Keeping the British Liberal Party flag flying high
- Thread starter pipisme
- Start date
Italy was a constitutional monarchy, with Umberto II as king, and a parliamentary democracy. The government was a coalition headed by the Christian Democratic Party.
The Town Planning Act 1941, passed by a Liberal government, stipulated that the maximum height for residential buildings must be four storeys. This meant that tower blocks in cities such as London, Coventry, Glasgow and Sheffield had not been built. Under pressure from the building industry and to limit encroachment on the green belts the Conservative government's Town Planning Act 1961 repealed the 1941 Act. It was strongly opposed by the Liberal and Socialist Labour Parties.
The result of the Bury St. Edmunds by-election on 16 March 1961 caused by the appointment of Gerald Howard [Conservative] as a High Court Judge was as follows [ 1960 general election]:
Eldon Griffiths [Conservative]: 41.1% [47.6%]
Liberal candidate: 38.7% [35.7%]
Socialist Labour candidate: 20.2% [16.7%]
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Conservative majority: 2.4% [11.9%]
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The swing from Conservative to Liberal was 4.75%. The turnout was 64.5%.
Sir James Henderson-Stewart, the Liberal MP for Angus South in Scotland, died on 3 September 1961. The result of the subsequent by-election held on 7 November 1961 was as follows:
Donald Leach [Liberal]: 51.3% [47.4%]
Jock Bruce-Gardyne [Conservative]: 34.3% [44.6%]
John Smith [Socialist Labour]: 14.4% [8.0%]
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Liberal majority: 17.0% [2.8% ]
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Eldon Griffiths [Conservative]: 41.1% [47.6%]
Liberal candidate: 38.7% [35.7%]
Socialist Labour candidate: 20.2% [16.7%]
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Conservative majority: 2.4% [11.9%]
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The swing from Conservative to Liberal was 4.75%. The turnout was 64.5%.
Sir James Henderson-Stewart, the Liberal MP for Angus South in Scotland, died on 3 September 1961. The result of the subsequent by-election held on 7 November 1961 was as follows:
Donald Leach [Liberal]: 51.3% [47.4%]
Jock Bruce-Gardyne [Conservative]: 34.3% [44.6%]
John Smith [Socialist Labour]: 14.4% [8.0%]
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Liberal majority: 17.0% [2.8% ]
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The swing from Conservative to Liberal in the Angus South by-election was 7.1% and the turnout was 65.1%.
John Smith was a 23 year-old law student at Glasgow University and is the same person who became leader of the Labour Party in 1992 in OTL. Donald Leach was a lecturer in Mathematics at Dundee Technical College and an Executive member of the Scottish Liberal Party. [1] The constituency of Angus South surrounds Dundee on three sides.
[1] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Leach_(physicist)
John Smith was a 23 year-old law student at Glasgow University and is the same person who became leader of the Labour Party in 1992 in OTL. Donald Leach was a lecturer in Mathematics at Dundee Technical College and an Executive member of the Scottish Liberal Party. [1] The constituency of Angus South surrounds Dundee on three sides.
[1] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Leach_(physicist)
Fannie Zimmerman graduated from the Manhattan School of Music in 1962. [1] She played piano with friends in a band in bars and pubs of New York City. She greatly admired modern American composers such as Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, George Gershwin and Charles Ives.
In 1954 during her senior year at Smith College [1954-55], Sylvia Plath met Richard Sassoon. [2] They fell in love and got married in 1956.
[1] She is an ATL sibling of Robert Zimmerman, aka Bob Dylan. For the Manhattan School of Music see http://www.msmnyc.edu.
[2] Here is an article about Sassoon and Plath: http://thegadabouttown.com/2015/09/24/one-who-got-away.
In 1954 during her senior year at Smith College [1954-55], Sylvia Plath met Richard Sassoon. [2] They fell in love and got married in 1956.
[1] She is an ATL sibling of Robert Zimmerman, aka Bob Dylan. For the Manhattan School of Music see http://www.msmnyc.edu.
[2] Here is an article about Sassoon and Plath: http://thegadabouttown.com/2015/09/24/one-who-got-away.
In this TL Ted Hughes did not marry Sylvia Plath. Instead in 1956 he married Shirley who was his girlfriend before he met Plath.
This quotation is taken from http://kirkcenter.org/reviews/the-deauthorised-life-of-ted-hughes.
Newnham is a College of Cambridge University.
This quotation is taken from http://kirkcenter.org/reviews/the-deauthorised-life-of-ted-hughes.
Newnham is a College of Cambridge University.
Shirley was a "sensitive, handsome, light-brown-haired and deep-eyed woman, quite English, quite reserved." Ted Hughes "had taken Shirley to stay for a weekend with his parents in Yorkshire where he introduced her to his sister, Olwen." [1] The poem Fallgrief's Girlfriends was inspired by Shirley.
[1] See Ted Hughes: The Life a Poet, by Elaine Feinstein.
[1] See Ted Hughes: The Life a Poet, by Elaine Feinstein.
Here are the relevant lines from Fallgrief's Girlfriends:
"The chance changed him
He has found a woman of such wit and looks
He can brag of her in every company." [1]
In this TL the Third Republic continued in France. Among notable Presidents of the Council of Ministers [Prime Ministers] were Edouard Daladier, Leon Blum, Georges Bidault, Robert Schuman, Edgar Faure, Antoine Pinay, Guy Mollet and Pierre Mendes France. It was said that in France governments change as frequently as women's fashions.
[1] Taken from Ted Hughes: The Life a Poet by Elaine Feinstein, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001.
"The chance changed him
He has found a woman of such wit and looks
He can brag of her in every company." [1]
In this TL the Third Republic continued in France. Among notable Presidents of the Council of Ministers [Prime Ministers] were Edouard Daladier, Leon Blum, Georges Bidault, Robert Schuman, Edgar Faure, Antoine Pinay, Guy Mollet and Pierre Mendes France. It was said that in France governments change as frequently as women's fashions.
[1] Taken from Ted Hughes: The Life a Poet by Elaine Feinstein, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001.
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Algeria was a major problem for French governments. The Algerian People's Party was formed in March 1937 to campaign for independence. It was banned by the French colonial authorities in Algeria. The Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties was formed in October 1946. It was repressed by the police in 1950. The National Liberation Front [Front de Liberation Nationale] was created in October 1954. At the beginning of November it launched a campaign of guerrilla warfare for Algerian independence from France. [1]
On 7 September 1958, the French army in Algeria seized power in opposition to the intention by the French Prime Minister, Pierre Mendes France, to negotiate with the FLN. He had already given independence to Morocco and Tunisia.
[1] All this was as in OTL.
On 7 September 1958, the French army in Algeria seized power in opposition to the intention by the French Prime Minister, Pierre Mendes France, to negotiate with the FLN. He had already given independence to Morocco and Tunisia.
[1] All this was as in OTL.
In the Algerian War both the FLN and the French army were responsible for atrocities such as massacres and torture.
General Jacques Massu was the leader of the army rebels. He became the Chairman of the Public Safety Committee. [1]
[1] For Massu see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Massu.
General Jacques Massu was the leader of the army rebels. He became the Chairman of the Public Safety Committee. [1]
[1] For Massu see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Massu.
The army revolt spread first to Corsica and then to the French mainland. The rebels wanted Massu to become President of France. They were supported by the Pied-Noirs [people of French and other European origin who were born in Algeria from 1830] who wanted Algeria to remain part of France. [1] After a few days the revolt was suppressed by troops loyal to the French government.
On 29 September 1958 the French army in Algeria and the FLN agreed to a ceasefire.
[1] For Pied-Noirs see
en.wikipedia.org
On 29 September 1958 the French army in Algeria and the FLN agreed to a ceasefire.
[1] For Pied-Noirs see
Pied-Noir - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org
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In October 1958, Pierre Mendes France appointed the distinguished anthropologist, Jacques Soustelle, Governor-General of Algeria. [1] In February 1959 he issued the Soustelle Plan. [2]
Meanwhile Mendes France proposed that the Algerian departments of Algers, Bone, and Oran, which had the highest proportions of pied-noirs, become part of metropolitan France. [3] The rest of Algeria would become independent.
[1] For Soustelle see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle.
[2] For the Soustelle Plan see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soustelle_Plan.
[3] Departments 9A, 9C and 9g on the map of Algeria in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France, in section 4.2.2 Departments of Algeria.
Meanwhile Mendes France proposed that the Algerian departments of Algers, Bone, and Oran, which had the highest proportions of pied-noirs, become part of metropolitan France. [3] The rest of Algeria would become independent.
[1] For Soustelle see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle.
[2] For the Soustelle Plan see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soustelle_Plan.
[3] Departments 9A, 9C and 9g on the map of Algeria in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France, in section 4.2.2 Departments of Algeria.
The prime minister, John Profumo, reshuffled his cabinet on 12 October 1962. The changes were as follows:
Viscount Kilmuir, Lord Chancellor, resigned. Quintin Hogg from Home Secretary to Lord Chancellor. Hogg took the title of Viscount Hailsham, which he did not take when his father died in 1950. Hailsham also became a senator.
Reginald Maudling from Commonwealth Relations Secretary to Home Secretary. Hugh Fraser from Secretary of State for Air to Commonwealth Relations Secretary in the Cabinet.
John Boyd-Carpenter resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Iain Macleod from President of Board of Trade to Chancellor of Exchequer.
Viscount Kilmuir, Lord Chancellor, resigned. Quintin Hogg from Home Secretary to Lord Chancellor. Hogg took the title of Viscount Hailsham, which he did not take when his father died in 1950. Hailsham also became a senator.
Reginald Maudling from Commonwealth Relations Secretary to Home Secretary. Hugh Fraser from Secretary of State for Air to Commonwealth Relations Secretary in the Cabinet.
John Boyd-Carpenter resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Iain Macleod from President of Board of Trade to Chancellor of Exchequer.
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Continuation of cabinet changes:
Thelma Cazalet-Keir resigned as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate. Lord Peter Carrington from First Lord of the Admiralty to Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate.
Peter Thorneycroft from Financial Secretary to the Treasury to President of the Board of Trade. Hugh Molson resigned as Minister of Housing and Local Government. Robert Carr from Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster to Minister of Housing and Local Government. Ernest Marples promoted to the cabinet from Minister of Pensions and National Insurance to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
Richard Law resigned as Colonial Secretary. Christopher Soames from Minister of Overseas Development to Colonial Secretary and promoted to the cabinet. John Mackay resigned as Minister of Transport. Harold Watkinson promoted to the cabinet from Postmaster-General to Minister of Transport.
Thelma Cazalet-Keir resigned as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate. Lord Peter Carrington from First Lord of the Admiralty to Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate.
Peter Thorneycroft from Financial Secretary to the Treasury to President of the Board of Trade. Hugh Molson resigned as Minister of Housing and Local Government. Robert Carr from Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster to Minister of Housing and Local Government. Ernest Marples promoted to the cabinet from Minister of Pensions and National Insurance to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
Richard Law resigned as Colonial Secretary. Christopher Soames from Minister of Overseas Development to Colonial Secretary and promoted to the cabinet. John Mackay resigned as Minister of Transport. Harold Watkinson promoted to the cabinet from Postmaster-General to Minister of Transport.
Here is the full cabinet after the reshuffle:
Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury: John Profumo
Lord Chancellor: Viscount Hailsham
Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate: Lord Peter Carrington
Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Richard Austen Butler
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Iain Macleod
Foreign Secretary: Lord Dunglass [1]
Home Secretary: Reginald Maudling
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: John Hare
Colonial Secretary: Christopher Soames
Commonwealth Relations Secretary: Hugh Fraser
Defence Secretary: Ronald Cartland
Minister of Education and Science: Miss Patricia Hornsby-Smith
Minister of Health: Duncan Sandys
Minister of Housing and Local Government: Robert Carr
Minister of Labour: Joseph Godber
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Ernest Marples
Minister of Power: Anthony Barber
Secretary of State for Scotland: Lady Tweedsmuir [2]
President of the Board of Trade: Peter Thorneycroft
Minister of Transport: Harold Watkinson
Secretary of State for Wales: Nigel Birch.
Among junior ministers outside the cabinet were the following:
Minister of Overseas Development: Charles Longbottom
Paymaster-General: Lord William Astor [3]
Minister of Pensions and National Insurance: Miss Margaret Harvie Anderson
Postmaster-General: Sir Edward Boyle
Minister of Works: Humphrey Atkins
Attorney-General: Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller
Solicitor-General: Sir David Renton
Financial Secretary to the Treasury: Sir Keith Joseph
Minister of State for the Air Force at Department of Defence: Sir Charles Orr-Ewing
Minister of State for the Army at Department of Defence: Julian Amery
Minister of State for the Navy at Department of Defence: Senator Rolf Dudley Williams
Minister of State at the Home Office for Northern Ireland: Lawrence Orr [4]
Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office: Enoch Powell
Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office: Christopher Woodhouse
Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Housing and Local Government: Mrs Margaret Thatcher.
In a re-organisation of the Department of Defence, the posts of First Lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State for Air and Secretary of State for War were abolished, and replaced by Ministers of State for the Navy, the Air Force, and the Army at the Department of Defence respectively.
[1] Dunglass was a member of the House of Commons.
[2] Tweedsmuir was a member of the House of Commons.
[3] Astor inherited a hereditary peerage and chose to become a Senator.
[4] Orr was a member of the Ulster Unionist Party.
Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury: John Profumo
Lord Chancellor: Viscount Hailsham
Lord President of the Council and Leader of the Senate: Lord Peter Carrington
Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Richard Austen Butler
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Iain Macleod
Foreign Secretary: Lord Dunglass [1]
Home Secretary: Reginald Maudling
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: John Hare
Colonial Secretary: Christopher Soames
Commonwealth Relations Secretary: Hugh Fraser
Defence Secretary: Ronald Cartland
Minister of Education and Science: Miss Patricia Hornsby-Smith
Minister of Health: Duncan Sandys
Minister of Housing and Local Government: Robert Carr
Minister of Labour: Joseph Godber
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Ernest Marples
Minister of Power: Anthony Barber
Secretary of State for Scotland: Lady Tweedsmuir [2]
President of the Board of Trade: Peter Thorneycroft
Minister of Transport: Harold Watkinson
Secretary of State for Wales: Nigel Birch.
Among junior ministers outside the cabinet were the following:
Minister of Overseas Development: Charles Longbottom
Paymaster-General: Lord William Astor [3]
Minister of Pensions and National Insurance: Miss Margaret Harvie Anderson
Postmaster-General: Sir Edward Boyle
Minister of Works: Humphrey Atkins
Attorney-General: Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller
Solicitor-General: Sir David Renton
Financial Secretary to the Treasury: Sir Keith Joseph
Minister of State for the Air Force at Department of Defence: Sir Charles Orr-Ewing
Minister of State for the Army at Department of Defence: Julian Amery
Minister of State for the Navy at Department of Defence: Senator Rolf Dudley Williams
Minister of State at the Home Office for Northern Ireland: Lawrence Orr [4]
Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office: Enoch Powell
Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office: Christopher Woodhouse
Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of Housing and Local Government: Mrs Margaret Thatcher.
In a re-organisation of the Department of Defence, the posts of First Lord of the Admiralty, Secretary of State for Air and Secretary of State for War were abolished, and replaced by Ministers of State for the Navy, the Air Force, and the Army at the Department of Defence respectively.
[1] Dunglass was a member of the House of Commons.
[2] Tweedsmuir was a member of the House of Commons.
[3] Astor inherited a hereditary peerage and chose to become a Senator.
[4] Orr was a member of the Ulster Unionist Party.
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