Let My People Go

Although the bulk of the varation from our TL is some way past the year 1900 I needed a POD far enough back to start the change.


- excerpt from Leaders of the Lost Cause, Alfred Kopf Press, published 1956

When Benjamin took shelter at Gambling Plantation he certainly contemplated a permanent exile in either England or possibly France, where his first wife and daughter were resident. He even took passage under a false name to Hamilton in British Bermuda. However either during the voyage or immediately after landing Judah became quite ill. A long sea voyage was impossible and instead he began a long slow convalesce on the island. By the time he had regained his health it was already apparent the President Johnson was not interested in prosecutions, excepting perhaps against Jefferson Davis who remained incarcerated at Fortress Monroe.
Benjamin’s reintroduction to the United States began with a short passage to Washington City and a meeting with President Johnson. Letters from Benjamin to his first wife, Natalie, describe the meeting and subsequent pardon as a pleasant surprise for Judah who had expected greater animosity because of his position in the Confederate government. By the fall of 1866 Benjamin was in New Orleans and had opened a profitable legal practice.
Between 1867 and 1871 Benjamin enjoyed a growing stature both in the South and increasingly among Northerners. No doubt much of this new popularity was from the publication of the lectures he gave at Washington College in 1869. This and his very public correspondence with both Lee and Grant did much to raise his reputation as one of the foremost of the ‘reconcilers’ At the 2nd Appomattox meeting it was Benjamin’s quiet diplomacy that paved the way for Lee’s public support of the new Freeman and Veterans’ Bureau.

- excerpt from Longstreet: A Considered Approach, Petersburg Press, published 1998

Longstreet never enjoyed the popular support that Lee, Davis or Benjamin did. In part this is no doubt due to his taking public office under the Republicans. In temperament he was closest to Benjamin, yet he lacked the intellectual finesse to be seen as both sympathetic to the ‘Negro and Northerner’ and still loyal to the lost cause. Benjamin’s books were a rampart that Longstreet could never erect. Further, though both men lost their wives, Longstreet’s loss was a decade earlier than Benjamin and far less public. Than too Benjamin’s remarriage and the attendance of so many ex-Confederates and Yankees seem to isolate Longstreet even more. Crosses famous picture of Grant, Sherman, Hampton and Polk standing behind Benjamin, while Longstreet is pointedly center right, was graphic proof of is isolation.


- From New Orleans Picayune, April 16, 1870

It is with great sadness that this paper reports the death of Natalie Benjamin, wife of our own Senator Judah Benjamin. Our correspondent has learned that the Senator’s wife took ill suddenly while visiting Briarfield Plantation, just North of the State Capital. The family will receive visitors at their New Orleans residence this Friday from noon until 4 PM.


From the New York Times, May 27, 1872

Senator Judah Benjamin was married today in the nations Capital. Both President Grant and his wife Julia attended along with much of the national government. The bride is Miss Rachael da Costa, a resident of Charleston South Carolina. The ceremony in Washington was non-denominational and was performed in the National Reconciliation Cathedral. An early ceremony at the Jewish Temple in Charleston, occurred in April of this year.


From the New Orleans Picayune, July 7, 1876.

Former Senator and Ambassador Judah Benjamin announced the birth of his 2nd child, a son to be named Jefferson Grant Benjamin. The child was born July 4th. Senator Benjamin has also stated that President Grant has consented to stand as godfather to the child.
 
Very, very interesting. Also, I'm curious as to why you say the bulk of the TL would be post 1900: Reconstruction already seems quite different. I presume you mean you're not going to chronicle those differences, but focus on later events. If so, it's a pity; I love a good alt-1870s-1890s, but I am a bit odd in my admiration for the time of "those presidents with all the facial hair" as a friend once called the Gilded Age.

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Changes in TL

My basic ideas about alternate TL start with the idea that unless you have some sort of massive event (earthquake, etc) than TL slowly diverge, even occasionally converge although they never meld together again.

This TL starts with the idea that Judah Benjamin remains in the US. In our TL he took ship to England and became one of the most important figures in English law during the 1870s-1880. Here he remains and moves back up society after the war. He also has children he never had (Jefferson Grant Benjamin) and more importantly for this TL grandchildren who will radically reshape the 20th century.

Gemellus
 
My basic ideas about alternate TL start with the idea that unless you have some sort of massive event (earthquake, etc) than TL slowly diverge, even occasionally converge although they never meld together again.

This TL starts with the idea that Judah Benjamin remains in the US. In our TL he took ship to England and became one of the most important figures in English law during the 1870s-1880. Here he remains and moves back up society after the war. He also has children he never had (Jefferson Grant Benjamin) and more importantly for this TL grandchildren who will radically reshape the 20th century.

Gemellus

Well, I don't want to quibble too much. It's just that you mention some events which suggest that TTL's Reconstruction is quite different: Lee supports the "Veterans' & Freemen's Bureau" (as oppose to OTL's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands). There's a National Reconciliation Cathedral in Washington in the 1870s (the OTL National Cathedral wasn't begun until 1907). If these events are different, I'd expect that at least some parts of the TL are fairly different before we get to the 20th Century. I'm not suggesting these are huge, though. Certainly, as the author, you can decide their impact is small and choose to focus on other events instead. However, any change in the 1860s is not very likely to mean that the 1900s are precisely those that we're familiar with.
 
The Actor's Take the Stage

From Flashman on the Hill, George McDonald Fraiser, Published 1987

I knew I was quite done for when I saw that peculiar look come over Colonel Roosevelt’s face. I had seen that queer grin dozens of times before, usually before some truly brilliant bit of insanity and always involving the possible loss of life and limb to yours truly. I suppose it was the fact that O’Neil had been killed that decided it all. Now any sane man would have seen Kettle Hill, looked at the Spanish line and decided that staying huddled down here was a perfectly wonderful idea. But not that mad New Yorker.
“We shall charge up that Hill” he said
I could feel my insides turning to jelly. I looked around at his junior officers hoping they at least could see the madness. But instead of calling for the caretakers of bedlam to lead off this lunatic they all began to nod eagerly. I blame such folly on a Christian upbringing, but for once there was a member of the Hebrew tribe here and I looked over at Benjamin for some wisdom.
He gave me the coldest of stares and for a moment I thought he just might be the one to finally see through me and call me out for the coward that I was. Not that at that moment I could have given a fart in a bottle for the accusation. Anything that got me out of this madness, even disgrace seemed acceptable.
But instead Benjamin just grinned, as if in appreciating some private joke. “Right Colonel he says. I can’t see that the General here can advance with us though, begging the General’s pardon but given his age and the fact he is just supposed to be observing.”
I felt relief wash over me. Then like a fool I opened my mouth and fell into the trap I am sure Benjamin had intended to lay. “Blast my lame leg. I’d go with you anywhere Colonel, my position be damned.”
Roosevelt gave me a look of pity, and I thought, more the fool you if you believe this clap. I puffed out my chest and gave my best forlorn look. “Damn, damn, damn” I said. Just then Benjamin chimed in. “Of course Colonel if the officers all decided to ride and not walk up the hill, why then old Flashy here could come with us on one more foxhunt eh?”
“That’s a Bully idea Jefferson, just Bully. We can all ride straight at them and bullets be damned! What do you say General, want to show us how you did it at before. I am afraid that hill isn’t between no Fedyukhin and Causeway Heights, but it should serve eh?”
I looked over at Benjamin who was grinning openly at me. “After you General, I have your rear.” Aye and hadn’t he just.

From New York Tribune, July 4 1898

Our correspondent in Cuba reports that the American Forces have cleared the enemy out of commanding positions near the city of Santiago. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt commander of the ‘rough riders’ personally lead the charge that broke the Spanish line. General Wheeler the overall Cavalry commander has also mentioned the bravery of Jefferson Grant Benjamin, Captain in the rough riders and son of the late Judah P. Benjamin.
….Killed in the Engagement were Captain Buckley O’Neil…and in the 10th cavalry Lieutenant John J. Pershing.

From Parallel Lives a Due Biography of T.R. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, New Haven Press, 1988.

The victory of the McKinley and Roosevelt Ticket in the election of 1900 also brought to national prominence Jefferson Grant Benjamin. Like his father before him Benjamin had made himself indispensable to another great man. While Roosevelt chaffed under the ceremonial burden of being Vice President, it was Benjamin who became the first true professional chief of staff. When McKinley finished his term in 1904 there was little doubt that the machine Benjamin had build would capitalize on Roosevelt’s national popularity and put him in the White House. With Roosevelt would go Benjamin.
Perhaps Benjamin’s most valuable asset was his wife. Sarah Ellen Benjamin. Benjamin had married her when scarcely out of his teens and she had rapidly produced a veritable host of children. Philip Lee Benjamin would be profoundly shaped by his time in the White House and by his exposure to the President. Something that would no doubt lead him in time to his own appointment with destiny.
 
This TL starts with the idea that Judah Benjamin remains in the US. In our TL he took ship to England and became one of the most important figures in English law during the 1870s-1880. Here he remains and moves back up society after the war. He also has children he never had (Jefferson Grant Benjamin) and more importantly for this TL grandchildren who will radically reshape the 20th century.

Gemellus

You actually have things changing which have no relation to Judah Benjamin remaining in the U.S. For example, you mention the Cross photograph, which includes "Polk." Since the only Polk of any great fame during the war was Leonidas Polk, I have to assume this is who you mean. If so, something has happened in the timeline prior to the end of the war, because Leonidas Polk was killed in 1864 during the OTL Atlanta campaign.
 
You actually have things changing which have no relation to Judah Benjamin remaining in the U.S. For example, you mention the Cross photograph, which includes "Polk." Since the only Polk of any great fame during the war was Leonidas Polk, I have to assume this is who you mean. If so, something has happened in the timeline prior to the end of the war, because Leonidas Polk was killed in 1864 during the OTL Atlanta campaign.

While I would love to keep the old Bishop around it wasn't my intent. L Polk has always been a favorite of mine, one of those curious mixes of personalities that are seemingly more common in the 19th century.

I put a Polk in there as a nod to Leonidas, consider the Polk in the photo one of his 8 or so children.

Gemellus
 
How You Going to Keep them Down on the Farm?

Time Life “William Howard Taft” Lives of the President’s Series, Time Life Press, 1964

Taft’s victory in the election of 1912 and the Republican control of both houses of Congress meant that the progressive programs of Teddy Roosevelt would continue. The cases against the Trusts were pressed vigorously and the Staff surrounding the President was largely left over from Roosevelt’s former chief of Staff and now Secretary of War Jefferson Benjamin. Benjamin and Taft made an unlikely duo, yet each worked quite well with the other and Benjamin provided a valuable link to Roosevelt.
It is possible that without this link Roosevelt might well have tried to unseat Taft in the election of 1916, but with exception of the Pinchot affair Benjamin was able to keep any private animosity between to men from becoming public.

Joseph Keegan’s “A Short History of the First World War” Oxford Press, 1998

The American participation in the war began well before the final collapse of Imperial Russia. The American War trade was critical to the Allies ultimate success. By the spring of 1916 thousands of trucks, planes, cannon and even small warships had been shipped to Europe. The American Secretary of War had ‘mobilized’ several divisions, only to sell off as surplus their guns and equipment, at a profit, almost before the Sammies had time to use them. Taft’s program of ‘prepardness’ saw and expansion of the American Army and Navy and the deployment of many of the latest French and British Weapons, now made under license in America.
By the time the of the Titanic Note of 1917 America had one of the largest armies in the world, modern and well equipped if not trained to the standards of the Europeans. When war came America could move more than 10 Divisions to Europe and Siberia. These troops were desperately needed not to physically stop the German Offensives, the British and French had borne the brunt of the final German gamble and survived. Rather it was the incalculable boost to morale the Americans provided. By the time the offensives of 1918 began the American Army held almost ¼ of the entire Western Front and before the close of the war this percentage had risen to slightly over 1/3. It was the birth of a new world power.

Citation for Bravery in support of the Application for the Congressional Medal of Honor, Issued to Philip Lee Benjamin, Approved by Congress April 14, 1919.

At or about 0200 hours on May 28, 1918 Major Philip Lee Benjamin, leading elements of the 369th Infantry Regiment of the 93rd Division attacked the German lines during the Battle of the Argonne Forest. The 369th had been deployed in support of an assault against the French village of Baulny. After a spirited engagement the Regimental commander, Thomas Ryan was killed and Major Benjamin assumed command. Leading his men forward they captured the objective and secured positions flanking positions to protect the town. Major Benjamin was wounded, once in the right thigh and once in the shoulder from shrapnel, yet he remained at his post an in command of the regiment.

Shortly after dawn on the following day elements of the 5th Guards Division counterattacked and attempted to push the regiment out of their hard won positions. With complete disregard for his own personal safety Major Benjamin moved along the line with a flying squad smothering any possible breakthrough. Finally on noon of the 30th the Germans made their final effort to retake the town. With ammunition low and fire slackening Major Philip ordered elements of the 129th Field Artillery to bring their guns forward and fire point blank into the advancing Germans. The maneuver met with great success and the final German attacks were repulsed.

The Jazz Age, Martin Neely, SUNY Press, 1977.

It was an inevitable reaction to decades of Republican rule that the Democratic Party or some alterative would displace the old leadership. The portly Taft seemed a relic of another age. The emerging America of the 1920s was far different than the Republican image. It was younger, freer, wilder and above all more diverse. Millions of Americans had traveled oversees in Funston’s AEF. They had seen ‘decadent’ Europe and gay Paree. Far from being shocked, many embraced the alternatives being offered.
For many Americans the war itself was a ‘republican mistake’. The investigations into war profiteering, the endless books on the merchants of death all soured the people towards the status quo. In 1920 the Republicans were out. Not only was Hughs defeated but Congress passed into solidly Democratic hands for the first time in a generation. There were occasional bright spots for the Republicans, like the election of Philip Benjamin as Governor of Louisiana, but the 10 socialist Congressmen spoke louder for change than did one rising Republican star.
The Age of Jazz had begun. Credit was loose. Cars were fast. Women were both and the sky was the limit.
 
Every Man a King

From the Ken Burns Documentary – Louisiana, New Jerusalem

Transcript (Robert Ryan - aid to Senator Thomas Benjamin – Brother of Governor Philip Benjamin)

“What most people don’t remember was just what a mess Louisiana was in before the Benjamins took over. You had all sorts of polititicans, four different political parties, corruption, it was a complete mess.”

(Interviewer) – But they weren’t national parties right?

“What the hell did that matter? Benjamin needed at least two of them to hold office, at least at the beginning. The Republicans gave him the black vote and the Fusionist gave him enough of the white vote to take over Baton Rouge and the mansion.

Eventually he was able to isolate Long and his segregationist, but it was hell of a struggle. Bejnamin really needed the Jewish vote in the Big Easy. Fortunately they had been coming to the city for a long time by now. Course this was all before the mess down in PR. The China Flu had already hit but….”

(Interviewer) – So how did Benjamin change Louisiana?

“Better question would be how didn’t he? First he had a real stick up his…butt… about corruption. He went thru the state government like a buzz saw. Of course it helped that most of those on the state teet were Long’s boys or Democrats. Long didn’t let a dime of the oil money go into their pockets.”

(Interviewer) – But some found its way to the Benjamins


“I expect.” Ryan takes a drink of water “Course not directly. But you see by this time there were a lot of Benjamins around. Of course my boss was in the Senate, but there were a couple in the Congress and more than a few in the State House.”

“I tell you there was some pretty ugly talk coming from some quarters then. Mostly about how the Jews were taken over, or how it was all one big conspiracy with the Rockefellers…trash talk mostly.”

“But Philip was so damn honest it was hard to throw sticks at him. He ran the state like a well oiled machine. A machine that the Exemption Bill made sure got plenty of oil!”


Center for Disease Control, Historical Section, Report on China Flu, Published 2009

The difficulty of comparing the current N1M1 outbreak of Gibbon Flu with the Pan epidemic of 1918-1921 was exacerbated by the lack of viable samples for the China Flu. The areas hit hardest by the China Flu were tropical. This meant that survival of tissue samples was unlikely given climate conditions. It wasn’t until the discovery of various samples gathered by the US Army during the Cuban Relief expedition that genetic tests could be made.

It turned out that there were genetic similarities between N1M1 and the China Flu. The primary difference however turned out to be the viability of animal reservoirs. CF had a ready made reserve in the particular breed of swine raised in the Caribbean. This meant the ricochet effect was particular pronounced in the islands. Not until the gradual displacement of the ‘Spanish’ pig with the ‘Carolina’ variant, did the disease abate and the crises pass.
 
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Gee I guess I should have gone for a straight TL rather than try to write this more as a story. I haven't heard from anyone about this in a while, should I continue?

Gemellus
 
Gee I guess I should have gone for a straight TL rather than try to write this more as a story. I haven't heard from anyone about this in a while, should I continue?

Gemellus

From Flashman on the Hill, George McDonald Fraiser, Published 1987

I knew I was quite done for when I saw that peculiar look come over Colonel Roosevelt’s face. I had seen that queer grin dozens of times before, usually before some truly brilliant bit of insanity and always involving the possible loss of life and limb to yours truly. I suppose it was the fact that O’Neil had been killed that decided it all. Now any sane man would have seen Kettle Hill, looked at the Spanish line and decided that staying huddled down here was a perfectly wonderful idea. But not that mad New Yorker.
“We shall charge up that Hill” he said
I could feel my insides turning to jelly. I looked around at his junior officers hoping they at least could see the madness. But instead of calling for the caretakers of bedlam to lead off this lunatic they all began to nod eagerly. I blame such folly on a Christian upbringing, but for once there was a member of the Hebrew tribe here and I looked over at Benjamin for some wisdom.
He gave me the coldest of stares and for a moment I thought he just might be the one to finally see through me and call me out for the coward that I was. Not that at that moment I could have given a fart in a bottle for the accusation. Anything that got me out of this madness, even disgrace seemed acceptable.
But instead Benjamin just grinned, as if in appreciating some private joke. “Right Colonel he says. I can’t see that the General here can advance with us though, begging the General’s pardon but given his age and the fact he is just supposed to be observing.”
I felt relief wash over me. Then like a fool I opened my mouth and fell into the trap I am sure Benjamin had intended to lay. “Blast my lame leg. I’d go with you anywhere Colonel, my position be damned.”
Roosevelt gave me a look of pity, and I thought, more the fool you if you believe this clap. I puffed out my chest and gave my best forlorn look. “Damn, damn, damn” I said. Just then Benjamin chimed in. “Of course Colonel if the officers all decided to ride and not walk up the hill, why then old Flashy here could come with us on one more foxhunt eh?”
“That’s a Bully idea Jefferson, just Bully. We can all ride straight at them and bullets be damned! What do you say General, want to show us how you did it at before. I am afraid that hill isn’t between no Fedyukhin and Causeway Heights, but it should serve eh?”
I looked over at Benjamin who was grinning openly at me. “After you General, I have your rear.” Aye and hadn’t he just.

From New York Tribune, July 4 1898

Our correspondent in Cuba reports that the American Forces have cleared the enemy out of commanding positions near the city of Santiago. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt commander of the ‘rough riders’ personally lead the charge that broke the Spanish line. General Wheeler the overall Cavalry commander has also mentioned the bravery of Jefferson Grant Benjamin, Captain in the rough riders and son of the late Judah P. Benjamin.
….Killed in the Engagement were Captain Buckley O’Neil…and in the 10th cavalry Lieutenant John J. Pershing.

From Parallel Lives a Due Biography of T.R. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, New Haven Press, 1988..[/FONT][/SIZE]

I think the second quote answers the first. I'm very intrigued by all this.
 
The Bay of Pigs

New Orleans and Tulane, A History of the City and a University – John Marquette, Tulane University Press, 1965

New Orleans was one of the best governed American cities in the 1930s. The Thomas Sosland, brother-in-law to Martin Benjamin, was elected mayor in 1930 and held the office for 16 years. During that time the city underwent a great many fundamental changes. Sosland’s connections with Benjamins meant that New Orleans was well funded in public work projects from both Federal and State coffers. The massive influx of refugees beginning in 1935, while at first straining the city, soon rebounded to its favor. An estimated 100,000 German Jews made their new home in New Orleans, second only to the PR settlements. Many of these refugees were doctors, lawyers and scholars in their former homeland. Ironically soon the German Quarter in New Orleans threatened to surpass the French Quarter in defining the Big Easy.
Tulane also benefited from the influx. In particular the mathematics’ department world renown for its talent. Lead by Georg Pick and later Stanislaw Ruziewicz the University was soon in a league with East Coast Universities.

The Resettlement, Revision and Vision. Martin Sales, Bridgeport Connecticut, Private Publication 1988.


Of course there is no way of settling just how far Hitler would have gone in his war against the Jews, had they remained in Germany. The race laws of Nuremburg pointed to a clearly secondary legal status for the Jews, yet it did not completely strip them of all basic human rights. While the Nazi’s were quick to use the specter of World Jewry as a boogieman to unite Germany, it is hard to see how much farther the Nazi’s were prepared to go.
Some have suggested that the Germans might have established Slavic camps, like those that held the unfortunate Soviet POWs. Indeed during the Russian campaign the Germans did devote some significant effort to rounding up Jews and placing them in displacement camps. Here death was a common event and thousands of Jews met their undeserving fate. Yet it can’t compare to the near systematic criminal negligence that the Slavs suffered. If the Germans had come to an earlier decision of what to do about Jews, than certainly more would have perished.
Indeed there were signs in late 1943 and early 1944 that the Germans were contemplating more drastic measures. Surviving records from the war indicate that the Germans had a conference at Wannsee in March of 1943. Several important Nazi functionaries were present and discussions were begun to take a more systematic and drastic approach to what they called ‘the Jewish Question’. Some, lead by a faction under a junior officer named Eichmann, proposed some expansion of the protocals used against mental patients. But Albert Speer’s representative at the conference quickly squashed such an approach. Joachim Fest made it categorically clear that war production could not be subverted by allocation of resources to such a program.
Another potential turning point could have been the Army’s coup. Perhaps Fuhrer Heydrich had survived the bomb plot of July 1944 he could have consolidated power and backed his former assistant. As it was the Nazi leadership was badly destabilized by Hitler’s and Heydrich’s assassinations…..


Islands of Refuge, Islands of Struggle, subtitled “Three years on a Sugar Kabbutz” Jonathan Korman, St Martin’s Press 1998


Life was never easy on the Kabbutz. The Cubans and us had a difficult relationship. They resented us for being on ‘their’ island and we resented how we had no rights under ‘their’ government. It was, I suppose, bound to boil over and one day it did. My sister Laura and her friend Julia were walking back from the company store when they was stopped by a gang of militia. Things got ugly pretty fast and the militia pulled the two girls into a nearby cane field. Fortunately Laura managed to escape and ran back to the settlement. When she told us what happened the settlement guard set off to rescue Laura’s friend. We found her just after sunset, raped and beaten, lying in a ditch. All I could think of was that it could have been my sister. The other men must have been thinking about their women too because when we found a militia patrol tempers were pretty hot.
I couldn’t tell you who fired the first shot. Maybe it was one of us, maybe it was one of them. All I know is that soon everyone was shooting. One of the men from the farm screamed at the CKs (see glossary under Yiddish term - Chai Kock) that he hadn’t killed enough Chazzerai in the War and that they would do nicely. It was pretty messy. I guess that was the start of the revolution right there. By the next day the whole South side of the island was in arms. The CKs tried to send some troops down, but they really were second raters. We had lots of arms, smuggled in from the PR, some of those shmucks didn’t even have guns. We really didn’t fight our way up to Havana, we just marched.


West Point Teaching Notes, Unit Four – Western Hemisphere – Cuban Revolution (Political and Social Overview)

Little can be learned from the Cuban-Spanish defense of Havana except perhaps how not to defend a city. The Cuban-Spanish forces were poorly organized and ill equipped. Many of their officers had inflated their ranks with fictitious soldiers, simply pocketing the money for them. When in 1953 the Jewish Revolt began the CS desperately needed those soldiers and the weapons those same officers had sold on the black market. There were occasional stands by CS troops, but rarely. One remarkable exception was the spirited defense of the Bay of Pigs. An ad hoc militia under then 30 year old Captain Castro stopped the Jewish advance cold. He bought significant time for the Cuban leadership to escape and for thousands of Spanish Cubans to flee.
The Jewish-Cuban troops on the other had displayed remarkable élan. Many were veterans of the American army and were quite cool under fire. Arms flowed in via the American settlements on Puerto Rico, in the face of lackluster American attempts to remain neutral. By April of 53 Havana was in JC hands and the shattered CS were in full retreat. Thousands flocked to American base on the Island of Pines. Many eventually would make their way to the American mainland in one of the largest resettlements in the Western Hemisphere.
 
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