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When Kievan Rus decided to adopt a "modern", monotheistic religion, not only Christianity, but also Judaism and Islam was considered: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus'#Reign_of_Vladimir_and_Christianisation

What if Kievan Rus had chosen either Judaism or Islam? It would have been a particularly interesting scenario if they chose Judaism. The Khazars had already become Jews, but if also Kievan Rus had adapted this religion, it seems likely that Judaism would have become a much larger religion in numerical terms. Russia would also become a new home for the Jews and Jews from other countries would have had a large country to escape to when being persecuted. Probably it would also not have been necessary to reestablish er Jewish state in Palestine, and one would have avoided this conflict.
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