King Theodore's Corsica

You mentioned madras in British goals but to my knowledge you haven't mentioned it in the text at all only you commented some weeks ago that irl madras was super unlikely and so you weren't going to have the French seize it.

If I missed that part my bad but I was under the impression that Britain has only gains abroad, certainly if Gibraltar still stands also they seem to be in a strong position. (because no one yet knows how weak the Dutch are apart from Britain)
 
You mentioned madras in British goals but to my knowledge you haven't mentioned it in the text at all only you commented some weeks ago that irl madras was super unlikely and so you weren't going to have the French seize it.

If I missed that part my bad but I was under the impression that Britain has only gains abroad, certainly if Gibraltar still stands also they seem to be in a strong position. (because no one yet knows how weak the Dutch are apart from Britain)

It was schrodinger's madras last we heard, i.e, it wasn't mentioned whether the french had took it or not because Carp hadn't decided yet. Looks like now he has.
 
You mentioned madras in British goals but to my knowledge you haven't mentioned it in the text at all only you commented some weeks ago that irl madras was super unlikely and so you weren't going to have the French seize it.

I said that Madras staying French after the war was incredibly unlikely, which remains true - they won't keep it. Whether they were able to take it in the first place was something I was undecided on. Ultimately, it probably doesn't matter - my decision was that (spoiler alert) I wanted the French to ultimately retain Cape Breton Island and not be totally crippled in the Americas (yet), and having Madras be a French bargaining chip seemed to make that outcome more credible. It's certainly plausible, however, that CBI could still make its way back to France even without Madras.

If I missed that part my bad but I was under the impression that Britain has only gains abroad, certainly if Gibraltar still stands also they seem to be in a strong position. (because no one yet knows how weak the Dutch are apart from Britain)

Madras is the only instance of a British loss abroad; everywhere else they are wrecking the French. IIRC, around this time Newcastle boasted to King George that there were more French ships in British ports than in French ports. The French had started resorting to crewing their remaining ships with soldiers (that is, not sailors) which is always a bad sign. While the British might be pushing for the capture of Toulon, they don't actually need it to assert naval supremacy at this point - it's theirs. Spain hasn't even tried to make a move on Gibraltar or Minorca, and they'd get thrashed if they did.

While it's true that only Britain knows the true extent of Dutch weakness by early 1748, everyone will know as soon as the campaign season starts and Maurice finds that the vaunted Dutch army hardly exists at all. Thus, the British have a strong incentive to end the war while everyone still thinks their position in the Netherlands is relatively strong.
 
Fair enough, my suggestion is to add a line somewhere in the story about what occurred in India since I think all the other battles and captures were mentioned. Outside of the goal section it isn't even mentioned in the considerations for peace (that the French can use it as a bargaining chip )
 
Ultimately, it probably doesn't matter - my decision was that (spoiler alert) I wanted the French to ultimately retain Cape Breton Island and not be totally crippled in the Americas (yet), and having Madras be a French bargaining chip seemed to make that outcome more credible. It's certainly plausible, however, that CBI could still make its way back to France even without Madras.
For what else? If Britain holds both, and the Allies have a better position on the continent, what's France going to offer to get CPI back? Caribbean islands?
 
Fair enough, my suggestion is to add a line somewhere in the story about what occurred in India since I think all the other battles and captures were mentioned. Outside of the goal section it isn't even mentioned in the considerations for peace (that the French can use it as a bargaining chip )

Understood. I'll reread the last update and see if I can't make that clearer.

For what else? If Britain holds both, and the Allies have a better position on the continent, what's France going to offer to get CPI back? Caribbean islands?

The French threat was that if CBI was not returned, France would not return the Austrian Netherlands. In other words, there would be no peace. So unless the British are absolutely willing to fight the war to the bitter end, regardless of their own allies collapsing or simply dropping out, shunning all talk of compromise and hanging on until France actually collapses - for however many years that might be - they pretty much have to yield CBI. The British were willing to go to the mat like that in the Napoleonic Wars, but this is the 1740s, not the 1800s. There are no ideological stakes here, and the European balance of power is not threatened (Austria, after all, has been preserved).

Madras is just a sweetener. It allows the British to say "yeah, we had to give up CBI but at least we got something of ours back." Insofar as that makes yielding CBI more palatable, it will make the path to peace easier, and thus shorten the war. But Madras was not really exchanged for CBI; giving CBI back was the price for ending the war at all, because France refused to make peace without it. The idea that Madras was swapped for CBI is mere diplomatic sleight of hand, a formulation to make things seem "fair." Madras was nowhere near as important to anybody as CBI was.
 
All of the separate parallel secret peace negotiations with everyone having ulterior motives just reminds me so much of Diplomacy, more than WW I even which is what the game is based on. Anyone up for a game of The War of Austrian Succession Diplomacy? I'd be happy to GM: https://www.vdiplomacy.com/variants.php?variantID=117

Why is the Dutch army in such poor shape IOTL and ITTL without it being widespread knowledge? Just economic rot?
 
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Understood. I'll reread the last update and see if I can't make that clearer.



The French threat was that if CBI was not returned, France would not return the Austrian Netherlands. In other words, there would be no peace. So unless the British are absolutely willing to fight the war to the bitter end, regardless of their own allies collapsing or simply dropping out, shunning all talk of compromise and hanging on until France actually collapses - for however many years that might be - they pretty much have to yield CBI. The British were willing to go to the mat like that in the Napoleonic Wars, but this is the 1740s, not the 1800s. There are no ideological stakes here, and the European balance of power is not threatened (Austria, after all, has been preserved).

Madras is just a sweetener. It allows the British to say "yeah, we had to give up CBI but at least we got something of ours back." Insofar as that makes yielding CBI more palatable, it will make the path to peace easier, and thus shorten the war. But Madras was not really exchanged for CBI; giving CBI back was the price for ending the war at all, because France refused to make peace without it. The idea that Madras was swapped for CBI is mere diplomatic sleight of hand, a formulation to make things seem "fair." Madras was nowhere near as important to anybody as CBI was.

Yeah, but ITTL the Allies have an army sitting in Provence.
 
Why is the Dutch army in such poor shape IOTL and ITTL without it being widespread knowledge? Just economic rot?

This is not my field of expertise, so I will just say that my impression is that the Dutch problem is a combination of poor finances and neglect of the army by the political establishment. The Dutch army performed very poorly throughout the entire WotAS, and by 1748 the state - already heavily burdened with debt - simply did not have the money to maintain the troop levels that they had promised Britain in the previous year. Thus, a very large gap has opened between the Dutch army on paper - both qualitatively and quantitatively - and the Dutch army in reality. The qualitative difference is now widely known, given that Maurice de Saxe has been beating the stuffing out of them for years, but the quantitative difference is at the moment a little-known fact which the Dutch have sheepishly admitted to the British in the hopes of getting another million pounds or so from London.

Yeah, but ITTL the Allies have an army sitting in Provence.

The situations in Provence and the Netherlands aren't really analogous. The French held the Austrian Netherlands with 200,000 men in 1746, at a time when Browne's "invasion" was being made with scarcely 50,000. The numbers have fluctuated since then but the difference remains stark. Conti outnumbers Browne and has pushed him back from Toulon; meanwhile, Maurice de Saxe still has comparable numbers to the allies in the Netherlands even after having a lot of men taken from him for the Provence theater, and will probably outnumber them in the coming year given the difficulties of the Dutch. The chances are thus reasonably high that France will, given time, eventually drive out the intruder from Provence. Meanwhile, the odds that the British and Dutch will expel Maurice de Saxe from the Austrian Netherlands by force of arms are approximately zero. Provence is not a "safe" bargaining chip for Britain to be directly compared to the Austrian Netherlands, particularly given the declining will and resources of her allies, and it makes sense to try and make peace now given that their negotiating position seems unlikely to improve.

The question for France is whether they will be better off with another season of campaigning. They're still the strongest and thus likely to make gains, especially in Provence and possibly in the Netherlands. But because their war goals are limited - Louis doesn't want any new territory - a victorious campaign season may not actually get them anything. If they can get their "must-have" goals accomplished now - specifically, the return of CBI and something (anything, really) for Don Felipe - then what will another year of bloodshed and destitution gain them, even if they are technically the victors?
 
The situations in Provence and the Netherlands aren't really analogous. The French held the Austrian Netherlands with 200,000 men in 1746, at a time when Browne's "invasion" was being made with scarcely 50,000. The numbers have fluctuated since then but the difference remains stark. Conti outnumbers Browne and has pushed him back from Toulon; meanwhile, Maurice de Saxe still has comparable numbers to the allies in the Netherlands even after having a lot of men taken from him for the Provence theater, and will probably outnumber them in the coming year given the difficulties of the Dutch. The chances are thus reasonably high that France will, given time, eventually drive out the intruder from Provence. Meanwhile, the odds that the British and Dutch will expel Maurice de Saxe from the Austrian Netherlands by force of arms are approximately zero. Provence is not a "safe" bargaining chip for Britain to be directly compared to the Austrian Netherlands, particularly given the declining will and resources of her allies, and it makes sense to try and make peace now given that their negotiating position seems unlikely to improve.

The question for France is whether they will be better off with another season of campaigning. They're still the strongest and thus likely to make gains, especially in Provence and possibly in the Netherlands. But because their war goals are limited - Louis doesn't want any new territory - a victorious campaign season may not actually get them anything. If they can get their "must-have" goals accomplished now - specifically, the return of CBI and something (anything, really) for Don Felipe - then what will another year of bloodshed and destitution gain them, even if they are technically the victors?

Fine, this makes sense.
 
Princes and Emissaries
Princes and Emissaries


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Marquis Luigi Giafferi, Ambassador Extraordinary to the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle


Although the Kingdom of Corsica had not been invited to the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the Corsicans did not intend to be absent. King Theodore was determined that he should be present, if only through a representative (as his ministers voiced their united objection to the king himself traveling to Aix-la-Chapelle). Several names were floated to lead this mission, but in the end Theodore settled upon Marquis Luigi Giafferi, his prime minister and the most distinguished Corsican revolutionary leader.

Certainly there were men with more vigor. Giafferi was 79 years old, and for some years had occupied a position in the government which was mainly advisory despite the lofty title of “prime minister.” Some doubted whether he could make the journey at all. Yet the old man’s mind was still clear, and he was eager to perform one last duty for his country. There was a certain attractive symmetry to one of the men who had begun the Revolution in earnest being present at its (presumed) ending, but Theodore’s reasons for the selection were not aesthetic. In the first place, Giafferi was almost universally respected and thus an uncontroversial choice; nobody could reasonably be offended that he was chosen over them. More importantly, Theodore felt that Giafferi was the emissary most likely to be seen as credible by the Bourbons. The marquis had been a member of Campredon’s pro-French party prior to Theodore’s arrival on Corsica, and he had served for several years as a colonel in Naples following the Franco-Austrian invasion. Nobody could accuse him of being a British stooge. Despite the crucial help he had received from London in the past few years and the fact that British soldiers still held Calvi and San Fiorenzo, Theodore’s policy was now to distance himself from Britain as rapidly as possible to assuage French fears about the “malcontents” being British proxies.

It was for this reason that Theodore did not reach out to the British to gain a ticket to Aix-la-Chapelle; to appear as part of the British delegation would send a very undesirable message to Versailles as to where Corsica’s allegiance really lay. Instead Theodore turned to the Austrians, who at the moment appeared to be the most pro-Corsican of the major powers. Theodore, however, was not content to merely write a letter; this was a matter of the utmost importance and delicacy, and he had no trustworthy and capable agent to deal with the Austrians at the moment. At the moment he no longer even had a man in Turin, as Domenico Rivarola, his emissary there, had died in early 1747. Theodore thus announced to the council that he would be traveling incognito to Italy to hold discussions with imperial agents. This was not well-received, but Theodore argued that the risk was no greater than the reward; if Corsica was to be free, the nationals could not miss this opportunity. Some suspected, however, that Theodore had a separate reason to visit Italy, which involved the mission of his foreign minister Erasmo Orticoni to find Corsica a queen.

Since Orticoni had left for Rome that spring, he had been making inquiries into possible brides for the King of Corsica. By going to Rome he was starting with what he knew: he had served as Theodore’s emissary to Rome in past years (and had dodged at least one assassination attempt in the process) and had more contacts there than anywhere else. It was not the worst place to be bride-shopping, for while the Roman princes were not sovereign they had considerable wealth and influence, and given Theodore’s rather strained relationship with Pope Benedict XIV some influence in Rome would be helpful. Orticoni, however, found that most of these princes would not even give him the time of day. The Romans still considered Theodore to be more of an adventurer than a true monarch, and despised the poverty of the man and his kingdom. The Roman aristocracy even had a derisive name for him - il re dell'alloro, “the Laurel King,” in reference to the story that he had been crowned with a laurel wreath because he could not afford a crown.[1] It did not help that Genoa maintained a strong diplomatic and intelligence presence in Rome, and their agents continually sought to thwart Orticoni and turn the opinion of the Curia and the aristocracy against him.

Yet the most basic problem was the fault of nobody but the Corsicans themselves: Orticoni simply wasn’t an appropriate man for the job. Most sovereigns approached marriage proposals by sending high-ranking emissaries - often members of their own royal family - who could negotiate on behalf of their monarch. The Diet had not apprehended this and had chosen Orticoni because he was perceived as capable, articulate, and experienced in diplomacy. He was, after all, the foreign minister, and what was this mission if not foreign affairs? Yet Orticoni was a mere priest; he was not even a noble, let alone a member of the royal house, and in this instance it was debatable whether he even had the king’s support.

Theodore had regretted allowing Orticoni to go almost immediately after his departure, and only allowed him to remain because to recall him would have been impolitic. Certainly he would not fund Orticoni’s venture, and by mid-summer - Orticoni had by then returned to Rome - the priest was running out of money. Discouraged, Orticoni penned a letter to the king which was mainly a long list of complaints about his difficult situation, his lack of means, and the poor treatment he had received at the hands of the aristocracy. So as to not make himself look entirely incapable, however, he added that he had some hopes of gaining an audience with Orazio Albani, the Prince of Soriano, who was engaged to Maria Anna Matilde Cybo-Malaspina, a princess of Massa-Carrara. This had piqued Orticoni’s interest because Maria Anna had a younger sister who was as yet unmarried. Actually Orticoni had already tried to gain such an audience and had been rebuffed, but his letter suggested that he was on the verge of a breakthrough.

The family of Cybo-Malaspina was a sovereign house which ruled the Duchy of Massa and the Principality of Carrara, a tiny state on the Italian coast wedged between the territories of Genoa, Lucca, and Modena. Although sovereign, the princes of Cybo-Malaspina were the lowliest of sovereigns, frequently intermarrying with noble Italian houses. The house had recently expired in the male line (1731), but as the principality’s laws of succession permitted female rule the state had passed to the eldest of three daughters, Maria Theresa. She was married to Ercole Rinaldo d’Este in 1741, the heir to the Duchy of Modena, in an effort by the Modenese to connect their landlocked duchy to the sea. The second daughter was engaged to the Prince of Soriano, as mentioned. The third, the nineteen year old Maria Camilla, was as yet unclaimed.


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Maria Theresa Cybo-Malaspina, Ruling Princess of Massa-Carrara


Orticoni had posed no threat to Theodore as long as he continued to fail. Yet if he was actually making progress then something had to be done, for the king suspected that Orticoni did not really have his own interests at heart. It was not that Orticoni was disloyal, exactly, but the canon had always possessed an independent streak and Theodore suspected he was in contact with the Diet and the faction within his ministry which favored a royal marriage. The king now determined to take control of the situation. Whether he actually had any interest in Maria Camilla is unclear, but at the very least the matter would not be left in the hands of his foreign minister.[2] Thus in September the king sent his “nephew” Matthias von Drost to join (and supercede) Orticoni. Drost was not an experienced diplomat, but as the king’s relative he was a more socially appropriate envoy for a royal marriage proposal. He was also the only relation available, with Johann Friedrich von Neuhoff zu Rauschenberg campaigning in the south and Friedrich Wilhelm von Neuhoff zu Pungelscheid in Provence with the expeditionary force.

To make him more credible in this role, Theodore decided to confer new titles upon Drost and his fellow Neuhoff cousins. Despite awarding the titles of nobility to his most prominent Corsican supporters, Theodore had never granted such titles to Drost, Pungelscheid, or Rauschenburg. It had not been necessary on Corsica, where the fact of being the king’s relative was much more consequential than whether a man’s title happened to be “baron,” “count,” or “marquis,” but if Drost was to be Theodore’s dynastic emissary in Italy he needed a rank worthy of it, and if Drost was to be elevated Theodore knew he would have to do the same for the other cousins. Accordingly, in what is usually known as the “Family Edict” of 1747, Drost was named Prince of Porto Vecchio, Rauschenburg the Prince of Morosaglia, and Pungelscheid the Prince of Capraia. They were essentially “victory titles,” recalling the places where the various princes had been instrumental in the rebellion’s success, but they conveyed no particular authority in those locales.[3][4]

Thusly endowed, the Prince of Porto Vecchio arrived in Rome in early September, and between his greater stature and Theodore’s connections the mission actually began to move ahead. A meeting was arranged between Orticoni, Porto Vecchio, and Orazio Albani’s uncle Cardinal Alessandro Albani, who had played a role in negotiating his nephew’s marriage. Cardinal Albani was something of an outlier within the Curia; while most of the Roman princes and clergy were pro-Bourbon and pro-Stuart in their sympathies, Albani was favored the Habsburgs and Hanoverians. With Vienna’s favor he had been named Cardinal-Protector of the Empire and Papal nuncio to Vienna, and he was a frequent correspondent with both Horace Mann, the British minister in Florence, and Baron Philipp von Stosch, a German antiquarian who was secretly a Hanoverian spy informing on the Pretender’s court in Rome. Stosch was an old friend of Theodore who had known him when he was in Rome.[5] Cardinal Albani did not know Theodore personally, but he was generally aware of the king’s “alliance” with London and Vienna, and with Theodore pulling some strings with mutual friends it proved no problem to obtain some necessary letters of introduction from the cardinal.

With these letters in hand, Porto Vecchio and Orticoni moved on to Massa. Although Princess Maria Theresa Cybo-Malaspina ruled the territory, the key figure as far as the Corsican mission was concerned was her formidable mother Ricciardia Gonzaga, daughter of the last Gonzaga Count of Novellara. Ricciardia had served as the regent of Massa-Carrara between her husband’s death and the majority of Maria Theresa (from 1731 to 1744) and played the role of matchmaker for her daughters. Despite having lived through the death of both her husband’s house and her own (in the male line, at least), she still took a very active interest in the future of her family and had steered her eldest two daughters into marriages which would secure their influence and importance in Italy. The union of Massa-Carrara and Modena would be of great economic value to the former, as there were plans to build a road link over the mountains and make Massa into a seaport for the whole united duchy, and the upcoming marriage to the Prince of Soriano would expand the house’s diplomatic links as well as marrying into the considerable financial resources of the Albani.

If Orticoni’s report is to be believed, Ricciardia was not wholly dismissive of the idea of a Corsican marriage. The idea of royal status appealed to her; certainly there was no other plausible way her immediate family would ascend to royalty. But she was wary of jumping the gun and making any engagement before Corsica’s independence was actually recognized, and there were two further obstacles. The first was that because Massa-Carrara was a small and economically dependent neighbor of Genoa, Ricciardia could not completely ignore the attitude of the Republic towards her dynastic policy. Marrying her daughter to Genoa’s archenemy might have undesirable consequences. The second problem was the age and character of Theodore himself, for Ricciardia had learned to be wary of dissipated men. The first man engaged to her eldest daughter, the Prince of Savoy-Soissons, had died of syphilis at the age of 20 just two weeks after their marriage by proxy; the couple never met. Her present husband, Ercole d’Este, had already proven somewhat of a disappointment by leading a dissolute life and neglecting his young bride. As status-hungry as Ricciardia was, she genuinely wanted her daughter’s marriage to succeed, and marrying her to a man nearly 35 years her senior who was rumored (in Genoese propaganda, anyway) to have been a rogue and a bigamist did not seem like the most obvious start to a successful and fruitful union. She assured the Prince of Porto Vecchio that she had no immediate plans for Maria Camilla and that they would speak again once Theodore’s royal status stood on firmer footing, but Porto Vecchio admitted to Theodore that he could not be sure if the countess remained truly interested or whether she was just politely rebuffing him

This was how things still stood in November of 1747 when Theodore sailed for Livorno - the first time he had made this journey on a ship of the Corsican state (specifically, a pinque seized from its Genoese owners). Although supposedly incognito, Theodore was not exactly unseen; he traveled with six bodyguards as well as his longtime valet Antonio Pino, his Moorish servants Mahomet and Montecristo, his Neapolitan aide Saviero Carlieri, and his Irish compatriot Sir John Powers (who joined him at Livorno).[6] The number of men who traveled with an entourage of nearly a dozen, including two Moors, was not large. The Republic still had a bounty on his head and made every effort to keep a tail on him. Once more Theodore kept a step ahead of them with the connivance of his many friends and acquaintances. According to Horace Mann, the Comte de Richecourt and the Prince de Craon - members of the regency council ruling Tuscany in the name of Emperor Franz Stefan - furnished him and his entourage with a “safehouse” outside Florence. Richecourt assured Theodore that he would send word to Vienna regarding the matter of a Corsican representative at Aix-la-Chapelle.

Theodore was grateful but not satisfied, and eventually moved on towards Milan, hoping to gain a more authoritative answer. Yet while the Austrian governor Ferdinand Bonaventura, Graf von Harrach granted Theodore an audience, matters of the peace conference were above his pay grade, and here too Theodore was left without satisfaction. He mused about going all the way to Vienna, but this is simply impractical, and the situation in Corsica remained too delicate to leave for long. The king lingered in Milan while considering his options, but the Genoese had caught up with him; there was an incident at the house where he was staying when a suspicious man claiming to be a messenger fled when Theodore’s guards attempted to search him, and on the following day someone fired a pistol at his carriage in the middle of a crowded street. Neither man was apprehended. It was time to go, and at least in this regard Count Harrach could assist him. He recommended that Theodore ride south by way of Guastalla, a little duchy north of Modena which was controlled by a Viennese-born regent, where he could lay low for a while before continuing to Tuscany.

We will come back shortly to the remainder of Theodore’s return journey, as it was more eventful than one might expect. As it happened, however, the Austrian angle never did pan out, and in that sense Theodore's "covert" trip to Italy failed to accomplish its main objective. It is possible that the Austrians, already angling for a separate peace with France, did not want to complicate matters by bringing the Corsicans into the picture. Don Luigi Giafferi did indeed travel to Aix-la-Chapelle along with his deputy Sebastiano Ceccaldi (chosen because he was Giafferi’s brother-in-law) and their young secretary Pasquale Paoli (chosen because he could speak French and English and was recommended by the Prince of Porto Vecchio), and eventually they were admitted - just not by the Austrians.


Footnotes
[1] Where this nickname originated is unclear, but it became a rather widespread appellation, eventually becoming popular in Theodore’s native Germany (as der Lorbeerkönig). Although it started as a derogatory reference to Theodore’s poverty and the rustic backwardness of the Corsicans, it would eventually be redeemed as Theodore took his historical place as an Enlightenment figure and the baroque fashions of the earlier 18th century gave way to a new neoclassicism which saw in the simple laurel crown the emanation of classical virtue, honor, and simplicity.
[2] It is also not out of the question that Theodore’s motivation to take a greater interest in the bride-finding process at this time had something to do with him learning of the 30,000 scudi d’oro which had been pledged to the Prince of Soriano as a dowry.
[3] Drost’s title of “Prince of Porto Vecchio” was something of a stretch; the title referred to the conquest of the port by the Free Battalion, but that was mainly led by Drost’s brother-in-law Antonio Colonna. Drost did arrange for reinforcements to be sent to Colonna from the interior and arrived at Porto Vecchio towards the end of the siege, but he was hardly in the same position of command as Pungelscheid was at Capraia. Why Theodore did not choose to call him “Prince of Ajaccio” given his larger role at that siege can only be guessed, but it was presumably either to avoid making his cousins envious (as Ajaccio was a much more consequential city than either Morosaglia or Capraia) or to avoid upsetting Luca d’Ornano, who was technically the leader of the siege in his capacity as “Lieutenant-General of the Dila.” Referring to the failed Anglo-Corsican siege of Bonifacio which Drost had led, the Prince of Morosaglia (Rauschenburg) later remarked that “had it been otherwise, [Drost/Porto Vecchio] would surely have been Prince of Bonifacio.”
[4] In keeping with the usage of the time and scholarly consensus, from now on the princely titles will be preferred in this text over the old baronial titles. Rauschenburg, for instance, will more commonly be referred to as “the Prince of Morosaglia” - or simply “Morosaglia,” in the same way that the Duke of Newcastle is informally referred to as “Newcastle.” Alternatively, they may also be referred to with the Spanish-influenced honorific don, which is how the Corsicans themselves usually referred to the king’s “nephews:” Don Giovan (Rauschenburg/Morosaglia), Don Matteo (Drost/Porto Vecchio), and Don Federico (Pungelscheid/Capraia).
[5] Stosch was apparently still unaware that Theodore had been a Jacobite spy during that time who had reported on Stosch to his handlers in Madrid.
[6] Powers, a nobleman in the Jacobite peerage, had been a friend of Theodore since they had served together in Spain and may have been a relation or family friend of Theodore’s late wife, Lady Sarsfield. He had served Theodore as an officer in Corsica and had fought at San Pellegrino, but had fled the island in 1739 as the French overwhelmed the coasts. Despite his abandonment of the cause, however, Powers and Theodore had made contact again during the king’s exile on the continent and by 1747 they were clearly back on friendly terms.
 
Footnotes
[3] Drost’s title of “Prince of Porto Vecchio” was something of a stretch; the title referred to the conquest of the port by the Free Battalion, but that was mainly led by Drost’s brother-in-law Antonio Colonna. Drost did arrange for reinforcements to be sent to Colonna from the interior and arrived at Porto Vecchio towards the end of the siege, but he was hardly in the same position of command as Pungelscheid was at Capraia. Why Theodore did not choose to call him “Prince of Ajaccio” given his larger role at that siege can only be guessed, but it was presumably either to avoid making his cousins envious (as Ajaccio was a much more consequential city than either Morosaglia or Capraia) or to avoid upsetting Luca d’Ornano, who was technically the leader of the siege in his capacity as “Lieutenant-General of the Dila.” Referring to the failed Anglo-Corsican siege of Bonifacio which Drost had led, the Prince of Morosaglia (Rauschenburg) later remarked that “had it been otherwise, [Drost/Porto Vecchio] would surely have been Prince of Bonifacio.”
[4] In keeping with the usage of the time and scholarly consensus, from now on the princely titles will be preferred in this text over the old baronial titles. Rauschenburg, for instance, will more commonly be referred to as “the Prince of Morosaglia” - or simply “Morosaglia,” in the same way that the Duke of Newcastle is informally referred to as “Newcastle.” Alternatively, they may also be referred to with the Spanish-influenced honorific don, which is how the Corsicans themselves usually referred to the king’s “nephews:” Don Giovan (Rauschenburg/Morosaglia), Don Matteo (Drost/Porto Vecchio), and Don Federico (Pungelscheid/Capraia).

If I'm being honest, the Spanish influences sound pretty nice and I'd probably go for more of those instead of the Princely Titles. I'm a sucker for Victory Titles though (especially in the stead of Geographic Titles), and the above changes nicely work to demonstrate the Corsicanization of the German royal family.
 

Bison

Banned
Could we have a Corsican successor title (or whatever those are called), like the Prince of Wales in Britain. That'd be cool. I still think Theodore should marry a Corsican, to at least connect him to the land. Perhaps, he could marry one of Ornano's relatives in exchange for accepting Corti (Gaffori's base) as permanent capital?

I dont like Corsican kings going by von Neuhoff? Do you think it is possible to change his name into like 'of Corsica'?

How is Trevou doing? Is he in contact with Theodore, maybe serving as some sort of proxy in Versailles? Do you think he could do that after thr peace and (hopeful) recognition?
 
Sardinians, then?

Patience, friend. :p

If I'm being honest, the Spanish influences sound pretty nice and I'd probably go for more of those instead of the Princely Titles. I'm a sucker for Victory Titles though (especially in the stead of Geographic Titles), and the above changes nicely work to demonstrate the Corsicanization of the German royal family.

I tend to prefer the "don" titles as well, although strictly speaking both are correct and I'll probably use both. On Corsica itself, however, there's no contest - "don" is a well-established title of important men in Corsica (Giafferi is pretty much always called "Don Luigi Giafferi"), and the Corsicans have already been calling Rauschenburg "Don Ghjuvan" since forever. They're not going to be in any rush to start calling him "principe di Merusaglia," which would probably make little sense to them given that his only connection to the town is that he fought the Genoese there once in a rather minor engagement. The princely titles are really intended for foreign consumption.

Could we have a Corsican successor title (or whatever those are called), like the Prince of Wales in Britain. That'd be cool.

Quite possibly. Something like "Prince of Corti" or "Prince of Ajaccio" would presumably be used there. We'll need a successor first, though.

I still think Theodore should marry a Corsican, to at least connect him to the land. Perhaps, he could marry one of Ornano's relatives in exchange for accepting Corti (Gaffori's base) as permanent capital?

An interesting tradeoff, but too risky from Theodore's perspective. One of Theodore's main draws is that he's "above" clan loyalties - above Corsica, in a sense - and I don't think he would risk compromising that. Moreover, Gaffori is not d'Ornano's only opponent; even if keeping the capital at Corti placated him, it would placate only him. There's really nobody he can pick within Corsica who is truly "neutral."

I dont like Corsican kings going by von Neuhoff? Do you think it is possible to change his name into like 'of Corsica'?

Theodore was willing to change the spelling of his name IOTL, often going by "Newhoff" when in Britain, so some alteration isn't out of the question. That said, I don't think he would abandon the family name entirely. That will probably be a matter for a later generation to consider. There may come a time in the age of nationalism when a "foreign" identity becomes undesirable for the Corsican monarchy (assuming they last that long) and they alter their dynastic name for political reasons, in the same way that the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha decided to become the "House of Windsor" in Britain.

How is Trevou doing? Is he in contact with Theodore, maybe serving as some sort of proxy in Versailles? Do you think he could do that after thr peace and (hopeful) recognition?

Trevou is a bit busy right now as an officer in the elite Gardes Françaises which is presently campaigning in the Netherlands, and is not in regular contact with Theodore. Theodore definitely hasn't forgotten him, however, and Theodore is certain to try and use his nephew to advance his interests with King Louis, given that Trevou does have a line to the king (he went on a hunting trip with Louis in 1736, for instance). He's also not necessarily out of the running as a successor, and failing that might well end up as a Prince of Corsica like Theodore's cousins, but much depends on him - unlike the cousins, who are all rather minor barons, Trevou is a well-off and reasonably high ranking nobleman who socializes in the upper crust of French society and has a successful military career in the greatest army in the world. He'd be giving up a lot to go live in Corsica. He was willing to do it in 1736, but that was when he was a stupid 17 year old who thirsted for adventure; now he's 28 and probably a good deal less impulsive.
 
I tend to prefer the "don" titles as well, although strictly speaking both are correct and I'll probably use both. On Corsica itself, however, there's no contest - "don" is a well-established title of important men in Corsica (Giafferi is pretty much always called "Don Luigi Giafferi"), and the Corsicans have already been calling Rauschenburg "Don Ghjuvan" since forever. They're not going to be in any rush to start calling him "principe di Merusaglia," which would probably make little sense to them given that his only connection to the town is that he fought the Genoese there once in a rather minor engagement. The princely titles are really intended for foreign consumption.

It's the Britano-Roman fanboy in me, I think. Something like Dux Bellorum (Duke of Battles) sounds cool, and the rooted history of the old Roman titles being of military origins make them more interesting than say, the Franko-German barons, Marcher lords, etc...

So when those Roman-era military titles get conferred as victory titles they tend to come off a lot cooler than "Duke of York" or "Duke of Windsor" or what have you where you can just imagine it's some stuffy old toff whose probably done very little to even be deserving of such a title.
 

Bison

Banned
How is Giuseppe Buonaparte doing in Ajaccio? He represented the city in the 1749 consulta, and given the city's earlier fall to the Corsican revolutionaries, I think he still may or may not play a fairly large role in the town and the island at large.
 
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