour (1508-1537), who finally gave birth to a surviving son: Edward (born 1537). She died from complications shortly after, and Henry married three more times: to Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) in 1540, Catherine Howard (1524-1542) in 1541, and Catherine Parr (1512-1548) in 1542. All three failed to bear children. Henry's reign, however, was not dominated solely by his martial pursuits. Henry constructed a series of fortifications on the southern coasts of Britain and in Normandy, maintained peaceful relations with France, confiscated the religious monasteries and houses of Britain after breaking away from the Catholic Church, increased the revenues of the royal treasury, and promoted trade. In his later years, however, he suffered from bad health and tended towards fat. Henry died on January 28, 1547, after a reign of 33 years.
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-1489, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]
(1480-1489) Henry VII/IV "the Unifier" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [9]
(Became Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1489)

Emperors of Great Britain and Ireland, Kings of Normandy (1489-???)

(1489-1513) Henry I "the Unifier" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [9]
(1513-1547) Henry II "the Womanizer" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [10]
(1547-1553) Edward I "the Child Emperor" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [11]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
[9] Henry, the eldest son of Richard III, ascended the English, Scottish, and Normandian thrones (as well the Irish lordship) on August 22, 1480, when his father Richard III died. Henry's reign saw the final unification of the British Isles into one state, a process which had begun 190 years ago when Edward II of England and Margaret I of Scotland had married. This process had been continued by every English-Scottish monarch since the Joint Sovereigns (with the exception of Henry VI the Boy King). As such, on January 1, 1489, Henry VII of England and Scotland proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland, establishing the British Empire and unifying the British Isles into one state. The name "Great Britain" was derived from both the national personification of England and the name of the old Roman province of Brittania (which had comprised England and Wales). Henry proclaimed an end to the old English and Scottish regnal numbers, becoming Henry I of Great Britain from the date of his proclamation as Emperor. He continued to maintain his distinct title of "King of Normandy", but adjusted the regnal numberings for that title as well. Henry spent his reign consolidating Britain as a major power in Europe. He focused heavily on royal finances, economics, and justice. Henry I introduced "Justices of the Peace" throughout Britain, which supplemented the system of magistrates and sheriffs introduced by Edward IV of England-Scotland. He concluded a commercial treaty with Burgundy, replenished the revenues of the royal treasury, and encouraged British trade with the continent. Henry had two sons (Arthur and Henry) and two daughters (Mary and Margaret) by his wife, Joanna of Castile: he married his eldest, Arthur, to Katherine of Aragon (Arthur however would predecease his father: Katherine would then be married to Henry). He also established an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I. Henry I died of tuberculosis on April 21, 1513.
[10]
Succeeding his father Henry I to the British and Normandian thrones on April 21, 1513, Henry II would become known as "the Womanizer", because of the six women that he married throughout his reign in a quest to have male heirs. Henry's first wife, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536), whom he had married in 1509, was pregnant many times, but only one child, a daughter, Mary (born 1516), survived past infancy. As a result, by the end of the 1520s (and also because Katherine had been briefly married to Henry's older brother Arthur, who died in 1502), Henry became dis-satisfied with his wife. His struggle to get a divorce from her lead to Henry's breaking away from the Catholic Church, and proclaiming himself Supreme Head of the Church of Great Britain (and of the Church of Normandy). In 1533, Henry, with his new religious authority, finally divorced Katherine and married Anne Boleyn (1501-1536), who despite giving birth to Elizabeth (in 1533), failed to give birth to any male heirs. Henry had Anne executed on false charges of treason, thus absolving himself of her, and married Jane Seymour (1508-1537), who finally gave birth to a surviving son: Edward (born 1537). She died from complications shortly after, and Henry married three more times: to Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) in 1540, Catherine Howard (1524-1542) in 1541, and Catherine Parr (1512-1548) in 1542. All three failed to bear children. Henry's reign, however, was not dominated solely by his martial pursuits. Henry constructed a series of fortifications on the southern coasts of Britain and in Normandy, maintained peaceful relations with France, confiscated the religious monasteries and houses of Britain after breaking away from the Catholic Church, increased the revenues of the royal treasury, and promoted trade. In his later years, however, he suffered from bad health and tended towards fat. Henry died on January 28, 1547, after a reign of 33 years.
[11]
The only son of Henry II (by his third wife Jane Seymour) Edward I was only nine years old when he ascended to the British and Normandian thrones on January 28, 1547. Henry II had issued a decree providing for a regency council to exercise power over Great Britain and Normandy during his son's early years, before he was to turn 18. This council remained in place throughout Edward's short six-year rule. Edward was however responsible for the religious policy of his reign, although he did not directly prepare it: in 1549, the Council issued the Book of Common Prayer, which defined the beliefs and worship practices of the Church of Great Britain and Normandy; the following year, the Decree of Uniformity reformed the Church liturgy, introducing uniform services and religious festivals. Edward's reign also witnessed several rebellions in Northumberland and the Scottish Highlands, which were crushed by the council's military commanders. Edward, who was never healthy, died on July 19, 1553 at the age of 15. Before his death he was planning to overthrow the Council and assume complete authority: he also prepared a draft proclamation which would have deprived his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, of their rights to the throne, on grounds of legitimacy, and in the case of Mary, religion. This proclamation however was never formally published and announced: thus no deprivation occurred.
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-1489, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]
(1480-1489) Henry VII/IV "the Unifier" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [9]
(Became Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1489)

Emperors of Great Britain and Ireland, Kings of Normandy (1489-???)

(1489-1513) Henry I "the Unifier" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [9]
(1513-1547) Henry II "the Womanizer" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [10]
(1547-1553) Edward I "the Child Emperor" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [11]
(1553-1558) Mary I "the Terrible" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [12]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
[9] Henry, the eldest son of Richard III, ascended the English, Scottish, and Normandian thrones (as well the Irish lordship) on August 22, 1480, when his father Richard III died. Henry's reign saw the final unification of the British Isles into one state, a process which had begun 190 years ago when Edward II of England and Margaret I of Scotland had married. This process had been continued by every English-Scottish monarch since the Joint Sovereigns (with the exception of Henry VI the Boy King). As such, on January 1, 1489, Henry VII of England and Scotland proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland, establishing the British Empire and unifying the British Isles into one state. The name "Great Britain" was derived from both the national personification of England and the name of the old Roman province of Brittania (which had comprised England and Wales). Henry proclaimed an end to the old English and Scottish regnal numbers, becoming Henry I of Great Britain from the date of his proclamation as Emperor. He continued to maintain his distinct title of "King of Normandy", but adjusted the regnal numberings for that title as well. Henry spent his reign consolidating Britain as a major power in Europe. He focused heavily on royal finances, economics, and justice. Henry I introduced "Justices of the Peace" throughout Britain, which supplemented the system of magistrates and sheriffs introduced by Edward IV of England-Scotland. He concluded a commercial treaty with Burgundy, replenished the revenues of the royal treasury, and encouraged British trade with the continent. Henry had two sons (Arthur and Henry) and two daughters (Mary and Margaret) by his wife, Joanna of Castile: he married his eldest, Arthur, to Katherine of Aragon (Arthur however would predecease his father: Katherine would then be married to Henry). He also established an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I. Henry I died of tuberculosis on April 21, 1513.
[10]
Succeeding his father Henry I to the British and Normandian thrones on April 21, 1513, Henry II would become known as "the Womanizer", because of the six women that he married throughout his reign in a quest to have male heirs. Henry's first wife, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536), whom he had married in 1509, was pregnant many times, but only one child, a daughter, Mary (born 1516), survived past infancy. As a result, by the end of the 1520s (and also because Katherine had been briefly married to Henry's older brother Arthur, who died in 1502), Henry became dis-satisfied with his wife. His struggle to get a divorce from her lead to Henry's breaking away from the Catholic Church, and proclaiming himself Supreme Head of the Church of Great Britain (and of the Church of Normandy). In 1533, Henry, with his new religious authority, finally divorced Katherine and married Anne Boleyn (1501-1536), who despite giving birth to Elizabeth (in 1533), failed to give birth to any male heirs. Henry had Anne executed on false charges of treason, thus absolving himself of her, and married Jane Seymour (1508-1537), who finally gave birth to a surviving son: Edward (born 1537). She died from complications shortly after, and Henry married three more times: to Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) in 1540, Catherine Howard (1524-1542) in 1541, and Catherine Parr (1512-1548) in 1542. All three failed to bear children. Henry's reign, however, was not dominated solely by his martial pursuits. Henry constructed a series of fortifications on the southern coasts of Britain and in Normandy, maintained peaceful relations with France, confiscated the religious monasteries and houses of Britain after breaking away from the Catholic Church, increased the revenues of the royal treasury, and promoted trade. In his later years, however, he suffered from bad health and tended towards fat. Henry died on January 28, 1547, after a reign of 33 years.
[11]
The only son of Henry II (by his third wife Jane Seymour) Edward I was only nine years old when he ascended to the British and Normandian thrones on January 28, 1547. Henry II had issued a decree providing for a regency council to exercise power over Great Britain and Normandy during his son's early years, before he was to turn 18. This council remained in place throughout Edward's short six-year rule. Edward was however responsible for the religious policy of his reign, although he did not directly prepare it: in 1549, the Council issued the Book of Common Prayer, which defined the beliefs and worship practices of the Church of Great Britain and Normandy; the following year, the Decree of Uniformity reformed the Church liturgy, introducing uniform services and religious festivals. Edward's reign also witnessed several rebellions in Northumberland and the Scottish Highlands, which were crushed by the council's military commanders. Edward, who was never healthy, died on July 19, 1553 at the age of 15. Before his death he was planning to overthrow the Council and assume complete authority: he also prepared a draft proclamation which would have deprived his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, of their rights to the throne, on grounds of legitimacy, and in the case of Mary, religion. This proclamation however was never formally published and announced: thus no deprivation occurred.
[12]
Mary I ascended to the British and Normandian thrones on July 19, 1553, when her half-brother, Edward I, died of plague. This happened because according to the Edict of Succession issued by Henry II in 1545, Mary and Elizabeth were placed in the line of succession after Edward and his heirs (children, which of course he didn't have any). Initially popular, Mary I quickly became known as an oppressive and tyrannical ruler. A devout Catholic, she restored Great Britain and Normandy to the Catholic Church, reversed Edward's Protestant reforms, restored some of the monastery lands to the Church, and imprisoned, exiled, or executed nearly 20,000 Protestants, in what became known as the "Marian Persecutions". In 1554, she married Philip, the Prince of Spain. From 1 January 1556, Philip was King of Spain, and thus Mary became Queen Consort of Spain from that date until her death. They did not, however, have any children, due to Mary's physical inabilities. Philip, by virtue of being Mary's husband, became Emperor Jure Uxoris of Great Britain, a position he maintained until Mary's death. He persuaded Mary to declare war against France in June 1556. The war proved disastrous for Britain: Spain provided little direct assistance to the British in their campaigns against France. As a result, by January 1558 most of Normandy had been captured by France, with the British retaining only Calais, the Channel Islands, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Fecamp, and Dieppe. Philip abandoned Mary in June 1558, returning to Spain. Sent into depression by her husband's departure, Mary suffered increasingly from ovarian cysts and fever, dying on November 17, 1558 at the age of 42. Although she became known as "the Terrible" by her subjects, Mary was the first female monarch in the British Isles since Margaret I of Scotland (1286-1337).
 
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Margaret, the Maid of Norway survives and weds Edward, Prince of Wales

Kings of England, Kings of Scots, and Lords of Ireland (joint reign 1307-30, 1337-1489, Titular Kings of France 1369-1439, Kings of Normandy from 1439)

(1307-1330) Edward II of England (House of Plantagenet) and (1286-1337) Margaret I of Scotland (House of Dunkeld-Norway) [1]
(1330-1382 England, 1337-1382 Scotland) Edward III/I "the Glorious" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [2]
(1382-1400) Richard II/I "the Cultivated" of England and Scotland (House of Plantagenet-Dunkeld) [3]
(1400-1413) Henry IV/I "the Beardface" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [4]
(1413-1426) Henry V/II "the Warrior" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [5]
(1426-1437) Henry VI/III "the Boy King" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [6]
(1437-1462) Edward IV/II "the Good" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [7]
(1462-1480) Richard III/II "the Magnificent" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [8]
(1480-1489) Henry VII/IV "the Unifier" of England and Scotland (House of Lancaster) [9]
(Became Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1489)

Emperors of Great Britain and Ireland, Kings of Normandy (1489-???)

(1489-1513) Henry I "the Unifier" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [9]
(1513-1547) Henry II "the Womanizer" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [10]
(1547-1553) Edward I "the Child Emperor" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [11]
(1553-1558) Mary I "the Terrible" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [12]
(1558-1603) Elizabeth I "the Great" of Great Britain (House of Lancaster) [13]

[1] In 1290, Edward, the Prince of Wales and eldest son of Edward I of England, wed Margaret, the Maid of Norway, Queen of Scots since 1286. Edward I of England acted as regent for Margaret in Scotland until 1300, when she turned 18. Edward I died on April 9, 1307, while crushing a rebellion in York, and his son ascended to the English throne, thus beginning the joint reign. Edward and Margaret reigned as joint sovereigns over the entirety of Great Britain, by right of their rule over their respective kingdoms. They were both forceful and intelligent. These qualities were needed because throughout their joint reign, Edward and Margaret faced opposition from various noblemen in Scotland and in Gascony, England's possession in France. The Joint Sovereigns managed to overcome these rivals, however. They had three sons and four daughters.
[2] The eldest surviving child (and second son) of the "Joint Sovereigns" (Edward II and Margaret I), Edward III/I ascended the English throne at the age of 17 on May 3, 1330, upon the death of his father Edward II. He then ascended the Scottish throne at the age of 25 on December 8, 1337, upon the death of his mother Margaret I. Edward reigned for 52 years over England, and 45 years over Scotland, until his death on December 3, 1382. Edward III/I was one of the most successful English-Scottish monarchs.
In 1337, he declared war against France, aiming to assert his claims to the French crown, and captured large parts of Gascony and Aquitaine, claims acknowledged by the French Crown in 1360. In 1369 Edward again embarked in war against France, taking Calais and Normandy, and claiming the title King of France. Within the British Isles, Edward integrated Wales into the English administrative system, also conquering the Lordship of the Isles and Orkney-Shetland, annexing those territories to Scotland. Edward also launched a revived campaign in Ireland, consolidating English control of the coasts of Ireland. Edward initiated major administrative reforms, passing the Ordinance of Laborers and the Treason Statue of 1351. He died from a stroke.
[3]
The eldest grandson of Edward III, Richard II became known as a cultivated and luxurious king. His court was one of the most splendid in Western Europe. Richard supported the arts and sciences, being a patron of numerous writers and artists. At the same time he was an effective administrator, restricting the power of the nobility and greatly increasing the size of the royal bureaucracy. Despite this, he was popular with the people and was known for his fair taxation policies. Richard was the last of the primary-line Plantagenet kings, as he died without children.
[4] Known as the "Beardface" for his thick beard, Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III by his third son, John of Gaunt. He was thus the closest surviving relative to Richard II. Henry IV reigned for only 13 years, but did much to strengthen England. He established alliances with Burgundy and Denmark, conquered the great majority of Ulster in Ireland, and promoted internal stability. Henry and his wife, Joan of Navarre, had five sons and two daughters, most of them before Henry became King. Henry IV died at Westminster Palace from smallpox.
[5] The eldest son of Henry IV, Henry V ascended to the English and Scottish thrones (and the Irish lordship) upon the death of his father on June 19, 1413. Although his reign only lasted 13 years like his father's, Henry V was one of the more successful English-Scottish monarchs. In 1415-18, he launched vigorous campaigns in France, defeating larger French armies at Agincourt, Rheims, and Orleans, capturing most of Flanders and Champagne. He was able to force Charles VI, the King of France, to acknowledge him as his heir. In Ireland, Henry defeated the Mayo, Burke, O'Reilly, O'Farrel, and Dempsey clans at the Battle of Connaught in 1420, conquering most of central Ireland. He integrated the Earldoms of Ulater, Kildare, Ormond, Wexford, and Desmond into the Lordship of Ireland. After Henry's conquests and absorptions in Ireland, only the lands of O'Brien, Mac-Murrough, and Mac Carthy Mor remained outside of the Irish Lordship. Within England, Henry encouraged the use of English as the official language, replacing French, which had been used since the Norman Conquest. He reorganized the royal finances, establishing the Royal Treasury in place of the Exchequer, and ordered a accounting of royal properties in England-Scotland in 1424. Henry died of dysentery.
[6] Henry V was succeeded by his only son, Henry VI, who was 5 years old when his father died on September 8, 1426. As such, Henry V's eldest nephew, Edward, Lord Humphrey, acted as regent for the majority of a reign which lasted only 11 years. The reign of "the Boy King" witnessed a dramatic reversal of England's fortunes in France. Henry V had advanced too quickly in France, overstraining English capabilities, while at the same time campaigning in Ireland. The weakness and dis-organization of the English armies in France provided a chance to Charles, the Dauphin of France, who claimed succession to his father, Charles VI, who died on June 9, 1427. Using the services of a talented peasant girl, Joan of Arc, who became his primary military commander, the Dauphin and his forces advanced steadily: in 1428, Joan won the Battle of Orleans, pushing the English away from Paris, which had barely remained in French hands; the following year, Joan defeated English armies at Rouen and Rheims, recapturing Flanders and most of Champagne. Throughout the early 1430s, she and the Dauphin campaigned throughout France. By 1435, the Dauphin formally crowned himself King of France, becoming Charles VII. By the end of the "Boy King's" reign, England would hold only Calais and Normandy in France. Lord Humphrey, who proved to be an inefficient regent and unsuccessfully held up the French tide against English continental possessions, became increasingly unpopular. In 1436, the Privy Council replaced him as regent with Edward, the Duke of York, who was the younger son of Hubert, Henry V's youngest brother. Lord Humphrey died under mysterious circumstances later that year. The following year, Henry VI, at the age of 16, and just two years from being at the position of assuming full authority as King, died from tuberculosis.
[7] Because Henry VI died young and unmarried, he was succeeded by his closest surviving relative, the Regent Edward, Duke of York, who became Edward IV. Edward IV became known as "the Good", for his efforts to preserve internal peace and stability, while increasing the strength of the governments of his realms. Edward IV signed the Treaty of Crecy with France in 1439, acknowledging Charles VII as King of France and accepting the loss of most English territories in France, while adopting the title "King of Normandy" in place of the English claim to the title "King of France", by virtue of England's continuing possession of Calais, Normandy, and the Channel Islands. He maintained peaceful affairs with France for the remainder of his reign. Edward did however, continue Henry V's campaigns in Ireland. He confiscated the lands of O'Brien and Mac-Murrough, adding these to the Irish Lordship, while also asserting formal supremacy over the lands of Mac Carthy Mor. In matters of government administration, Edward divided both England and Scotland into boroughs, each one with a royal governor, a sheriff, a magistrate, and a detachment of "King's Agents". He also reorganized the tax collection system, abolishing many ancient feudal duties and replacing them with uniform levies. This tripled royal finances. Edward married Elizabeth of Northumberland and had two sons and four daughters by her, thus insuring the continuation of the House of Lancaster.
[8] The eldest son of Edward IV "the Good", Richard III became known as the "Magnificent", due to his patronage for the Renaissance of the British Isles, his lavish court, and his large, generous donations to various charities, monasteries, and other organizations. Richard III maintained one of the largest and most extravagant courts in Western Europe, a hub of gossip, activity, and entertainment. He spent vast amounts of money on sporting activities and on gifts to courtiers and associates. Richard encouraged the arts: he introduced printing, invented in Italy in the 1450s, into the British Isles, sponsored the publication of a Latin Bible in England, and provided a haven for Renaissance artists, scientists, and writers. Richard III maintained peace with other countries. With his wife Katherine of Navarre, Richard had three daughters (Katherine, Mary, and Joanna) and three sons (Henry, Philip, and Richard). He married his children into other royal houses (his three daughters married into the Danish, Swedish, and Aragonese Royal Houses respectively, his sons into the Castilian, Austrian, and Burgundian Royal Houses). Richard also completed the extension of English control over Ireland, began by Edward III and continued by Henry IV, Henry V, and Edward IV. He incorporated Mac Carthy Mor into the Irish Lordship and established a system of boroughs and shires, based off English administrative models, in Ireland. Richard died of smallpox, the same disease that had killed Henry IV.
[9] Henry, the eldest son of Richard III, ascended the English, Scottish, and Normandian thrones (as well the Irish lordship) on August 22, 1480, when his father Richard III died. Henry's reign saw the final unification of the British Isles into one state, a process which had begun 190 years ago when Edward II of England and Margaret I of Scotland had married. This process had been continued by every English-Scottish monarch since the Joint Sovereigns (with the exception of Henry VI the Boy King). As such, on January 1, 1489, Henry VII of England and Scotland proclaimed himself Emperor of Great Britain and Ireland, establishing the British Empire and unifying the British Isles into one state. The name "Great Britain" was derived from both the national personification of England and the name of the old Roman province of Brittania (which had comprised England and Wales). Henry proclaimed an end to the old English and Scottish regnal numbers, becoming Henry I of Great Britain from the date of his proclamation as Emperor. He continued to maintain his distinct title of "King of Normandy", but adjusted the regnal numberings for that title as well. Henry spent his reign consolidating Britain as a major power in Europe. He focused heavily on royal finances, economics, and justice. Henry I introduced "Justices of the Peace" throughout Britain, which supplemented the system of magistrates and sheriffs introduced by Edward IV of England-Scotland. He concluded a commercial treaty with Burgundy, replenished the revenues of the royal treasury, and encouraged British trade with the continent. Henry had two sons (Arthur and Henry) and two daughters (Mary and Margaret) by his wife, Joanna of Castile: he married his eldest, Arthur, to Katherine of Aragon (Arthur however would predecease his father: Katherine would then be married to Henry). He also established an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I. Henry I died of tuberculosis on April 21, 1513.
[10]
Succeeding his father Henry I to the British and Normandian thrones on April 21, 1513, Henry II would become known as "the Womanizer", because of the six women that he married throughout his reign in a quest to have male heirs. Henry's first wife, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536), whom he had married in 1509, was pregnant many times, but only one child, a daughter, Mary (born 1516), survived past infancy. As a result, by the end of the 1520s (and also because Katherine had been briefly married to Henry's older brother Arthur, who died in 1502), Henry became dis-satisfied with his wife. His struggle to get a divorce from her lead to Henry's breaking away from the Catholic Church, and proclaiming himself Supreme Head of the Church of Great Britain (and of the Church of Normandy). In 1533, Henry, with his new religious authority, finally divorced Katherine and married Anne Boleyn (1501-1536), who despite giving birth to Elizabeth (in 1533), failed to give birth to any male heirs. Henry had Anne executed on false charges of treason, thus absolving himself of her, and married Jane Seymour (1508-1537), who finally gave birth to a surviving son: Edward (born 1537). She died from complications shortly after, and Henry married three more times: to Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) in 1540, Catherine Howard (1524-1542) in 1541, and Catherine Parr (1512-1548) in 1542. All three failed to bear children. Henry's reign, however, was not dominated solely by his martial pursuits. Henry constructed a series of fortifications on the southern coasts of Britain and in Normandy, maintained peaceful relations with France, confiscated the religious monasteries and houses of Britain after breaking away from the Catholic Church, increased the revenues of the royal treasury, and promoted trade. In his later years, however, he suffered from bad health and tended towards fat. Henry died on January 28, 1547, after a reign of 33 years.
[11]
The only son of Henry II (by his third wife Jane Seymour) Edward I was only nine years old when he ascended to the British and Normandian thrones on January 28, 1547. Henry II had issued a decree providing for a regency council to exercise power over Great Britain and Normandy during his son's early years, before he was to turn 18. This council remained in place throughout Edward's short six-year rule. Edward was however responsible for the religious policy of his reign, although he did not directly prepare it: in 1549, the Council issued the Book of Common Prayer, which defined the beliefs and worship practices of the Church of Great Britain and Normandy; the following year, the Decree of Uniformity reformed the Church liturgy, introducing uniform services and religious festivals. Edward's reign also witnessed several rebellions in Northumberland and the Scottish Highlands, which were crushed by the council's military commanders. Edward, who was never healthy, died on July 19, 1553 at the age of 15. Before his death he was planning to overthrow the Council and assume complete authority: he also prepared a draft proclamation which would have deprived his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, of their rights to the throne, on grounds of legitimacy, and in the case of Mary, religion. This proclamation however was never formally published and announced: thus no deprivation occurred.
[12]
Mary I ascended to the British and Normandian thrones on July 19, 1553, when her half-brother, Edward I, died of plague. This happened because according to the Edict of Succession issued by Henry II in 1545, Mary and Elizabeth were placed in the line of succession after Edward and his heirs (children, which of course he didn't have any). Initially popular, Mary I quickly became known as an oppressive and tyrannical ruler. A devout Catholic, she restored Great Britain and Normandy to the Catholic Church, reversed Edward's Protestant reforms, restored some of the monastery lands to the Church, and imprisoned, exiled, or executed nearly 20,000 Protestants, in what became known as the "Marian Persecutions". In 1554, she married Philip, the Prince of Spain. From 1 January 1556, Philip was King of Spain, and thus Mary became Queen Consort of Spain from that date until her death. They did not, however, have any children, due to Mary's physical inabilities. Philip, by virtue of being Mary's husband, became Emperor Jure Uxoris of Great Britain, a position he maintained until Mary's death. He persuaded Mary to declare war against France in June 1556. The war proved disastrous for Britain: Spain provided little direct assistance to the British in their campaigns against France. As a result, by January 1558 most of Normandy had been captured by France, with the British retaining only Calais, the Channel Islands, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Fecamp, and Dieppe. Philip abandoned Mary in June 1558, returning to Spain. Sent into depression by her husband's departure, Mary suffered increasingly from ovarian cysts and fever, dying on November 17, 1558 at the age of 42. Although she became known as "the Terrible" by her subjects, Mary was the first female monarch in the British Isles since Margaret I of Scotland (1286-1337).
[13] Elizabeth, the second daughter of Henry II (by his second wife Anne Boleyn), succeeded her childless half-sister Mary I to the British and Normandian thrones on November 17, 1558, at the age of 25.
She would be one of the greatest British monarchs in history. Elizabeth I became the longest-reigning English or British monarch since Edward III "the Glorious" (r. 1330/7-1382), ruling for 44 years until her death at the age of 69 on March 24, 1603. Elizabeth's eventful and long reign witnessed a period of colonial establishment, great economic prosperity, relative internal stability within the British Isles (not including De Gambie's rebellion in Normandy from 1595-1599 or the Northern Rising of 1569), British exploration and navigation around the globe, and successful wars against France, Spain, and the Italian Kingdom of Naples. Elizabeth launched vigorous campaigns in Normandy, recapturing all the territory lost by her predecessor, and forcing France to re-acknowledge the status quo in the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis of 1560. Nearly 30 years later she intervened effectively into French affairs, installing Henry IV on the French throne in 1589 and ending the French Wars of Religion, which she engineered in order to increase British influence in France and consolidate Great Britain's possession of Normandy-Calais. Elizabeth I waged war against Spain from 1585-1593. As a result of this conflict, she acquired Gibraltar, Minorca, and Jamaica as Britain's first overseas possessions outside the Kingdom of Normandy, expelled the Spanish King Philip II (the former husband of Mary I) from Portugal, and severely weakened Spain's hold over its colonies in the New World. Later, from 1596-99, Britain fought the kingdom of Italian Naples, acquiring Guiana, Napalese Tripoli, and Malta as a result of that conflict. Elizabeth used marriage as a diplomatic lever: although she never married, she managed to use marriage negotiations to establish alliances with Denmark-Norway, Bohemia, and Prussia. In other matters, Elizabeth sponsored British expeditions to the New World, which established colonies in New England, eastern Canada, Virginia, the Bahamas, and the Carolinas during the 1580s and 1590s, laying the foundations for Britain's successful colonial empire. British stations were also established in India, along the Gold Coast in Africa, and in Batavia in the East Indies. In internal matters, Elizabeth restored Edward I's Protestant reforms, once again breaking away from the Catholic Church. Until the early 1590s she practiced a general policy of religious toleration towards Puritans and passive Catholics. Oppression and crack-downs on dissidents, however, intensified during the 1590s. She became a heavy patron of the arts and sciences, generously providing for such greats as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. Elizabeth I's court became known for its luxury and extravagance. The Empress also reorganized the taxation system (1567), expanded the Royal Navy (1576-1593), established a poor law system (1563 and 1601), granted charters to the Royal Academy of the Arts (1588), the Society of the Sciences and Astronomy (1590), Trinity College-Dublin (1592), the Royal African Company (1594), the Newfoundland Company (1596), the Hudson Bay Company (1599), and the British East India Company (1600), and issued sweeping new statutes on treason (1569), commercial privileges (1575), justice (1584), navigation (1589), and bankruptcy (1595). Because of all of these factors, Elizabeth was given the epithet "the Great" by the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift, in 1599, and her reign became known as a British Golden Age. Because Elizabeth died unmarried and childless, she was succeeded by her closest surviving relative, William, the Earl of Suffolk and 3rd Viscount Lisle, who was the great-grandson of Henry II's eldest sister, Mary (Elizabeth's aunt).
 
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