Summary: With things settled on the internal lines and a strong vassal ruling Normandy and surroundings to keep the King of France occupied it is time to shift attention further to the east.
The Saxon question 1072-1106
Since ancient times the border between the Danes and the tribes to the south had been the river Eider and the forests and swamps at this place. Hardeknud’s forefathers as Kings of Denmark had in several tempi built a line of fortifications, but now the serious question was, if just maintaining a defence at the Eider was the proper ambition for a Kingdom of Hardeknud’s magnitude. Charlesmagne’s awesome Empire had been divided into three after his death, and the eastern and closest part had until 1024 been ruled by the Saxon Ottonian dynasty as both Kings of Germany and Emperors of the Holy German-Roman Empire. In 1024 the line died out and the pressure from the south appeared to remove a little further away, at least it made it much more practicable to keep attention to North sea matters.
With things settled around the North sea northern Germany and Saxony suddenly appeared more a treat than a threat. Duke Magnus of Saxony had been a good ally against Archbishop Adalberth of Bremen, who he hated, and had also been in repeated conflicts, including armed ones, with Emperor Henry IV. Magnus even through his mother was of Norwegian royal blood. Hardeknud had avoided open conflict with the Emperor, but had more open than covertly supported Magnus, and in 1076 had facilitated Magnus’ release from yet another Imperial captivity.
After that Magnus had supported Rudolf of Swabia’s rebellion against Henry IV, but was defeated at the battle of Mellrichstadt in August 1078. At the following negotiations Hardeknud cleverly introduced himself, with Papal support, as mediator. Pope Gregory VII and Henry had a very strained relationship over who should have the upper hand in churchly appointments (Investiture Controversy), and never were close to the informal understanding between Hardeknud and the Papacy about the later having the formal superiority in appointing as long as they didn’t appoint anybody Hardeknud wouldn’t want.
So Hardeknud could, to the disgust of all of Henry’s court, and much of the Pope’s too, play the pious supporter of Papal privileges while being annoyingly patronizing towards Henry. The final blow to Henry’s self-esteem came however when Hardeknud could announce, that the Pope had granted him a Holy Cross Banner for crusading whatever heathens could be found in and around Saxony. That this cold eyed ugly barbarian, whose ancestors had been heathens a few generations back, now should carry the cross banner in the Emperor’s own back yard simply was too much! But nothing could be done, the Saxons were openly pleased about the Emperors expulsion and Hardeknud no doubt had a superior military force anywhere accessible from the sea. But at least Henry was given a free hand to crush Rudolf’s rebellion.
Rudolf was killed in 1081, but Gregory and his followers did not stop their constant attempts to undermine imperial power. One thing was stubbornly insisting on papal privileges in investiture, but probably more important was, that in Germany there always was a disgruntled prince to let loose in rebellion. England and Scandinavia surely had their disgruntled noblemen too, but the close proximity of any major town or city to sea routes made it too easy for the King to strike fast before any rebels could grow strong, and on top of that the hearts and minds of northerners was too strange and unknown for the Curia to fully utilise.
So while the Curia had no trouble seeing the negative potential in the de facto limitations in the enforcements of its will in the northern outskirts of the world, it was also obvious that nothing could be done about it now, and focus would be much better utilised vs. the Emperor – dealing with civilised people after all was much easier – and some day true civilisation would also reach those cold windy areas up north. Anyway the North Sea Kingdom was a quite handy ally vs. the Emperor, and participation from the north in the occasional crusades was highly treasured too.
Hardeknud died in 1083 after a hunting accident. Even at this matured age he still loved to hunt wild boars with spear, but one cool sunny day in October 1083 his horse threw him off and a wounded Keiler (big male boar) had attacked the King, bleeding to death inside an hour. He was mourned all over the Kingdom, but it was never questioned that it was his oldest son Knud (born 1047) who should take over. In the later years it had often been Knud who led Royal tours around the provinces and showing a remarkable talent to gain popularity and respect among the middle class of landowning peasants. In this and many other aspects he was much like the young Royal Earl of Jutland Erik, who had been appointed in 1084, succeeding his father (Svend Estridssen) and three older brothers. Many free men in the Kingdom saw it as a good sign, that Hardeknud's and Svend's sons appeared to continue their fathers friendship and loyalty.
But anyway Hardeknud, and from 1083 Knud, could act as very the active “brothers of the Saxons” in their eternal fights with various Slavic tribes. In general both Hardeknud and Knud were popular when showing up in Saxony – usually seen in Royal strength and splendour on the way to thrash some Slavs, and more than often being helpful with grants and loans in exchange of lands. Some Saxons saw with concern on the King from the north becoming the major landowner of Saxony, but as others would often ask them: “Would you prefer the Emperor pillaging as before? This one at least pays – even generously – and it is not Saxon blood that is on his sword!”.
Then in 1106 died Magnus leaving no children. Not many held their breath over who should inherit the Duchy of Saxony, who else than Knud? He of course wasn’t born in Saxony, but the tongue and culture of Saxony wasn’t that different from what was spoken and thought in the areas Knud already ruled. Saxon merchants also each year went to towns and marketplaces in the Baltic and North sea area, and Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and English merchants came to Saxony.
To be continued on sunday, when the true story of how the Kingdom got its flag will be revealed
Regards
Steffen Redbeard