Liberty Forever, a Transatlantic Timeline

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Initial situation of the United States in 1789

2 December 1789 - Violence breaks out in Westminster between a group of New Yorker landowners and their supporters, and a group of self proclaimed "Green mountain boys" supporting Vermont's independence and opposing New York's incursions. 2 New Yorkers are killed, a man and a woman, and outraged New York newspapers deem this event "The Second Westminster Massacre."

13 December 1789 - New York militia units along the border with Vermont begin to move in, ostensibly to pacify rebels and protect New Yorkers living in Vermont. Fighting between New York militamen and the Green Mountain Boys begins, with the New Yorkers obviously having a massive numerical and supply advantage.

22 December 1789 - The New York state legislature adopts a resolution in support of military action in the "rebellious counties" of Vermont to protect New York citizens and stop further violence.

30 December 1789 - Discussions about the violence in Vermont begins in Congress, the expectation is that soon a resolution condemning the invasion will be passed. The functions of congress are significantly slowed by discussion of the crisis.

4 January 1790 - The New Hampshire state legislature adopts a bill reaffirming it's claim over the New Hampshire Grants (known as Vermont to most), and condemning New York's invasion and attempt to unlawfully subjugate its peoples. Movement of troops to protect the Grants is authorized.

15 January 1790 - New York troops reach Westminster to find New Hampshire troops defending the city. Initially thinking them to be Green Mountain Boys, shots are fired and a major engagement between New York and New Hampshire forces takes place.

21 January 1790 - Violence between New York and New Hampshire troops in Vermont spreads, and they are soon in a de facto war of three sides.

22 January 1790 - Congress finally passes a resolution condemning the war in Vermont and ordering a cessation of hostilities, but there are no enforcement clauses. The only opposition comes from the delegation from New York. George Washington opposes the war but takes no military action, realizing that a war between the federal government and states would likely shatter the Union altogether.

27 January 1790 - In a surprising move, Massachusetts forces advance into southern New Hampshire, ostensibly in support of the resolution in order to end the war quicker. Supporters of this move include John Hancock, governor of MA, George Clinton governor of NY, and vice president John Adams.

2 February 1790 - Intense negotiations in Congress begin over the fate of the three warring states and Vermont. Small Northern states are on the side of New Hampshire, seeing the war as an attempt by New York and Massachusetts to expand. The South is largely undecided.

4 February 1790 - The delegations from Massachusetts and New York are able to gain the support of the southern states of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia by promising to bundle a guarantee of their trans-Appalachian western claims with a bill passed deciding the war. Most had expected these claims to be ceded to the federal government, as all claims (except Connecticut's) to the Northwest territory had. South Carolina, the only Southern state without western claims, promises to vote along with it's neighbors to avoid political isolation. With this many populous states a victory in the House of Representatives is guaranteed, but they need a majority of 14/26 Senators (7/13 states) in order to pass the senate.

5 February 1790 - A bill condemning New Hampshire and affirming New York's control of Vermont begins to be drafted. At this point it seems it will lose in the Senate, due to only 6 states being pro-New York. Intense negotiations with Pennsylvania begin regarding western expansion.

7 February 1790 - Pennsylvania comes out in support of New York and Massachusetts after being promised Connecticut's remaining Northwestern claim (Connecticut has no way of reaching this claim and is expected to cede it to the federal government soon anyways), Virginia spike of territory North of the Mason-Dixon line, and a large claim to Federal land extending to halfway across the Michigan peninsula.

10 February 1790 - The Bill to Resolve the Vermont Conflict is drafted.
Provisions of the bill include:
The westward claims of Georgia, North Carolina and Virginia are to be held by those states indefinitely.
Pennsylvania is granted Virginian territory north of the Mason-Dixon line, Connecticut's claim in the Northwest, and a large amount of federal land.
Vermont is confirmed as part of New York state.
New Hampshire's statehood status is revoked due to its attack on the troops of another state. New Hampshire is considered to be in rebellion, and New Hampshire's territory shall now be administered by Massachusetts.

11 February 1790 - Congress votes on the Vermont bill. It passes the house 45-20. It passes the Senate 14-12. New Hampshire's delegation to congress leaves to return home indignantly.

14 February 1790 - New Hampshire's delegation is captured by New York troops and held as prisoners of war. New York has asserted full control over Vermont, and New Hampshire is barely hanging on to their home territory.

3 March 1790 - Rather than have any more bloodshed, John Sullivan, governor of New Hampshire and commander of their militia, surrenders and the fighting ends. New Hampshire is for subsumed into Massachusetts, connecting them to their holding of Maine and propelling them into an even larger dominance of New England.

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The situation after the Vermont conflict.

17 July 1790 - The Residency act is signed into law by the president.

1790 - The census of 1790 takes place, but census takers are not able to take statistics in the war zones of Vermont and New Hampshire, so their populations are not added to the House of Representatives representation of their annexing states until the next census and reapportionment.

3 May 1791 - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth passes a new liberal constitution inspired by the French Revolution. Poland also begins building up its military, fearing a rebellion or invasion in reaction to this.

July 1791 - In response to a Whiskey tax passed as part of Alexander Hamilton's economic plan, distillers and farmers in western Pennsylvania proper begin to move west, away from established government control, to continue evading the tax.

17 December 1791 - Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights and the first 10 amendments to the constitution come into effect.

May 1792 - Three French Revolutionary armies meet Austrian foes in the Southern Netherlands. General Lafayette wins a decisive victory, while General Biron routes a small Austrian force and General Dillon fights to a stalemate.

June 1792 - Austrian troops move into an annex Salzburg and Trent (South Tyrol), with the excuse of needing to secure Austrian border due to the threat of revolutionary forces. Europe, focused on the Revolution, does not notice much, although Venice is outraged and many small German states begin to fear Austrian power.

July-August 1792 - French revolutionary envoys are sent to countries that are seen to be fellow "lovers of liberty" by the constitutional monarchist and moderate republican governing alliance. The French attempt to gather allies to protect themselves from Austrian and Prussian counter-revolutionary war. Emissaries are sent to Britain, the USA, the Dutch Republic, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Ragusa, the Republic of Lucca, the Republic of Genoa, the Swiss Confederacy, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (an elective monarchy) and Tuscany (formerly the Republic of Florence). They are generally well received except in Tuscany, where they are seen to be agitators for the return of the old republic and are thrown in jail.

September 1792 - Anger and suspicion against Louis XVI comes to a head in France, and the people of Paris demand action. The Legislative Assembly is split into three factions, each commanding around one third of the votes. One group are conservative Feuillants, who will under no circumstances vote to kill the king, another is the Marais (or the Plain), who are an amorphous group who are aligned with neither side, who split largely on the vote, and the third are Jacobin republicans who want to depose or execute the king (especially the radical Montagnards). The assembly votes to create a new government and legislature, the National Convention, abolishing the monarchy (desired by republicans and much of the centre), but including immunity for the king and guaranteeing him safe passage out of the country if he so wishes (desired by monarchists, some of the center and notable group of moderate republicans from the Gironde). This compromise creates a situation that is not as outrageous to the rest of Europe as killing the king would be, and the king quickly chooses to flee to his Bourbon relatives in Spain. French public opinion turns greatly against Spain. France's reputation is slightly tarnished in Britain for abolishing the monarchy, but the humane treatment of the king is respected and the British are generally glad at the end of Bourbon control in France.

November 1792 - The election of 1792 occurs. George Washington is assured of winning the presidency, however politicians in small states that are angry over Washington's complacency during the Vermont crisis and the resolution of the crisis rally against the ascendancy of the large states by nominating John Langdon, from the vanquished New Hampshire, as their presidential candidate. Langdon is a notable ex-Senator (captured and allegedly tortured by New York soldiers after New Hampshire's statehood was revoked) who signed the constitution. Washington carries one electoral vote from every elector except those from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey and South Carolina. Those electors each use one of their votes on a surprising candidate: Themselves. This is to protest against Washington, and also to make sure that they don't end up with a tie between two candidates of the anti-Washington faction. Each of them uses their second vote to vote for Langdon. The rest of the states are rather split on their second vote. Virginia votes for Jefferson. George Clinton of New York takes North Carolina, Georgia and New York. Incumbent Vice President Adams is voted for in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. The surprising Vice Presidential winner is John Langdon, due to carrying a multitude of small states.

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The presidential election results. Blue, orange and green states each used one vote for Washington, while red states each wasted one votes. For their second vote, they voted as follows:
Blue: John Adams
Orange: George Clinton
Green: Thomas Jefferson
Red: John Langdon


December 1792 - Russian forces invade Poland in response to the new liberal constitution. Polish forces are heavily, but not hopelessly (assuming Prussian support due to their alliance) outnumbered. Prussia agrees to abandon its ally and Austria agrees to join the war provided Russia joins the war against revolutionary France.

2 January 1793 - The election of the National Convention in France occurs, the first election to be conducted by universal male suffrage. The Montagnards win 183 seats, the Girondins win 215 seats, with the Feuillant conservatives (who had supported the now-abolished constitutional monarchy) winning 181 and the shrinking nonaligned Marais winning 170. The president of the Convention, who is the executive authority of the nation, is elected to a 1 year term by the convention. Jacques Pierre Brissot leads the moderate republicans from the Gironde (known as Girondists) and is elected President of the Convention, a compromise between hardcore Republicans (the Montagnards) and more conservative factions like the Feuillants and Marais. He is viewed as France's leader during this revolutionary period. The leaders of the conservatives are General Lafayette, busy in the field, and Antoine Barnave, a conservative member of the National Convention. The Marais is amorphous and leaderless, but notable includes Abbe Sieyes, a clergyman and famous writer of "What is the Third Estate?" Meanwhile, the radical Montagnard republicans are lead by Robespierre, with a slightly more moderate faction of the Montagnards following Georges Danton.

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20 January 1793 - John Langdon's term as Vice President begins. He attempts to be as disruptive to the administration as possible, performing essentially no executive function for Washington. The country looks at this as the result of a flawed electoral system, and there are discussions of amending the constitution to avoid this uncooperative situation from occurring again.

15 February 1793 - The Constitutional League is formed as France's war with Austria and Prussia continues. The initial members of this league are Venice, a republic like France and outraged at Austria for their incursions into Italy, and the Dutch Republic, who had been promised a share of the Austrian Netherlands, provided they help in the war. All members declare war on Austria and Prussia. The Polish Lithuanian commonwealth also joins the constitutional league, seeing them as the only ally it can obtain against its ongoing invasion by its neighbours. The French allow the Dutch to administer all of the isle of Saint Martin as a further gesture of friendship.

23 March 1793 - A coalition is formed to oppose France and revolution. It consists of Austria (along with most of the Holy Roman Empire, especially the Rhineland) and Prussia, already at war with Revolutionary France; as well as Spain, where Louis XVI has been lobbying for a fight to return him to the throne of France; the Papal States, outraged at the secularization of France; and the Italian states of Sardinia, Parma, Modena, Sicily and Tuscany, staunch monarchists who fear the spread of the revolution. All members declare war on France and its allies.

April 1793 - The French Republic, emboldened by its new allies and eager to defeat the coalition against it, raises massive new armies in numbers never seen before in Europe. The war machine of the most populous country in Europe fires up.

May 1793 - Prussia and several other coalition members, with the Emperor's support, annexes several small statelets on its borders to make them more solid and defensible.

June 1793 - The Eleventh Amendment is proposed, which would give each elector one vote, which they cast for a ticket consisting of a President and a Vice President. If no ticket recieves a majority, the House of Representatives votes on the two highest tickets to determine a winner.

July 1793 - The invasion of the Southern Netherlands is completed, and it is partitioned between France and the Dutch Republic. France takes the southern half, Wallonia and Luxembourg, as well as the region around Brussels. The Dutch take the northern half, Flanders, with Antwerp being the largest city in their cession.

August 1793 - The Ottoman Empire takes advantage of the confusion in Europe to quickly invade and annex Montenegro, making it a Vilayet of the Empire.

September 1793 - French troops make good progress into Sardinia and the Venetian army holds its borders against onslaughts of Austrians and Italian monarchists, with much French aid. As French lines draw nearer and French victory seems assured, the Republics of Genoa and Lucca declare for France and join the Constitutional League.

October 1793 - Dutch forces finish subjugating East Frisia, annexing it from Prussia. This happens as French and Dutch forces continue into the Rhineland and defeat several Prussian armies, setting up a defensive line at the river Rhine to repel further Austrian and Prussian attacks.

Jaunary 1794 - The Eleventh amendment is ratified by Virginia and comes into effect.

February 1794 - Due to defeats in Italy, the Netherlands and the Rhineland, Austria and Prussia are eager to eliminate the polish war from their list of problems. A peace is settled ceding Danzig and Poznan to Prussia, Kraków to Austria and a strip of eastern territory to Russia. Russia is disappointed that the constitution of 1791 is preserved but sees France as a bigger threat to monarchism in Europe.

March 1794 - French forces move into and annex Avignon from the Papal State, as well as Andorra.

April 1794 - The Swiss Confederacy joins the Constitutional League and moves its forces to help in the war in Italy and the southern HRE. It quickly occupies Liechtenstein. The French permit the Swiss to admit Geneva as a full member of the Confederacy.

May 1794 - By now French, Venetian and Genoan forces have pushed the Austrian forces in Italy back to the borders of Austria itself. The Republic of Ragusa, on the Adriatic coast, joins the constitutional league and begins to strongly align itself with Venice. Sardinia, Modena, Parma, Austrian Milan and Trent are occupied. Sardinia is partitioned between France and the newly created Ligurian republic, a merger of Genoa, Lucca and the newly annexed territory. The Ligurian republic also annexes Parma, Modena and Milan. France takes the Isle of Sardinia. Venice annexes Trent and much of Austria's adriatic coast.

November 5 1794 - The Jay Treaty is passed, improving relations between the United States and Britain. The Maine boundary dispute is resolved, with the United States receiving control of the territory in return for promising to support the British in the event of a war with Spain.

December 1794 - The fighting in Europe stops as representatives from the coalition and the constitutional league go to the negotiating table. It is clear that the constitutional league has the coalition beat, but the question is how much they will gain in the peace. Negotiations are tense and stretch on for months.

February 1795 - The British, who have been neutral to positive on the French Revolution thus far, see that France has triumphed in its current conflict and seeking gain at the expense of France's enemy Spain, and make overtures to France with an offer to join the constitutional league. They offer to move forces in to put down the Haitian revolution, provided they are allowed free reign to seize Spanish colonies in the event of a war with Spain. France accepts this offer and British forces move to take Haiti from the slave revolt controlling it.

March 1795 - A peace treaty is signed between the Coalition and the Constitutional League. It confirms all annexations made thus far by the constitutional league and also significantly enlarges the Electorate of Brunswick-Luneberg, renamed the Kingdom of Hanover by the treaty. Ragusa is also formally added to Venice by the treaty. Liechtenstein is admitted as a canton of the Swiss Confederacy. Also confirmed by the treaty are the expansion of Bavaria and Saxony through wartime "mediatizations" of lands surrounding them. The Emperor formally transfers the vassalage of neighboring princes to the enlarged territories, but it is in effect annexation.

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Europe after the War of the Coalition. Light grey denotes a multitude of HRE statelets.

May 1795 - Russia joins the Coalition against the revolution, eager to deter another war for the expansion of dangerous revolutionary activities in Europe.

November 1796 - The election of 1796 takes place. George Washington has decided not to run again, giving the Democratic Republicans under Jefferson a chance to seize the presidency. They nominate Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for vice president. The Federalists nominate John Adams, former Vice President and party leader, with Thomas Pickney as his running mate. John Langdon is nominated by the newly formed Justice Party, who aim to "end the tyranny of the large states". Jonathan Trumbull Jr. is his running mate, a senator from Connecticut (the largest state that the party hopes to win). On election day Jefferson sweeps the south and wins Maryland (which has recently switched to using the popular vote) due to vote splitting between Federalists and Justice party members. The Justice party competes with the DRs in South Carolina, but narrowly loses. They carry the states of Delware, New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island. The Federalists carry only New York and Massachusetts, but come second in electoral vote count. Jefferson wins a majority of the electoral college and becomes the president-elect.

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The election of 1796. Jefferson/Burr - 69. Adams/Pickney - 28. Langdon/Trumbull - 23.

20 January 1797 - President Jefferson and Vice President Burr take office, pledging to preserve liberty at home and abroad, expressing support for France and its constitutional league.

March 1797 - President Jefferson rallies support for France among the American populace, and the senate passes a treaty formally joining the constitutional league. Federalists are moderately opposed to this, although pleased that this alliance will bring them closer to Britain. Joining the leagues war puts the United States at odds with Spain, and the US people begin to speculate at gaining land to the west at Spain's expense in the event of a war.

April 1797 - Portugal, longtime ally of Britain and rival of Spain, joins the Constitutional League.

May 1797 - Denmark, seeking expansion into Northern Germany that would certainly be opposed by the Holy Roman Emperor, joins the Constitutional League. They are considered eligible for membership because of their parliament and relatively non autocratic monarchy. Sweden responds by joining the coalition, fearing annexation by Denmark in an effort to recreate the Kalmar union.

August 1797 - Russian, Prussian and Austrian forces move into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in a surprise invasion, sparking the Second War of the Coalition. Almost all of Europe outside of the Republic of San Marino (friendly to France, but surrounded by the Papal States), the Ottoman Empire and the Knights of Malta are parties in this conflict.

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The warring parties of the Second War of the Coalition.
 
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22 January 1790 - Congress finally passes a resolution condemning the war in Vermont and ordering a cessation of hostilities, but there are no enforcement clauses. The only opposition comes from the delegation from New York. George Washington opposes the war but takes no military action, realizing that a war between the federal government and states would likely shatter the Union altogether.

But its ok for two states go to to war and to completely obliterate each other?

What?
 
Seems like the Empire State is taking that title too literally. Unorganized Western claims are one thing, but outright state warfare is another.
 
But its ok for two states go to to war and to completely obliterate each other?

What?

You're George Washington and two states are fighting over what both consider to be their territory. New York technically started it, but they were simply putting down a rebellion (Vermont not being a state), whereas New Hampshire were the first to move troops against another state. Should you send in federal troops to stop the fighting? That will probably just lead to more bloodshed with federal troops, mountain boys, New Hampshire troops and New York troops all killing each other. If you take one state's side, which should it be?, and that will probably cause lots of disagreement among the states as to if the government chose the correct claimant. And you're still faced with going to war with one of your own states, and having to bring a federal force to bear (I believe they had no standing army at the time) against your own people, in a war that may be very unpopular. Perhaps you should leave it up until congress comes to a consensus and legislates how the dispute should be settled. Thoughts?
 
One key problem here: the Parisian mobs were very much in favor of the Radical Republicans; OTL they were the ones who forced the Girondins out of power. What has changed here to make them want to do this less?
 
The POD for the French is more success in early battles. In OTL, the fear from lost battles caused suspicion that the king was collaborating with foreigners, leading to mobs storming the palace and eventually the king's execution. With a more successful war, I see public opinion not turning so radically murderous. They can still be radically republican, but with less fear I think there will be less executions, especially knowing that this would alienate their newfound allies. The political aims of the Mountain are still being mostly realized, as far as reforming society goes, but more peacefully.
 
The POD for the French is more success in early battles. In OTL, the fear from lost battles caused suspicion that the king was collaborating with foreigners, leading to mobs storming the palace and eventually the king's execution. With a more successful war, I see public opinion not turning so radically murderous. They can still be radically republican, but with less fear I think there will be less executions, especially knowing that this would alienate their newfound allies. The political aims of the Mountain are still being mostly realized, as far as reforming society goes, but more peacefully.

That makes sense. Another question, how is the War in the Vendee being handled, because I can't see it not breaking out as long as the monarchy has been abolished.
 
That makes sense. Another question, how is the War in the Vendee being handled, because I can't see it not breaking out as long as the monarchy has been abolished.

I was thinking that the Vendee rebellion would be less intense for a few reasons. They didn't kill the king, or have mass guillotinings, so those inciting factors are gone. The radicals have less power, which means less policies that will anger the people of the Vendee, notably less assaults on the churches.

However, the rebellion will still most likely happen I agree. I think it can be defeated by revolutionary forces with less atrocities (mass-execution is not the norm in this timeline). The other major way it will be handled is a softening of restrictions on the church to quell internal rebellion, so that the French can focus on the second war of the coalition (has not happened as of the latest events in the TL).
 
Any comments or constructive criticism? This is my first tl and I hope it isn't too bad:confused:

A couple of thoughts.

Britain was highly uninterested in a continental hegemon. It is unlikely they would help France become that. They will join the weaker side and prop them up so as to maintain the balance.

Russian armies at this time were led by this guy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov

Literally the greatest general in Russian History. Up there with the great Captains. (Nappy, Ghengis, etc.)

The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth is going down, hard.
 
A couple of thoughts.

Britain was highly uninterested in a continental hegemon. It is unlikely they would help France become that. They will join the weaker side and prop them up so as to maintain the balance.

Russian armies at this time were led by this guy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov

Literally the greatest general in Russian History. Up there with the great Captains. (Nappy, Ghengis, etc.)

The Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth is going down, hard.
The French aren't becoming continental hegemons. They've simply reached out to the liberal regimes of Europe in an attempt to preserve the revolution. If anything, they might be viewed as underdogs who will inevitably crushed by Prussia, Austria, Spain and Russia. So far the French have only annexed Wallonia and parts of Sardinia-Piedmont. The British have been helped by expanding Hanover (in pu with Britain). They also have ambitions on colonial territory held by the Russians and Spanish. The Netherlands, Venice, Poland and Liguria aren't French puppets either, and this alliance (especially as it pertains to Britain) will in no way last forever.

And yes, I knew the Russians would not settle without being completely defeated or taking their share of Poland. That's why the second war has just been started with an invasion of Poland:
 
Suvurov is still going to kick major ass. Of course, the French have Napoleon. Correct me if I'm wrong, but he hasn't shown up yet. I look forwards to seeing what becomes of him.
 
The beginning of the war is characterized by a major focus on the east by Prussia, Russia and Austria. Russian troops under Generallisimo Suvorov quickly move in, and although the Polish army is slightly stronger than in previous years (due to centralization and the Poles' knowledge that another invasion was coming), they are still quickly pushed back. Stanlislaw II August, the King, flees the country by taking to the sea at the Lithuanian coast and makes his way to France, protected by the Royal Navy. By October 1798 the Russians occupy all of Poland's Baltic regions and the lion's share of the east (up to the eastern border of OTL Congress Poland). Of the remainder, the south is occupied by Austria and the north by Russia.

Denmark Norway launches an invasion of Sweden that goes surprisingly well for the Danish, especially due to support from the Royal Navy. As the Swedish government begins to disintegrate, Russia lays claim to Finland and moves its forces in, and Prussian forces (who have, with the sanctioning of the Holy Roman Emperor, mediatised Mecklenburg) move in and occupy Swedish Pomerania. The Danish move its forces into the German territory just south of it, occupying Hamburg and Lubeck. In October 1798, before a bloody showdown can occur, the Danish make peace with the Russians and Prussians, confirming Prussian ownership of Pomerania, Russian ownership of Finland and Danish ownership of Sweden and the North German territories it has annexed. Holstein, Launeburg, Lubeck and Hamburg are all removed from the HRE and fully administered by Denmark.

The war in the west is characterized by the French and Dutch once again advancing to the Rhine and holding a defensive line there against assaults from puny German states and some Austrian and Prussian forces (although most are scrambling to occupy Poland). The main offensive action of the French is into Spain, hoping to quickly knock them out of the war. British troops land in Portugal and help the Portuguese troops gain ground, moving into and occupying Galicia. Spain is caught in a two-front war and quickly its military begins to break down. A Corsican general named Napoleon Bonaparte leads an impressive assault on the Balearic Islands, taking them much faster with less casualties than the French top planners had expected. Napoleon is called to the mainland and put in control of part of the army invading Spain.

Things go yet worse for the Spanish overseas. The Royal navy lands forces in and quickly seizes much of the Spanish Carribean, including Puerto Rico. From British Honduras, with support from the Royal Navy and Carribean forces, the British occupy much of the Yucatan and Central America, cutting the Spanish Empire in two. The Dutch occupy Trinidad and Tobago, and Dutch forces move to occupy Spanish Guyana from Dutch Guyana. Brazilian forces also push at the massive frontier of Spanish South America. Being invaded due to a war that doesn't concern them, the civilians of many South American nations begin to question why they are subservient to Spain at all, and several underground independence movements begin, with some insurrection against Spanish colonial authorities.

The only major French offensive in the New World is when the garrison of Haiti, with much help from their foreign allies, moves into and occupies Santo Domingo. A surprising ally in this fight is the USA, who have honored their membership in the Constitutional League and joined the Second War of the Coalition. An army is levied and there is much enthusiasm in the populace about finally achieving their destined westward expansion. Commanders like William Henry Harrison and Winfield Scott move west into Louisiana, a vast territory with a nearly impossible to defend border. Andrew Jackson becomes a leader in the militia forces that invade Florida. Showing prowess in battle, he is promoted to General and leads the assault on New Orleans, taking the city from the Spanish.

British forces aid in confirming US-British control of Oregon, and this brings the question of claims over Oregon to a head. In an intelligent diplomatic move, President Jefferson sends his political rival John Adams, renowned diplomat and former Vice President (whos party, the federalists is pro-British) to negotiate with a group of British diplomats over borders in the west. The resulting agreement cuts North America into a British sphere of influence and an American sphere of influence, separated at the 49th parallel. Plans are made for the United States to annex Lousiana and Oregon below the 49th, and the British to reaffirm sovereignty over those regions above the 49th. British forces have also been raiding in Alaska.
In Europe, the British navy has been harassing Russian trade and effectively excluding them from the Baltic. The war becomes less popular in Russia, as they have reached a favourable border in Poland. Furthermore, General Suvorov's failing health has forced him to retire from the front. In December 1798 they agree to a peace with the Constitutional League, ceding all of Russian-occupied Poland to the Russians and ending British naval dominance of the Baltic, on the condition that Russia withdraws from the war and allows Britain to take control of Alaska.

With the Russians having made peace and no Austrian or Prussian relief in sight, as well as Napoleon marching closer and closer to Madrid, in January 1799 Charles IV recognizes that no good end can be had to this war. He also knows that if Spain is fully occupied his government will likely be replaced by a Republic and he will be deposed. He is also urged to make peace by Louis XVI, who is fearful of capture by his French former subjects. Spain goes to the bargaining table and agrees to widespread territorial losses in the New World. Brazil, Dutch Guyana and British Central America are expanded. The Spanish carribean is dismantled and split between its occupying powers, with Cuba going to the USA. Notably, Louisiana is ceded to the USA, with the border following straight lines of latitude and longitude, except for where it follows the Red and Sabine rivers near Texas and New Orleans. Additionally, the Spanish East Indies and Galicia are ceded to Portugal. In the New World, Spain is left with Mexico and a slightly shrunken South America. Still, the Bourbons rule on in Spain.

As 1799 goes by much of Europe has become war weary. On the Constitutional League's side, the British and Portuguese have largely stopped fighting, as the war in the New World is over. The Danish have already made peace, satisfied with their restored Kalmar Union. The USA has no enemies near it to fight. On the Coalition's side, Russia and Spain have made peace, Russia having achieved its war goals, and Spain having done the opposite. The war from this point on is a bloody struggle from Paris to Warsaw. Napoleon's next assignment is the capture of Malta, for its use in the war against the monarchist Italian states. He conducts the assault superbly, and it is annexed into France. As French and Dutch forces in the North hold the Rhine against steadily increasing Prussian assaults, and the Venetians and Swiss hold the Austrians off at the Alps, Napoleon's attacking armies with support from the Ligurian Republic invades Tuscany and Romagna. The Tuscan and Papal forces are quickly pushed south, and by June 1799 Tuscany and Romagna are annexed into the growing Ligurian Republic, which passes a motion renaming itself the North Italian Republic. San Marino joins the North Italian Republic.

In July 1799, encouraged by the advancing French forces, Italians in southern Italy rise up against King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily, a Bourbon himself. With support from France, whose troops are in a stalemate just north of Rome, the Parthenopean Republic is declared. Revolutionary leaders of the Parthenopean republic have even more anti-clerical views than the French, and violence against church members is common.

Before he can advance to the south in support of the new Italian republic, Napoleon is called north to the Rhine to spearhead a French attack to break the Rhine-Alps stalemate. From September 1799-March 1800 Napoleon's forces subjugate first western Germany (Everything south of Hanover and west of Saxony and Bavaria) and then fight decisive battles against the militaries of both Saxony and Bavaria. Napoleon sends envoys that make peace with the two German nations, forcing them to withdraw from the Coalition, but allowing them to keep their territory.

In April 1800 the Parthenopean republic begins to collapse, as the people strongly oppose the anticlerical leanings of its government. Papal forces move in and encourage the people to throw down the Republic, which happens with remarkable speed. The Papacy occupies the land, and it is from this point on effectively a part of the Papal States. The Papal States withdraws from the war against France, as France agrees to recognize its ownership of Naples and Sicily. This is seen as compensation for the loss of Romagna.

By May 1800 the only forces opposing the Constitutional League are Prussia and Austria. Some in France argue for peace but louder voices, including Napoleon, argue that the French cannot abandon the Polish, whose remaining territory (minus that annexed by Russia) remains occupied by the Prussians and Austrians. Napoleon assembles a large army, and brings Stanislaw II August with him into the field. Napoleon's forces with a significant amount of Dutch allies move into Prussia and defeat the Prussian armies in several pitched battles. In negotiations, the Prussians are allowed to keep all of their land provided they withdraw their troops from occupied Poland, and allow Napoleon's armies to move through Prussia temporarily while the war with Austria continues. As Prussian forces leave northern Poland, the Poles rise up against the remaining Austrian forces. Due to French and Dutch advances into Bohemia, and Swiss and Italian attacks into Tyrol, the Austrian troops are withdrawn and the Polish king is sent into Poland with a detachment of French troops, reinstating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (although now deprived of Lithuania). The makeshift resurrected Polish military advances into Austria as Poles in Krakow and Galicia revolt against their Austrian overlords. The French forces Advance quickly into Bohemia and claim victory in several battles against large Austrian armies. Meanwhile, the Swiss, Venetians and North Italians make progress into Tyrol and Carinthia. Vienna is threatened by February 1801, and in the meanwhile uprisings in Galicia, Ruthenia, Lodomeria and Krakow (supported by the French and Polish) have established the new Republic of Polish Galicia. The Polish themselves are not strong enough to force this new country's annexation, and it stays its own nation. In April 1801 the Austrians go to the bargaining table, desperate to keep their empire alive. In the Treaty of Vienna, territorial changes across Europe are recognized. The remaining questions to be decided regard the occupied Rhineland and occupied Austria. The left bank of the Rhine is partitioned between the French and Dutch, with the French taking the regions of Koblenz, Trier and Pfalz, and the Dutch taking Aachen, Koln and Dusseldorf. Of the remaining Rhineland, Hanover annexes a small portion. Hanover also declares its independence from the HRE, effectively making it subject to the British due to their personal union. What's left (including Baden-Wurttemburg) is constituted into the Rhenish Republic, propped up by French forces, but with free elections. Its territory is removed from the HRE. The independence of the Polish Republic of Ruthenia is guaranteed. The Venetians annex Carniola and western Croatia, taking all of Austria's remaining Adriatic coast. The Austrians have their territory reduced in a humiliating defeat, but still retain Austria proper, Bohemia, most of Hungary and Slavonia.

By May 1801 Europe is at peace once more, with the borders completely redrawn. Austria and Spain have been ravaged by the war. The Habsburgs remain Holy Roman Emperors of a reduced HRE that consists only of the German part of Prussia, the German part of the Habsburg monarchy, as well as Bavaria and Saxony. Despite nominally being on the losing side, Prussia and Russia have been greatly expanded. Despite nominally winning, Poland has been reduced greatly by its neighbors. Grievances between nations are many. Liberty has been preserved, but the revolution is not over. Napoleon Bonaparte begins to make his way back to Paris, hailed nationally as a hero.

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Europe's borders after the Second War of the Coalition. Red outlines the remaining territory of the Holy Roman Empire.

On the domestic front, French politics begin to become more partisan. The Feiullants become known nationally as the Conservatives. Their party is a conservative, constutional monarchist party that would seek to restore the monarchy, although doesn't decline to participate in the republic. The Maraisards (centrist members) largely move to one side or the other, with Abbe Sieyes joining the conservatives as the leader of a particularly pro-clerical wing. The Jacobins are split between a moderate wing (The Girondins) who become known nationally as the Moderate Republicans (Moderates or Republicans for short) and the Montagnards, who become known nationally as the Radical Republicans (or Radicals for short). In February 1798 the French National Convention votes to form a new legislature, believing 750 to be too large a size. They also wish to seize seats held by independents for the parties. The new legislature will have 500 seats and will be called the National Assembly after the initial assembly that wrote the first French constitution. The centralized French government decides that local candidates are not necessary, so the elections are to be conducted nationally using party-list proportional representation. However, the parties still nominate candidates from all over to try to appeal to the voters in each region. It also incorporates a runoff system for parties that miss the threshhold of representation, so their votes can go to other parties. The threshold to get a seat is to recieve over one half of 1/500th of the electorate (based on a formula to minimize electoral error). Independent runs are still possible, as voters can write in a party list of one person. If an independent exceeds the threshold, the remaining votes will go to the second-choice parties of the excess voters, however this makes independent runs more awkward and less common. The elections are held that March but are scheduled to happen every subsequent two years in January. In the March 1798 elections the war (supported mostly by the Moderates) is relatively popular although the greatest successes are yet to come. The Moderates win 193 seats, the Radicals win 174 seats and the Conservatives win 133 seats, weakened by the fall of the monarchy. No party is in a majority so there is a balance of power that favors a moderate path. The conservatives and moderates will vote down any majorly radical proposals, and the moderates and radicals vote down any majorly reactionary legislation. The first major act by the new legislature is the May 1798 passage of a law legalizing monastic vows and monastic orders, fully repealing the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and making the church in France independent of the government. The delegates in favor of the act espouse ideas of the separation of church and state and speak against the tyranny of state control over religion. The practical reason for the act is the not-yet quelled rebellion in the Vendee that is largely motivated by the government's anti-clericalism. The only major protest came from Robespierre, who proposed instead making the state church his "Cult of the Supreme Being". This received not even the full support of his party, with many Radicals, including Danton, not backing the proposal. This act, along with a military push after the war using troops returning home, largely ends the rebellion. The election of 1800 results in the radicals losing a few seats to the moderates, and the conservatives largely staying in the same place. The diminishing influence of the radicals angers the Parisian mobs, who are placated only by tales of French triumph in war and appeals to patriotism. However, pro-radical movements by mobs begin.

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Results of the French National Assembly election of 1798.

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Results of the French National Assembly election of 1800.

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French departments on the mainland. Corsica, the Balearics and Malta are each one department. Sardinia has a northern and southern department.

In the United States the country united to fight the war. The Federalists enjoyed the thriving trade with Britain due to shared membership in the Constitutional league, and the Republicans were thrilled to be cooperating with their ideological ally, France. Tariffs are lowered, with some complaints from the federalists. The territory of the United States was more than doubled by the cession of Louisiana and Florida as well as the Adams treaty that settled the border with Britain and resulted in exclusive US control of their portion of Oregon Country. The 1800 election comes with soaring popularity for Jefferson, the president who won the west. The Federalist party is considerably weakened, but still enjoys support in much of the North. 10 years have passed since the Vermont controversy, and many ex-federalists in Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island are ready to re enter the fold. The Justice party enjoys very little support this election and essentially fades out of existence. At the nominating convention, Alexander Hamilton attacks John Adams character and paints him as a former failed candidate who will not win this time, either. The party nominates Hamilton instead, who promises to continue the economic programs he instituted as Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, and chooses Pickney as his vice president. However, Hamilton is seen as too aristocratic by much of the country, and his illegitimate parentage and birthplace in the West Indies make him unfavorable to many. Jefferson and Burr win a landslide, with Hamilton losing even New York (likely thanks to Burr's political machine), and winning only Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Jersey. Jefferson is triumphantly inaugurated in 1801, to oversee the administration of the United States' new territory.

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The results of the election of 1800.
 
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A detail I forgot:
The new French government has a President who directs the actions of the executive branch. He must act according to laws passed by the National Assembly, and can be impeached by a 2/3rds vote of said body. He is elected nationally by universal male suffrage with a runoff vote, for a term of two years, with no term limit. An impeached president is ineligible for reelection, and a special election is held for the remainder of his term. The first president elected in 1798 is Jacques Pierre Brissot, leader of the Moderates (Girondins). He was the first choice of over a third of the electorate, and the second choice of many radicals (just under a third of the electorate), and so was elected in the second round (voters indicate their order of preference on the ballots, so the second round is simply a recount of the votes, not a new vote).

First Round:
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 10.8%
Hebert (Hebertist Radical) - 8.0%
Danton (Dantonist Radical) - 16.5%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 34.4%
Sieyes (Conservative) - 11.1%
Barnave (Conservative) - 16.2%
Minor Candidates - 3.0%
Hebert and statistically insignificant minor candidates eliminated.

Second Round:
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 19.5%
Danton (Dantonist Radical) - 17.2%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 35.0%
Sieyes (Conservative) - 11.6%
Barnave (Conservative) - 16.7%
Sieyes eliminated.

Third Round:
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 19.5%
Danton (Dantonist Radical) - 17.2%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 35.2%
Barnave (Conservative) - 28.1%
Danton eliminated.

Fourth Round:
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 34.5%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 37.4%
Barnave (Conservative) - 28.1%
Barnave eliminated.

Fifth Round:
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 34.5%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 65.5%
Brissot elected.

In the French Presidential election of 1800, the Conservatives resolved to stand behind a single candidate and hoped to build wide support around him. At a series of conventions held in various locations in Paris, conservative leadership voted several times, with the main front runners being Barnave and Abbe Sieyes. Eventually pragmatism prevailed, and the more centrist Sieyes who had more widespread appeal was settled upon. This was the beginning of "primary" elections for the French.
On the Radical side, Hebert had become closer allies with Robespierre in the past two years, and decided not to run in 1800, instead lending his support to Robespierre.

First Round
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 18.1%
Danton (Dantonist Radical) - 15.7%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 31.0%
Sieyes (Conservative) - 34.8%
Minor Candidates - 0.4%
Danton and statistically insignificant minor candidates eliminated.

Second Round
Robespierre (Montagnard Radical) - 31.2%
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 33.9%
Sieyes (Conservative) - 34.9%
Robespierre eliminated.

Third Round
Brissot (Moderate Republican) - 65.1%
Sieyes (Conservative) - 34.9%
Brissot elected.

The widespread popularity of Sieyes, and unified conservative support propelled him to a lead in the early rounds. He was the second choice of few on the radical side, though, and when the Robespierre and Danton supporters were eliminated, most had Brissot as their third choice, propelling him to another victory. Some began to wonder if Brissot would ever let go of the presidency.
 
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B-29_Bomber

Banned
Well, someone's trying to justify Paradox Interactive's creation of a New England state in Victoria 2...:p;)


Edit: Just realized that the Netherlands has part of the Rhineland...


That's a thing that just happened...


And major bullies all around to you, sir, for the creation of a Papal States wank... in the 18th century!
 
Well, someone's trying to justify Paradox Interactive's creation of a New England state in Victoria 2...:p;)


Edit: Just realized that the Netherlands has part of the Rhineland...


That's a thing that just happened...


And major bullies all around to you, sir, for the creation of a Papal States wank... in the 18th century!
I mean MA took control of one other New England state (they've controlled Maine since the beginning). And what's wrong with the Netherlands taking part of the Rhineland?

And it's hardly a wank. They lost some territory and replaced it with some useless southern Italian territory.
 
The Parisian mobs are on the move. Uh oh. The government needs to stop them sooner and not later if freedom is to be preserved.
 
What are you worried about? Us Parisians seek only to restore the revolution to its initial purpose! ;)
 
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