King Arthur I of England

A marriage alliance
A marriage alliance

After the signing of the Treaty of Le Goulet, and feeling offended by Philip, Arthur fled to John, his uncle, and was treated kindly, at least initially. However, he later became suspicious of John and fled back to Angers, both he and his mother were surprised of the betrayal by Philip that by her death on the latter part of 1201, which would cause Arthur to find someone to help him in his claims to England, his mother would recover from the birth of his two youngest sisters, Margaret and Catherine and she would advice him against both Philippe and John and she would urge Arthur to find allies against them.

On the end of 1201 Arthur of Brittany would marry his eldest sister Eleanor of Brittany to Peter II of Aragon, this would give Arthur of Brittany a supporter in his own claim to England and Aquitaine which is now controlled by John of England and also the legitimacy of Peter II to claim the lands of the Count of Toulouse which are from his ancestor Philippa, the late Countess of Toulouse who was disinherited by her father, the marriage between Eleanor of Brittany and Peter II of Aragon ruined the alliance between Peter II and Raymond VI of Toulouse denying the marriage match between Eleanor of Aragon and Raymond VI of Toulouse because Peter II is now a claimant to the county.

Eleanor of Brittany would provide Peter II, two daughters named Constance(1202) and Eleanor(1206) and two sons named James(February 2, 1208) and Peter(June 2, 1215), the marriage would stabilize the alliance between Aragon and the case of Arthur against King John and Philippe Auguste.
 
Aquitaine and Aragon
Aquitaine and Aragon

On 1203, Eleanor of Aquitaine would die on Fontravraud Abbaye which would leave the Duchy of Aquitaine contested between Arthur and John, however, the marriage of Eleanor of Brittany to Peter II worked in favor of Arthur as Peter II of Aragon defeated the forces of John in Aquitaine and expelled him, in this time Philippe Auguste would side with John against Arthur who is obviously an threat against the French in Aquitaine as Arthur is a possible threat against him in France, Eleanor of Aragon is betrothed off to Arthur of Brittany with the dispensation from Pope Innocent II being granted on 1204 due to the earlier marriage of Eleanor of Brittany and Peter II of Aragon, which caused the marriage to happen on the end of 1204 in Bordeaux, Eleanor and Arthur would have a good relations with each other.

The earlier marriage in the treaty of Goulet would unite his two against him which are John and Philippe against Arthur although Arthur would be closely allied with Aragon which would force Philippe to reconcile with Ingeborg in the end of 1203, the marriage between Eleanor and Peter II would be helpful between the two as Phillipe and would not be able to expand further against the Plantagenets and ended any support that Raymond VI would have from Aragon which caused him his territories in Toulouse against a possible French or Aragonese conquest.
 
Sisters of Peter II of Aragon

When King Emeric was dying, he crowned his son Ladislaus co-ruler on 26 August 1204. The King wanted to secure his succession and had his brother Andrew promise to protect the child and help him govern the Kingdom of Hungary until reaching adulthood. Emeric died three months later, on 30 November, however Constance of Aragon was proven to be pregnant during that time giving birth to a daughter named Constance of Hungary on January 10 1205 named Constance of Aragon, which would cost the life of Constance of Aragon which would be followed by the death of her son, Emeric on a few months after.

On 1206, a betrothal between Princess Sanchia of Aragon and Frederick I of Sicily was made in order to foster ties between Aragon and Sicily.

Sanchia and Frederick were married in the Sicilian city of Messina on 15 August 1209. In the ceremony, she was crowned Queen of Sicily. By this time, Sanchia was twenty three years old and her new husband only fourteen. Two years later, in 1211, Constance gave birth to a son, called Henry and another son named Frederick on 1215 and a daughter named Constance on 1220.
 
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Children of Eleanor of Aragon with Arthur, duke of Brittany and Aquitaine
Children of Eleanor of Aragon with Arthur, duke of Brittany and Aquitaine

King Geoffrey I of England and titular Duke of Normandy (May 1, 1206) m. Margaret of Flanders

William XI, Duke of Aquitaine (February 10, 1209).

Constance (1210)

Eleanor (1214)

Arthur II, duke of Brittany and Count of Anjou and Maine (June 2, 1216)
 
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The Coronation of King Arthur
The Coronation of King Arthur

Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longespée. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north.

In September 1216, John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to King's Lynn, probably to order further supplies from the continent. In King's Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son William and William Longespée, who both decided to defect and support Arthur of Brittany’s claim instead of the claim of Henry, the son of John, on 1220, Arthur I of Brittany would be crowned as the King of England with his wife, Eleanor of Aragon and his second son, William, the heir of Aquitaine would be made as the ruler of Aquitaine.

Due to the fight between the supporters of Henry and Arthur, the children of Isabella of Angouleme were exiled to Ireland where in they could rule as she has a brother named William b. 1201.
 
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Albigensian Crusade
Albigensian Crusade

he Cathars now faced a difficult situation. To repel the Crusaders, they turned to King John of England for assistance. A monarch who have issues with the Catholic Church. His sister, Joan was married to Raymond VI of Toulouse. John petitioned the clergy at the Council of Lavaur to restore Raymond's lands, arguing that he was ready to repent. If this was unacceptable, the lands could be placed under the protection of his son while he went on crusade. The council rejected his recommendations, refusing to absolve Raymond and insisting that the lands Peter believed should be returned were still influenced by heresy.

John rejected the council's verdict. Concerned that Simon had grown too powerful, he decided to come to the aid of Toulouse. The Kingdom of England, under King John, allied with the County of Toulouse and various other entities to oppose Simon John’s coalition force engaged Simon's troops on September 12 in the Battle of Muret. The Crusaders were heavily outnumbered. Peter and Simon both organized their troops into three lines. The first of the Crusader lines was beaten back, but Simon managed to outflank the coalition cavalry. Raymond VI was struck down and killed. The coalition forces, hearing of his death, retreated in confusion. This allowed Simon's troops to occupy Toulouse.

It was a serious blow to the resistance, and in 1214 the situation became worse. As the Crusaders continued their advance, Raymond VI’s son, Raymond VII were forced to flee to England with King John and his lands were given by the Pope to the victorious Philip II. In November, Simon de Montfort entered Périgord and easily captured the castles of Domme and Montfort; he also occupied Castlenaud and destroyed the fortifications of Beynac. In 1215, Castelnaud was recaptured by Montfort, and the Crusaders entered Toulouse. The town paid an indemnity of 30,000 marks. Toulouse was gifted to Montfort. The Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215 solidified Crusader control over the area by officially proclaiming Simon the Count of Toulouse.

Raymond VII, returned to the region in April 1216 and soon raised a substantial force from disaffected towns. Beaucaire was besieged in May. After three months, the occupants were running low on supplies, and reached an agreement with Raymond to surrender the castle in exchange for being allowed to leave with their arms. The efforts of Montfort to relieve the town were repulsed. Innocent III died suddenly in July 1216 and the crusade was left in temporary disarray. The command passed to the more cautious Philip II of France, who was reluctant to vigorously prosecute the crusade. At the time, he was still heavily involved in conflict with King John of England.

Montfort then had to put down an uprising in Toulouse before heading west to capture Bigorre, but he was repulsed at Lourdes in December 1216. On September 12, 1217, Raymond retook Toulouse without a fight while Montfort was occupied in the Foix region. Montfort hurried back, but his forces were insufficient to retake the town before campaigning halted. Responding to a call from Pope Honorius III to renew the crusade, Montfort resumed the siege in the spring of 1218. On June 25 or 29, while attempting to fend off a sally by the defenders, Montfort was struck and killed by a stone hurled from defensive siege equipment. Toulouse was held, and the Crusaders driven back. Popular accounts state that the city's artillery was operated by the women and girls of Toulouse.

The crusade continued with renewed vigour. Philip refused to command in person, but agreed to appoint his son, the also reluctant Prince Louis, to lead an expedition. His army marched south beginning in May, passing through Poitou. In June, an army under Amaury de Montfort, son of the late Simon, joined by Louis, besieged Marmande. The town fell in June 1219. Its occupants, excluding only the commander and his knights, were massacred. After capturing Marmande, Louis attempted to retake Toulouse. Following a siege of six weeks, the army abandoned the mission and went home. Honorius III called the endeavour a "miserable setback". Without Louis's troops, Amaury was unable to hold on to the lands that he had taken, and the Cathars were able to retake much of their land. Castelnaudary was retaken by troops under Raymond VII. Amaury again besieged the town from July 1220 to March 1221, but it withstood an eight-month assault. In 1221, the success of Raymond and his son continued: Montréal and Fanjeaux were retaken and many Catholics were forced to flee. By 1222, Raymond VII had reclaimed all the lands that had been lost. That same year, Raymond VI died and was succeeded by Raymond VII. On July 14, 1223, Philip II died, and Louis VIII succeeded him as king. In 1224, Amaury de Montfort abandoned Carcassonne. Raymond VII returned from exile to reclaim the area. That same year, Amaury ceded his remaining lands to Louis VIII.

During the crusade Viscounties of Foix, Beziers and Carcassonne would shift their vassalage to Peter II of Aragon, due to Peter II of Aragon having his own claim to the County of Toulouse via his wife, Eleanor of Brittany and not allied with Raymond VI, but rather with Arthur who is the Duke of Brittany, Anjou and Aquitaine causing the territory of Raymond VII to shrink.
 
Battle of Yehuling and Huan'erzui
Battle of Yehuling and Huan'erzui

Wanyan Chengyu (完顏承裕), who succeeded Duji Sizhong as chancellor, was put in charge of the Jin army. He ordered his men to abandon the three cities of Hengzhou (恆州; in present-day Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, Changzhou (昌州; north of present-day Jiuliancheng Town, Guyuan County, Hebei), Fuzhou (撫州; present-day Zhangbei County, Hebei), and move towards Yehuling. His aim was to make use of the mountainous terrain in Yehuling to obstruct the Mongol cavalry. He was heavily outnumbered by the Mongols.

Mountainous terrain is indeed bad for the Mongolian cavalry. However it is also a bad area to fight in for the bigger Jin forces. The vast Jin forces were scattered among the mountains and the valley choke points. The difficult terrain and far distance make communication and coordination difficult. This will prove fatal for the vast Jin forces, when the Mongols executed a focused and concentrated attack.

The Jin imperial court sent Shimo Ming'an (石抹明安), an official of Khitan descent, to meet Temujin and start peace negotiations. However, Temujin managed to induce Shimo Ming'an to surrender and defect to his side. Shimo Ming'an even provided the Mongols with military intelligence about the Jin army.

Temujin sent his general Muqali to lead the Balu Unit (八魯營) to launch a surprise cavalry charge on the enemy via a passage at Huan'erzui (獾兒嘴; lit. "Badger Mouth"). Before the battle, Muqali promised Temujin, "I will not return alive if I do not defeat the Jin army!" The Mongol army's morale surged. Because of the mountainous terrain, the Mongols were unable to deploy their superior cavalry to its full advantage, hence they dismounted and fought on foot. High on morale, the Mongols defeated the central Jin forces and fought their way towards Wanyan Chengyu's main camp. Due to poor communications the Jin forces on the sides weren't able to reinforce the central Jin positions.

The field commander, Wanyan Jiujin (完顏九斤) would realize that there is a lack communication between the troops of the Jin Army and worked to improve the communication between the troops and improved their communcation

The leader of the Mongols, Temujin was killed in action. With the collapse of the central Mongol forces, the other Mongol forces nearby soon routed and surrendered. This battle took place in August 1211.

Note:
I saved the Jin Dynasty from collapse.
 
Otto of Burgundy
Otto of Burgundy

Meanwhile, Count Palatine Otto's regional conflicts had become a severe threat to the power politics of his Hohenstaufen relatives. After Philip of Swabia had been elected King of the Romans in 1198, rivaling with the Welf duke Otto of Brunswick, he tried to settle the numerous quarrels picked by his brother. In 1200 Otto was assassinated at Besançon, his death came in useful to many political actors, however, his wife, Margaret of Blois would bear a posthumous son in 1200, named Otto.

In 1206, the French king demanded assurances from Philip I of Namur that he would not marry off his nieces without the former's consent. In 1208, they reached an agreement: Joan and Margaret were forbidden to marry before their legal majority without the consent of the Marquis of Namur. However, the Marquis would not oppose the royal choice of husbands. If either refused the candidate chosen by King Philip II, the agreement required the Marquis to find a husband—after compensation was made to the French king.

In 1211 Enguerrand III of Coucy offered the King the sum of 50,000 livres to marry Joan, while his brother Thomas would marry Margaret. However, the Flemish nobility was hostile to the project. Matilda of Portugal, widow of Joan's granduncle Philip I of Flanders, then offered her nephew, Ferdinand of Portugal, as Joan's husband for the same amount. Philip II would betroth Joanna of Flanders to his nephew, Eudes II, Count of Burgundy, who is now 11 years old, the marriage was deferred to 1214, when the dispensation between Joanna of Flanders and her husband, Eudes was signed, the other marriage would be between Margaret of Flanders and Geoffrey, the son of Arthur of Brittany.

On 1209, Blanche of France would die after the birth of her children, Blanche(1205) and Philip(1209), both Blanche and her son Philip would die after minutes of birth and Prince of France, Louis would marry Beatrice, a sister of Eudes II, Count of Burgundy and the third wife of Alfonso IX of Leon, Joanna of Burgundy in order to continue the peace between the Plantagenets and Philippe Auguste.
 
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The Breton Queen of Castile
The Breton Queen of Castile

On 1211, Alix of Brittany would be betrothed to Ferdinand of Castile, the cousin of Arthur and was given dispensation of the pope for the possible affinity between the parties, the marriage was made on 1214.

Alix of Brittany would now be the queen of Castile on the ascension of Alix which was long waited by her own husband Ferdinand of Castile marrying Ferdinand of Castile would have strengthened the relationship of Arthur of Brittany and Ferdinand of Castile, Alix of Brittany would give birth to two sons named Ferdinand (1216) and Henry of Castille (1220) be the heirs to the Castillan crown, however, she would die on 1221 and was buried in Las Huelgas, Badajoz.
 
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