Okay, so I had this idea, but I didn't have it very fleshed out in my mind, so I tried to build the scenario from the bottom up. It turns out, keeping track of 700 years of history in your head is just about as hard, so I've decided to do it in installments. Whenever the next part comes out is pending (like, seriously, it could be a year or something).
The Caesar*
and the Khan: Part 1
*It sounds best when you pronounce it authentically, like "Kaiser"
In the year 1206, the ruthless ruler Genghis Khan united the Mongols and began a series of brutal conquests across Eurasia. When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his empire was inherited by his son Ögedei. Genghis Khan's descendants continued what he had started, forging an empire that stretched from Eastern Europe in the west to the Sea of Japan in the east, from India in the south to Siberia in the north. It was the largest land empire the world had seen up to that point. However, disputes over succession cause the First Khanate to splinter, creating the Golden Horde, the White Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Yuan Dynasty as successors.
As one might guess, this wasn't the end of the Mongols' story. Of all the successor states, Yuan China was by far the most powerful, but for decades it was not interested in war. This changed when Naranbaatar Khan ascended to the throne in 1346, shortly thereafter invading the Chagatai Khanate while it was being torn between Muslims in the west and Buddhist and shamanist Mongols in the east. Naranbaatar began a trend of centralization and military brutality, treating outlaws and rebels with no mercy and using religious minorities as scapegoats for any natural disasters that might have befallen the peasantry.
The Yuan armies also adopted gunpowder, which proved wildly successful against the Persian remnants of the Ilkhanate. By 1444, the Yuan Khanate stretched all the way into Iraq, but they were later pushed out of western Persia by the Turkomans. The entire region was devastated, and the Yuan began to assimilate what they were able to hold on to. Meanwhile, the Khanate would occasionally come into conflict with the Uzbek tribes in the northwest.
Aside from that, the 15th century was a relatively peaceful one for the Khanate, which was becoming monstrously large. This would differ from the 16th century, which began with China being plagued by Japanese piracy. In order to prevent the Khanate's economy and security from collapsing, Ganzorig Toghon Khan ordered the navy be expanded to deal with the seaborne threat. Then, one day in 1509, the Khanate's navy came across a strange vessel from a far away land -- Portugal.
While the Yuan Khanate was spending centuries trying to quench its insatiable hunger for land, Europe was lifting itself out of the Dark Ages, beginning an era of discovery, culture, and wealth in what the French would eventually call the "Rebirth" or "Renaissance". Throughout Europe, starting in Italy, artisans began emulating the style of the old Roman Empire, and European rulers started comparing themselves to Julius Caesar with titles like "Cesar", "Kaiser", and "Czar". Now, the nations of Europe were eager to trade with the Orient, and the Yuan became fascinated.
The Khanate was rejuvenated by the introduction of food crops and massive amounts of silver from the New World, and Portugal even helped the Khanate take care of its piracy problem. After occupying Japan in the 1520's, the government felt invincible, and launched a series of military operations all over Asia. In Persia, they clashed with the rising Osman Empire, which threatened to expand into their realm. In Central Asia, they launched countless attacks on the native Kazakhs, who soon evacuated their homeland and helped destabilize the Golden Horde. In India, they plowed over the handfuls of smaller kingdoms around the Indus and Ganges rivers, causing even more chaos. By 1575, the Yuan Khanate had bit off more than it could chew, and overextension began tearing the empire apart. In 1591, the Yuan dynasty finally capsized like its predecessor centuries before.
At the time, many European scholars believed that the Khanate's story was finally over. However, it wasn't going to end just yet. In fact, the real story was only beginning...
The World in 1600:
Notes:
1. The Americas and Africa look basically the same, because 1) I'm not a strong believer in butterfly effect, and 2) I'm not going to spend two hours making changes that are going to be drawn over in the next part.
2. Thanks to two Mongol invasions and countless wars on its soil, Persia has, unfortunately, been reduced to a shell. The Persian culture is still managing to survive in the western parts.
3. The orange empire in northern India is known as the Yin Empire, and has an interesting Sino-Indian culture.
4. The Kazakhs have been pushed further west, and as a result, the Russians have lost interest in trying to get to the Caspian Sea. Instead, they will probably focus more on the Black Sea, which is going to give the Ottomans some headaches.
5. China is currently under the Manchu-led Kuai Dynasty.
6. Khanate rule in Japan meant the end of individual clans, and the country is now a highly centralized shogunate.
7. The Yuan Khanate did see a brief interest in exploration in the 1500s, exploring around the Indian Ocean. However, it didn't last very long, and there isn't a lot left of their influence except for a few Chinese artifacts.