The paragraph of the papal dispensation was mistankely deleted by me! my bad sorry!!
...but I corrected....thanks for the support!!! Juana I, Queen of Castile and Aragon (1498-1564): A different Trastamara timeline
- Thread starter REICHFURST
- Start date
The paragraph of the papal dispensation was mistankely deleted by me! my bad sorry!!
...but I corrected....thanks for the support!!! Following the previous agreement and following a year of delay, Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal arrived to Segovia with an impressive cortege on 19 September 1513 to marry his first-cousin, Queen Juana I of Castile.
::::::::::::::::::::
Motherless since birth in 1498, Miguel was raised by his paternal grandmother Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, in her household until her death in 1506, when he returned to Lisbon at the side of his father and stepmother/aunt, Maria of Aragon.
The relationship with his father was cold and distant, mainly thanks to the intrigues of his stepmother, who wanted to all the care and atention of King Manuel would be exclusive to their children (in total, she gave birth ten children), especially the eldest, João, Duke of Coimbra, who despite the efforts of his mother, had a close and warm relationship with his older half-brother.
Despite his difficult family life, Miguel received a careful and exigent education: he mastered in sciences, geography, navigation and mapmaking. Since early childhood and in preparation for his future role as King consort of Castile, he learned the Castilian language, and reportedly he could talk without any trace of foreign accent. In addition, he also knew the German, French and Italian languages, although in minor intensity.
::::::::::::::::::::
Juana I and Miguel da Paz had their first meeting at the Alcázar of Segovia; following the orders of the Dowager Princess of Asturias, the reunion was private. Reportedly, the young Castilian Queen became extremely satisfied with his groom; by the other hand, Prince Miguel also showed enthusiasm and happiness after seeing his bride.
In the next day, on 20 September, both Portuguese and Castilian entourages parted to Burgos, where the wedding ceremony was scheduled. During all the short journey from Segovia to Burgos, the population cheered and acclaimed enthusiastically their new King.
The wedding between Queen Juana I of Castile and Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, took place at Burgos Cathedral on 27 September 1513. In the ceremony, and following the capitulations of the previous marriage contract, Miguel was proclaimed King consort of Castile.
Two days later (29 September) in the Cortes of Burgos, the Dowager Princess of Asturias formally relinquished the government to her daughter and son-in-law; in the same ceremony, representants of King Fernando II of Aragon announced in his name his withdrawal from the government of Castile.
Although both Juana I and Miguel were officially co-rulers, was the capable and strong-willed Queen who in reality had the reins of the government. The firsts acts of the new Royal couple were:
The marriage between Juana I and Miguel da Paz was happy; their first two children were born in quick succession: Margarita (born: 17 July 1514) and Manuel (born: 24 October 1515).
With the death of King Fernando II in January 1516, the succession of the Aragonese Kingdom became in jeopardy, waiting for the birth of the King's posthumous child.
TO BE CONTINUED......
::::::::::::::::::::
Motherless since birth in 1498, Miguel was raised by his paternal grandmother Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, in her household until her death in 1506, when he returned to Lisbon at the side of his father and stepmother/aunt, Maria of Aragon.
The relationship with his father was cold and distant, mainly thanks to the intrigues of his stepmother, who wanted to all the care and atention of King Manuel would be exclusive to their children (in total, she gave birth ten children), especially the eldest, João, Duke of Coimbra, who despite the efforts of his mother, had a close and warm relationship with his older half-brother.
Despite his difficult family life, Miguel received a careful and exigent education: he mastered in sciences, geography, navigation and mapmaking. Since early childhood and in preparation for his future role as King consort of Castile, he learned the Castilian language, and reportedly he could talk without any trace of foreign accent. In addition, he also knew the German, French and Italian languages, although in minor intensity.
::::::::::::::::::::
Juana I and Miguel da Paz had their first meeting at the Alcázar of Segovia; following the orders of the Dowager Princess of Asturias, the reunion was private. Reportedly, the young Castilian Queen became extremely satisfied with his groom; by the other hand, Prince Miguel also showed enthusiasm and happiness after seeing his bride.
In the next day, on 20 September, both Portuguese and Castilian entourages parted to Burgos, where the wedding ceremony was scheduled. During all the short journey from Segovia to Burgos, the population cheered and acclaimed enthusiastically their new King.
The wedding between Queen Juana I of Castile and Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal, took place at Burgos Cathedral on 27 September 1513. In the ceremony, and following the capitulations of the previous marriage contract, Miguel was proclaimed King consort of Castile.
Two days later (29 September) in the Cortes of Burgos, the Dowager Princess of Asturias formally relinquished the government to her daughter and son-in-law; in the same ceremony, representants of King Fernando II of Aragon announced in his name his withdrawal from the government of Castile.
Although both Juana I and Miguel were officially co-rulers, was the capable and strong-willed Queen who in reality had the reins of the government. The firsts acts of the new Royal couple were:
- A deep reform in the Royal Council: although any of the members of this ruling body was displaced, the Queen reorganized his structure, giving to them the capacity to supervise works, projects, expeditions, and colonizations commissioned by the central Castilian government, in the Old World and New World (the so-called Requerimiento).
- The revision of the already promulgated Laws of Burgos (10 January 1514): they were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spaniards in the Americas, particularly with regards to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and was completely forbade the maltreatment of the indigenous people and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. The laws were created to avoid the legal problem that had arisen from the conquest and Spanish colonization of the Americas in the West Indies, where the common law of Castile was not applied. In the revision, were extended codicils under which was prohibited the use of any form of punishment by the encomenderos, reserving it for officials established in each town for the implementation of the laws. It also ordered that the Indians be catechized, outlawed bigamy, and required that the huts and cabins of the Indians be built together with those of the Spanish.
The marriage between Juana I and Miguel da Paz was happy; their first two children were born in quick succession: Margarita (born: 17 July 1514) and Manuel (born: 24 October 1515).
With the death of King Fernando II in January 1516, the succession of the Aragonese Kingdom became in jeopardy, waiting for the birth of the King's posthumous child.
TO BE CONTINUED......
In this TL there is no need for the Spanish to even send Magellan to send an alternative route to the Spice Islands, hence no need to conquer the Philippines.
REICHFURST,
OK, Juana I has married what would have been the NEXT heir of Castille had he lived in OTL. More importantly, they now are ruling as joint rulers of Castille (and I guess Juana will be Queen Consort of Portugal when Miguel's father dies). Oh, and they themselves NOW have a son to succeed them.
So, I'm wondering if the Castillians will try to overwhelm the Portuguese Language as they attempted with Aragon. Ironically linguistically, Portuguese IS closer to Castillian Spanish than Catalan but for a long time Catalan has been called a dialect of Spanish even though its closer to French Provencal.
So, will the Manuel, the Prince of Asturias ALSO become the King of Aragon should has step-great-grandmother's child be a girl or stillborn ? It should be interesting.
OK, Juana I has married what would have been the NEXT heir of Castille had he lived in OTL. More importantly, they now are ruling as joint rulers of Castille (and I guess Juana will be Queen Consort of Portugal when Miguel's father dies). Oh, and they themselves NOW have a son to succeed them.
So, I'm wondering if the Castillians will try to overwhelm the Portuguese Language as they attempted with Aragon. Ironically linguistically, Portuguese IS closer to Castillian Spanish than Catalan but for a long time Catalan has been called a dialect of Spanish even though its closer to French Provencal.
So, will the Manuel, the Prince of Asturias ALSO become the King of Aragon should has step-great-grandmother's child be a girl or stillborn ? It should be interesting.
It would rather be the Portuguese language which would overwhelm Castillan because the prestige in Iberia was Portuguese not Castillan.
Catalan is also considered as a dialect of Occitan, however, Catalan is the more modernized and standardized form with loans from French and Castillan.
Anne, Dowager Queen of Aragon, gave birth a son in the Royal Palace of Zaragoza on 21 August 1516. Inmediately, the child was proclaimed King Juan III of Aragon by the Cortes reunited in the capital; the first one who paid homage to the new monarch was Archbishop Alonso, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of Aragon until the majority of the boy-King. The Dowager Queen, however, wanted an active participation in the government, and protested for her deliberated exclusion.
After some weeks of tense disputes, Anne and Alonso finally had an agreement: the Dowager Queen obtained the physical guardianship of the King, with her rents and dower lands became increased, but the Archbishop kept the sole regency of the Kingdom. In addition, the Dowager Queen obtained from the new government the respect of the terms of the Treaty of Pamplona and her marriage capitulations: the independence of the Kingdom of Navarra although under the protectorate of Aragon.
One of the first acts of Archbishop Alonso as Lieutenant General was to maintain the alliance with the Kingdom of France, and in this way he approached to the new King, Francis I. On 16 November 1516 was signed the Treaty of Huesca, under which was reafirmed the alliance Aragon-France with the betrothal between King Juan III and Princess Renée of France (born 1510), youngest daughter of Louis XII. In the treaty was also stipulated that the wedding would taking place after Juan III's 14th birthday, in 1530.
::::::::::::::::::::
The birth of a male heir for the Kingdom of Aragon and his alliance with France caused outrage in Castile, especially after Queen Juana I already began preparations for her impeding travel to Zaragoza to be recognized as sovereign, and after she accepted the loss of Aragon, already began to planned the betrothal between her daughter Margarita and Juan III.
The war-like nature of King-consort Miguel wanted to enter in war with Aragon in order to secure the rights of his wife, but Juana I, prudently, think that now being ally of France, the rule of Juan III was strong enough against any pretentions from her side; however, the Queen was determined to undermine and enclosed the Kingdom of Aragon: in this way, she began negociations with Queen Catherine of Navarra for a marriage between her daughter and the Prince of Viana.
The news of the marriage negociations between Castile and Navarra where badly taken by the Aragonese, because in the Treaty of Pamplona was determined that the Prince of Viana was forbidden to marry without the consent of the King of Aragon. A threatening written protest was send by Archbishop Alonso in mid-February 1517, but this caused the opposite effect: the Queen (who recently announced her third pregnancy) reunited inmediately the Cortes at Burgos, where was discussed and approved by a massive majority the engagement between Infanta Margarita of Portugal-Castile and Henry, Prince of Viana; moreover, Queen Catherine of Navarra send her formal proposal of marriage on behalf of his son and asked the help of the Kingdom of Castile to get rid from the Aragonese tutelage: if Queen Juana I agreed, Navarra inmediately would paid homage to Castile as vassal.
After a heated discussion between the attendants of the Cortes about to declare war or not, King-consort Miguel, with a sword in his hand, harangued the nobles to fight for the Queen and the power and prestige of Castile. The Admiral of Castile and the Duke of Frías, staunch supports of the royal family, were the firsts who kissed the sword of the King, declaring be ready to fight for the crown. Although he was a man of peace and feared an internal war in the Iberian peninsula, the aging Cardinal Cisneros also agreed with the King-consort.
With the complete support of the Cortes and the frantic wave of patriotism between the population, ready to fight, Queen Juana I formally declared the war to Aragon on 17 March 1517.
The Aragonese-Castilian War began.....
TO BE CONTINUED.......
After some weeks of tense disputes, Anne and Alonso finally had an agreement: the Dowager Queen obtained the physical guardianship of the King, with her rents and dower lands became increased, but the Archbishop kept the sole regency of the Kingdom. In addition, the Dowager Queen obtained from the new government the respect of the terms of the Treaty of Pamplona and her marriage capitulations: the independence of the Kingdom of Navarra although under the protectorate of Aragon.
One of the first acts of Archbishop Alonso as Lieutenant General was to maintain the alliance with the Kingdom of France, and in this way he approached to the new King, Francis I. On 16 November 1516 was signed the Treaty of Huesca, under which was reafirmed the alliance Aragon-France with the betrothal between King Juan III and Princess Renée of France (born 1510), youngest daughter of Louis XII. In the treaty was also stipulated that the wedding would taking place after Juan III's 14th birthday, in 1530.
::::::::::::::::::::
The birth of a male heir for the Kingdom of Aragon and his alliance with France caused outrage in Castile, especially after Queen Juana I already began preparations for her impeding travel to Zaragoza to be recognized as sovereign, and after she accepted the loss of Aragon, already began to planned the betrothal between her daughter Margarita and Juan III.
The war-like nature of King-consort Miguel wanted to enter in war with Aragon in order to secure the rights of his wife, but Juana I, prudently, think that now being ally of France, the rule of Juan III was strong enough against any pretentions from her side; however, the Queen was determined to undermine and enclosed the Kingdom of Aragon: in this way, she began negociations with Queen Catherine of Navarra for a marriage between her daughter and the Prince of Viana.
The news of the marriage negociations between Castile and Navarra where badly taken by the Aragonese, because in the Treaty of Pamplona was determined that the Prince of Viana was forbidden to marry without the consent of the King of Aragon. A threatening written protest was send by Archbishop Alonso in mid-February 1517, but this caused the opposite effect: the Queen (who recently announced her third pregnancy) reunited inmediately the Cortes at Burgos, where was discussed and approved by a massive majority the engagement between Infanta Margarita of Portugal-Castile and Henry, Prince of Viana; moreover, Queen Catherine of Navarra send her formal proposal of marriage on behalf of his son and asked the help of the Kingdom of Castile to get rid from the Aragonese tutelage: if Queen Juana I agreed, Navarra inmediately would paid homage to Castile as vassal.
After a heated discussion between the attendants of the Cortes about to declare war or not, King-consort Miguel, with a sword in his hand, harangued the nobles to fight for the Queen and the power and prestige of Castile. The Admiral of Castile and the Duke of Frías, staunch supports of the royal family, were the firsts who kissed the sword of the King, declaring be ready to fight for the crown. Although he was a man of peace and feared an internal war in the Iberian peninsula, the aging Cardinal Cisneros also agreed with the King-consort.
With the complete support of the Cortes and the frantic wave of patriotism between the population, ready to fight, Queen Juana I formally declared the war to Aragon on 17 March 1517.
The Aragonese-Castilian War began.....
TO BE CONTINUED.......
Does Aragon practice proximity of blood?Because by right of primogeniture,she would be Queen of Aragon legally no matter the sex of her late grandfather's child.
The began of the Aragonese-Castilian War formally began on 24 March 1517, when arrived the news of the death of Queen Catherine of Navarra, who died on 12 February. The new King Henry II was still a minor (with only 14-years-old) so a regency was needed. Being the oldest member of the family, Anne, Dowager Queen of Aragon, inmediately claimed the government of Navarra on behalf of her brother; however, Archbishop Alonso of Zaragoza didn't wanted to let her take in charge the regency, because he wanted to take this opportunity to made the complete annexation of Navarra to Aragon.
Once the Dowager Queen (who reportedly, despite her notorious physical infirmities -she was lame and slightly hunchbacked- had a the character and will of a man) knew the intentions of the Archbishop, she tried to escape from Zaragoza to Pamplona, but her plans where discovered and was imprisoned, with the custody of the infant-King Juan III transferred to Archbishop Alonso.
In a secret correspondance with Queen Juana I and King-consort Miguel, the Aragonese Dowager Queen begged their help and intervention for the sake of his son and brother....and the restauration of the peace in the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarra.
This was the perfect excuse for King-consort Miguel to began the hostilities: he inmediately demanded the liberation of Dowager Queen Anne (now formally under the protection of the Castilian crown) in order to asume her responsabilities at Navarra because in Aragon the mighty Archbishop had all the tasks under his hands. Archbishop Alonso blatantly ignored this threat, and in consequence Castilian troops, under the command of the Duke of Frías, advanced to Molina, in the Aragonese-Castilian border, in mid-April 1517.
Archbishop Alonso entrusted the command of part of the Aragonese army to Juan de Lanuza y Torrellas, who advanced to Daroca. Both forces remained in their camps for two weeks, until 2 May, when Lanuza's troops began the attack following the command of the Archbishop, who now felt secure thanks to the written promise of Louis XII of France to send troops to help.
The Duke of Frías ordened the attack inmediately, and Castilian troops entered in Aragon. The subsequent Siege and fall of Daroca (4-5 May 1517) was quickly winned by the Castilian, thanks to the betrayal of the Major of Daroca, who opened the Puerta Baja (principal entrance to the city) and allowed the troops to capture it. The troops of Lanuza were unable to stopped the advance of the Castilian army and defeated, thanks to the Portuguese troops who were suprisingly send by King Manuel I to help. In rapid succession, the Portuguese-Castilian army captured Calatayud, Épila and Caspe (where they released Dowager Queen Anne, who was imprisoned there in the Collegiate of Santa María la Mayor) and on 12 May they arrived to the outsides of Zaragoza, ready to the siege of the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon.
TO BE CONTINUED......
Once the Dowager Queen (who reportedly, despite her notorious physical infirmities -she was lame and slightly hunchbacked- had a the character and will of a man) knew the intentions of the Archbishop, she tried to escape from Zaragoza to Pamplona, but her plans where discovered and was imprisoned, with the custody of the infant-King Juan III transferred to Archbishop Alonso.
In a secret correspondance with Queen Juana I and King-consort Miguel, the Aragonese Dowager Queen begged their help and intervention for the sake of his son and brother....and the restauration of the peace in the Kingdoms of Aragon and Navarra.
This was the perfect excuse for King-consort Miguel to began the hostilities: he inmediately demanded the liberation of Dowager Queen Anne (now formally under the protection of the Castilian crown) in order to asume her responsabilities at Navarra because in Aragon the mighty Archbishop had all the tasks under his hands. Archbishop Alonso blatantly ignored this threat, and in consequence Castilian troops, under the command of the Duke of Frías, advanced to Molina, in the Aragonese-Castilian border, in mid-April 1517.
Archbishop Alonso entrusted the command of part of the Aragonese army to Juan de Lanuza y Torrellas, who advanced to Daroca. Both forces remained in their camps for two weeks, until 2 May, when Lanuza's troops began the attack following the command of the Archbishop, who now felt secure thanks to the written promise of Louis XII of France to send troops to help.
The Duke of Frías ordened the attack inmediately, and Castilian troops entered in Aragon. The subsequent Siege and fall of Daroca (4-5 May 1517) was quickly winned by the Castilian, thanks to the betrayal of the Major of Daroca, who opened the Puerta Baja (principal entrance to the city) and allowed the troops to capture it. The troops of Lanuza were unable to stopped the advance of the Castilian army and defeated, thanks to the Portuguese troops who were suprisingly send by King Manuel I to help. In rapid succession, the Portuguese-Castilian army captured Calatayud, Épila and Caspe (where they released Dowager Queen Anne, who was imprisoned there in the Collegiate of Santa María la Mayor) and on 12 May they arrived to the outsides of Zaragoza, ready to the siege of the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon.
TO BE CONTINUED......
The Dowager Queen of Aragon seems like a rather stupid woman.By inviting the other claimants of the Aragonese throne in,she's basically delivering the fate of her son to them.I would not be surprised if the baby King died a mysterious death.
The siege of Zaragoza, capital of the Kingdom of Aragon, by a combined Portuguese-Castilian troops began on 12 May 1517.
Inside the city, chaos and riots erupted. Archbishop Alonso, in the Royal Palace, firstly decided to put the infant-King Juan III in a safe place, and after this he began to prepare the defense of the city, waiting the French troops of support promised by Francis I. Secretly, a militar contingent with the infant-King leave the city in the night of 13-14 May in order to send him to Tarragona and from then to the island of Majorca; however, a second Portuguese militar contingent, leaded by Rodrigo de Melo, Count of Tentúgal and Marquis of Ferreira, cut the passing of the Aragonese entourage in Lerida, effectively capturing the infant-King, who was conduced to the Castilian camps in Daroca.
The capture of Juan III by the Castilians caused a serie of riots in Zaragoza against Archbishop Alonso, blaming him for the invasion and the loss of their King. The Archbishop, in such desperate situation, and unable to controlled both the internal rebellion of the city and the attack to the walls of the city by the Castilians, repeatedly begged the expected assistance of Francis I; however, the French King delayed in sending troops.
Finally, when the Archbishop finally had to faced the fact that Francis I indeed had betrayed him and already had a pact with Castile and Portugal (as was later discovered) he had to capitulate: on 17 May 1517 he formally surrendered the keys of the city of Zaragoza to his brother-in-law the Duke of Frías. With this, the Regency of the Archbishop effectively ended.
Four days later, on 21 May, was signed the Treaty of Belleau between Castile and France, whose terms were as follows:
A defeated and broken man, Archbishop Alonso retired from the political scene, dying in 1520 aged 50. He was succeeded in the Archbishopric of Zaragoza by his own bastard son, Juan of Aragon.
TO BE CONTINUED......
Inside the city, chaos and riots erupted. Archbishop Alonso, in the Royal Palace, firstly decided to put the infant-King Juan III in a safe place, and after this he began to prepare the defense of the city, waiting the French troops of support promised by Francis I. Secretly, a militar contingent with the infant-King leave the city in the night of 13-14 May in order to send him to Tarragona and from then to the island of Majorca; however, a second Portuguese militar contingent, leaded by Rodrigo de Melo, Count of Tentúgal and Marquis of Ferreira, cut the passing of the Aragonese entourage in Lerida, effectively capturing the infant-King, who was conduced to the Castilian camps in Daroca.
The capture of Juan III by the Castilians caused a serie of riots in Zaragoza against Archbishop Alonso, blaming him for the invasion and the loss of their King. The Archbishop, in such desperate situation, and unable to controlled both the internal rebellion of the city and the attack to the walls of the city by the Castilians, repeatedly begged the expected assistance of Francis I; however, the French King delayed in sending troops.
Finally, when the Archbishop finally had to faced the fact that Francis I indeed had betrayed him and already had a pact with Castile and Portugal (as was later discovered) he had to capitulate: on 17 May 1517 he formally surrendered the keys of the city of Zaragoza to his brother-in-law the Duke of Frías. With this, the Regency of the Archbishop effectively ended.
Four days later, on 21 May, was signed the Treaty of Belleau between Castile and France, whose terms were as follows:
- Archbishop Alonso retained his ecclesiastical titles and properties, but he was stripped from the government of Aragon and the custody of the King, who were granted to Queen Juana I as his "closest and next blood relative" (mas propincuo e proximo pariente de sangre); in addition, the physical custody of infant-King Juan III was also given to the Castilian Queen, who appointed the Duke of Frías as her proxy in Aragon, and thanks to being the husband of Juana of Aragon, bastard daughter of King Fernando II, was easily accepted a new Lieutenant General of the Kingdom and guardian of Juan III until his majority, who was stipulated in his 18th birthday, in 1534.
- As a reward for the French inaction in the Aragonese-Castile War, was arranged the betrothal of Infante Manuel of Portugal-Castile, Prince of Asturias, with Princess Louise of France (born 1515), eldest daughter of Francis I.
- The Kingdom of Navarra retained his nominal independence, but now under the protectorate of the Kingdom of Castile, with Dowager Queen Anne as Regent on behalf of her brother King Henry II until his legal majority, in 1521.
A defeated and broken man, Archbishop Alonso retired from the political scene, dying in 1520 aged 50. He was succeeded in the Archbishopric of Zaragoza by his own bastard son, Juan of Aragon.
TO BE CONTINUED......
When Queen Juana I began her confinement period in her third pregnancy, by the end of July 1517, the process of colonization in the New World was intensified under the command of Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado.
::::::::::::::::::::
Following the foundation of Santo Domingo (in the now Dominican Republic) in 1500, the Spanish intervention in the Americas, despite the strong resistance of the natives, became even more consistent. However, despite some initial success, the process of colonization didn't began with force until 1518, when Hernán Cortés began the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place.
In the process of colonization, the Castilian since 1521 obtained the assistance and help of the Kingdom of Portugal, after the revision of the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, thanks to the active instigation of King-consort Miguel.
Prior to the revision of the Treaty, the Portuguese colonial expansion was limited to the exploration and settlement in the now country of Brazil, leaded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. However, with the revision of the Treaty of Tordesillas (who came into force since 1 January 1518), both Portuguese and Castilian began a series of co-expeditions inside the Americas, leading to the conquest of the now known Central America -exploration, invasion and capture of the now countries of Belice, Costa Rica (1518-1519), El Salvador (1519), Guatemala (1520-1521), Honduras, Nicaragua and Panamá (1521-23)-.
Following the terms of the New Treaty of Tordesillas (commonly known as Treaty of Badajoz), in all the new territories discovered and conquest, the crowns of Portugal and Castile had equal rights of sovereignty and recollection of goods, slaves and others. In the years to follow, this division proved to be extremely controversial and unstable.
::::::::::::::::::::
On 10 August 1517, Queen Juana I gave birth her third child, a daughter. She was named Isabel in honor to her late grandmother. Only fourteen months later, on 21 October 1518, the Queen had another son, named Fernando after the late Aragonese King, and on 16 January 1520 the Queen had her fifth and final child, a daughter named Maria in honor of Juana I's maternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy.
On 13 December 1521, King Manuel I of Portugal died in Lisbon; the news arrived to Castile six days later, on 19 December. Inmediately, the now King Miguel I of Portugal began the preparations for his trip to his country to assumed the throne. During his absence, the Regency was held by his faithful half-brother João, Duke of Coimbra.
The Cortes of Burgos are concerned about to allowed the departure of Queen Juana I, now as Queen consort of Portugal. However, the King-consort desperately wanted to go to Lisbon to be sworn and proclaimed King of Portugal, so a tense dispute took place during the Cortes. After two days of discussions, finally on 5 January 1522 the Cortes granted the consent to the departure of the royal couple for five months.
Two days later, on 7 January, with an impressive entourage, Miguel I and Juana I parted to Portugal. The Regency of the Kingdom of Castile assigned to the Archbishop of Toledo, Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa, who succeeded Cardinal Cisneros. About the royal children, at first the Cortes wanted that they stay, but the oposition of the Queen finally prevailed and they parted with their parents.
After a trip through Palencia, Valladolid, Zamora, Salamanca, Ciudad Rodrigo, Coria and Caceres, the Castilian entourage arrived to Valencia de Alcantara on 2 February. There, they were greeted by the local population, while the portuguese city of Marvão prepared to received their sovereigns. After a night in Alburquerque, the King and Queen entered in Marvão on 3 February 1522, and began their trip inside the Kingdom of Portugal.
TO BE CONTINUED.......
::::::::::::::::::::
Following the foundation of Santo Domingo (in the now Dominican Republic) in 1500, the Spanish intervention in the Americas, despite the strong resistance of the natives, became even more consistent. However, despite some initial success, the process of colonization didn't began with force until 1518, when Hernán Cortés began the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place.
In the process of colonization, the Castilian since 1521 obtained the assistance and help of the Kingdom of Portugal, after the revision of the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, thanks to the active instigation of King-consort Miguel.
Prior to the revision of the Treaty, the Portuguese colonial expansion was limited to the exploration and settlement in the now country of Brazil, leaded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. However, with the revision of the Treaty of Tordesillas (who came into force since 1 January 1518), both Portuguese and Castilian began a series of co-expeditions inside the Americas, leading to the conquest of the now known Central America -exploration, invasion and capture of the now countries of Belice, Costa Rica (1518-1519), El Salvador (1519), Guatemala (1520-1521), Honduras, Nicaragua and Panamá (1521-23)-.
Following the terms of the New Treaty of Tordesillas (commonly known as Treaty of Badajoz), in all the new territories discovered and conquest, the crowns of Portugal and Castile had equal rights of sovereignty and recollection of goods, slaves and others. In the years to follow, this division proved to be extremely controversial and unstable.
::::::::::::::::::::
On 10 August 1517, Queen Juana I gave birth her third child, a daughter. She was named Isabel in honor to her late grandmother. Only fourteen months later, on 21 October 1518, the Queen had another son, named Fernando after the late Aragonese King, and on 16 January 1520 the Queen had her fifth and final child, a daughter named Maria in honor of Juana I's maternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy.
On 13 December 1521, King Manuel I of Portugal died in Lisbon; the news arrived to Castile six days later, on 19 December. Inmediately, the now King Miguel I of Portugal began the preparations for his trip to his country to assumed the throne. During his absence, the Regency was held by his faithful half-brother João, Duke of Coimbra.
The Cortes of Burgos are concerned about to allowed the departure of Queen Juana I, now as Queen consort of Portugal. However, the King-consort desperately wanted to go to Lisbon to be sworn and proclaimed King of Portugal, so a tense dispute took place during the Cortes. After two days of discussions, finally on 5 January 1522 the Cortes granted the consent to the departure of the royal couple for five months.
Two days later, on 7 January, with an impressive entourage, Miguel I and Juana I parted to Portugal. The Regency of the Kingdom of Castile assigned to the Archbishop of Toledo, Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa, who succeeded Cardinal Cisneros. About the royal children, at first the Cortes wanted that they stay, but the oposition of the Queen finally prevailed and they parted with their parents.
After a trip through Palencia, Valladolid, Zamora, Salamanca, Ciudad Rodrigo, Coria and Caceres, the Castilian entourage arrived to Valencia de Alcantara on 2 February. There, they were greeted by the local population, while the portuguese city of Marvão prepared to received their sovereigns. After a night in Alburquerque, the King and Queen entered in Marvão on 3 February 1522, and began their trip inside the Kingdom of Portugal.
TO BE CONTINUED.......
After leaving Marvão, the Castilian entourage continue the trip through Crato, Avis, Mora, Coruche and Alcochete, arriving to Lisbon on 11 February 1522, in a middle of magnificient parades, receptions and cheers of the population.
Inmediately, the King and Queen with their children parted to the Royal Palace, where they were greeted by the Duke of Coimbra, who humbly inclined in front of Miguel, recognizing him as legitimate King of Portugal. After the Duke, the whole court and main noble families paid their respects to the new monarch.
The first act of Miguel as King of Portugal took place the next day, on 12 February, when he solemnly sworn to respect the portuguese customs and politics; following this, his eldest son Manuel was proclaimed Prince of Portugal and heir of the throne.
During all the festivities and ceremonies, Juana I seems to be extremely uncomfortable with her role as Queen consort, as was noted by the chronicles:
The Queen of Castile, accustomed to rule and had the first world, now was only the royal consort of Portugal and had to obey King Miguel, who was overjoyed and proud of his new status.
The role of the Castilian nobles in Lisbon was also controversial: they blatantly showed disrespect and arrogance to the Portuguese nobility, who bitterly complained to their new King.
Divided between both sides, King Miguel asked the advice of his half-brother the Duke of Coimbra, who believed that the Castilians, being foreigns, had to obey and respect the customs of Portugal. After King Miguel gave an strong reprimand to Luis Fernández Manrique de Lara, Marquis of Aguilar de Campoo (who was in charge of the Castilian entourage), other incidents weren't reported.
::::::::::::::::::::
Once the ceremonies of his enthronement ended, King Miguel, with his family and court, decided to travel to the main cities of Portugal. When they arrived to Santarém, in the north of Lisbon, on 27 February, the King became suddenly and suspiciously ill.
Despite his fragile health, King Miguel was determined to continue the royal journey. When on 6 March the court arrived to Leiria, the King suffered an attack of convulsions and high fever. The royal physicians forbidden any movement, so the court and royal family remained there until mid-April, when again the stubbornness of King Miguel caused that the trip continue.
On 24 April the royal family and portuguese court arrived to Coimbra, one of the oldest and most prestigious cities of the Kingdom. Once there, the sovereign, despite his worsening condition, attended audiences and ceremonies, and even made a visit to the local University, founded in 1290 and the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world. Tragically, on the night between 27-28 April, the King suffered another violent attack of convulsions.
Despite all the frenetic and desperate attempts to save him of the physicians, Miguel I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, by marriage King-consort of Castile, died in the Royal Palace of Coimbra on 1 May 1522 aged 23.
Following his request, he was buried with great pomp next to his parents and stepmother at the Jerónimos Monastery, located near the shore of the parish of Belém on 9 May. Rumours about poisoning by Castilian nobles were intense during some time; however, this never can be proved.
::::::::::::::::::::
Now Dowager Queen of Portugal, Juana I reportedly was deeply affected by the death of her husband, although she inmediately took in charge the portuguese government affairs:
With Portugal secured for her son, Juana I returned with her children to Castile.
::::::::::::::::::::
Still young and an attractive bride as Queen regnant of Castile and next-in-line to Aragon, Juana I soon received several marriage proposals; however, one of them became extremely interesting: in July 1523 arrived to Burgos a formal petition from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands, her first-cousin. Much to the atonishment of her advisors and court, she accepted.
TO BE CONTINUED......
Inmediately, the King and Queen with their children parted to the Royal Palace, where they were greeted by the Duke of Coimbra, who humbly inclined in front of Miguel, recognizing him as legitimate King of Portugal. After the Duke, the whole court and main noble families paid their respects to the new monarch.
The first act of Miguel as King of Portugal took place the next day, on 12 February, when he solemnly sworn to respect the portuguese customs and politics; following this, his eldest son Manuel was proclaimed Prince of Portugal and heir of the throne.
During all the festivities and ceremonies, Juana I seems to be extremely uncomfortable with her role as Queen consort, as was noted by the chronicles:
The Queen of Castile, accustomed to rule and had the first world, now was only the royal consort of Portugal and had to obey King Miguel, who was overjoyed and proud of his new status.
The role of the Castilian nobles in Lisbon was also controversial: they blatantly showed disrespect and arrogance to the Portuguese nobility, who bitterly complained to their new King.
Divided between both sides, King Miguel asked the advice of his half-brother the Duke of Coimbra, who believed that the Castilians, being foreigns, had to obey and respect the customs of Portugal. After King Miguel gave an strong reprimand to Luis Fernández Manrique de Lara, Marquis of Aguilar de Campoo (who was in charge of the Castilian entourage), other incidents weren't reported.
::::::::::::::::::::
Once the ceremonies of his enthronement ended, King Miguel, with his family and court, decided to travel to the main cities of Portugal. When they arrived to Santarém, in the north of Lisbon, on 27 February, the King became suddenly and suspiciously ill.
Despite his fragile health, King Miguel was determined to continue the royal journey. When on 6 March the court arrived to Leiria, the King suffered an attack of convulsions and high fever. The royal physicians forbidden any movement, so the court and royal family remained there until mid-April, when again the stubbornness of King Miguel caused that the trip continue.
On 24 April the royal family and portuguese court arrived to Coimbra, one of the oldest and most prestigious cities of the Kingdom. Once there, the sovereign, despite his worsening condition, attended audiences and ceremonies, and even made a visit to the local University, founded in 1290 and the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world. Tragically, on the night between 27-28 April, the King suffered another violent attack of convulsions.
Despite all the frenetic and desperate attempts to save him of the physicians, Miguel I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, by marriage King-consort of Castile, died in the Royal Palace of Coimbra on 1 May 1522 aged 23.
Following his request, he was buried with great pomp next to his parents and stepmother at the Jerónimos Monastery, located near the shore of the parish of Belém on 9 May. Rumours about poisoning by Castilian nobles were intense during some time; however, this never can be proved.
::::::::::::::::::::
Now Dowager Queen of Portugal, Juana I reportedly was deeply affected by the death of her husband, although she inmediately took in charge the portuguese government affairs:
- Firstly, on 11 May the Portuguese Cortes, reunited in Lisbon, formally proclaimed new King of Portugal the eldest son of the late sovereign, Manuel II, a 6-years-old child.
- Secondly, she asked to the Cortes the regency of the Kingdom of Portugal on behalf of her son, but this was violently opposed by the nobility, who backed the Duke of Coimbra, half-uncle of the new King, as Regent until the majority of Manuel II, who was stipulated after his 15th birthday, in 1530.
- Thirdly, was determined the place of living of the new monarch; logically, the Cortes wanted that Manuel II remained in Portugal to be educated in the local customs. However, this time the Dowager Queen had the final word in this: as the remaining parent alive, she had the legal and physical custody of her son, although was successfully negociated a pact under which Manuel II would spend 5 months of the year in Lisbon since the next Christmas of 1523.
With Portugal secured for her son, Juana I returned with her children to Castile.
::::::::::::::::::::
Still young and an attractive bride as Queen regnant of Castile and next-in-line to Aragon, Juana I soon received several marriage proposals; however, one of them became extremely interesting: in July 1523 arrived to Burgos a formal petition from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands, her first-cousin. Much to the atonishment of her advisors and court, she accepted.
TO BE CONTINUED......
Last edited:
The announcement of the betrothal between Queen Juana I of Castile, Dowager Queen of Portugal and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in July 1523 caused concern in the rest of Europe, especially in France, because this alliance would change the balance of power.
::::::::::::::::::::
Early orphaned after the death of his father in 1506 and due to the mental incapacity of his mother, Charles of Habsburg and his siblings were raised in Vienna at the court of their paternal grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and German King.
During the minority of Charles, the Netherlands were ruled by a Council of Regency leaded by Willem II van Croÿ, Lord of Chièvres, although the main decisions were taken by Emperor Maximilian I, who was the legal guardian of his grandchildren.
The succession over the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Germany wasn't secured to Charles, despite he was the Habsburg male heir. The main obstacles were that Emperor wasn't crowned by the Pope and thus unable to pass the title to his descent (however, he was able to use the title of Emperor-elect with Rome's approval in 1508) and the German crown was elective, so since the death of his son, Maximilian I focused for the rest of his reign to obtain the Imperial coronation and the votes of the Princes-Electors on behalf of his grandson.
One of the first goals of Maximilian I was the hoped Imperial coronation; after almost two years of negociations, he was crowned by Pope Julius II in Rome on 11 January 1510 in a magnificent ceremony who was attended by all the Electors and German courtesans. By the Papal Bull Imperialiis dated 13 January, the title of Holy Roman Emperor -inherent to the German Kingdom- was formally declared heritable by the male descendants of Maximilian I until the fourth generation, with the condition that the House of Habsburg became in "Defenders of the Pope and the Catholicism".
After the solemn ceremonies and festivities ended and backed with the Papal Bull, Maximilian I obtained his second -and most important- political goal on behalf of his dinasty, when the Princes-Electors consented with the coronation of his grandson Charles as German King, who was held in Aachen on 24 February 1510.
Now as German King, Charles became formally associated to the government by his grandfather, who also made him his co-ruler in the Habsburg hereditary domains (the Archduchy of Austria, the County of Tyrol and the Dukedoms of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola) on 17 March 1511.
Despite being carefully educated, Charles, in his childhood, didn't gave a sign of having a precocious intelligence; in fact, he preferred hunting and tournaments, activities that he mastered. He also studied music and was fond of playing the spinel and clavichord. In addition to this, on him rooted deeply the concepts of honor and defense of the Catholic faith.
Only after the death of Maximilian I, on 12 January 1519, Charles developed his political skills. The now Charles V firstly signed a compromise with the Princes-Electors, called the Treaty of Vienna (17 February 1519) under which he promised to respect their political independence but only if they recognized the supremacy of the Habsburgs over them.
The next step of the new Emperor was to approached the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia to his family with the double marriages between his siblings Archduke Ferdinand and Archduchess Mary with the siblings Princess Anna Jagiellon and King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, who taken place at Linz on 24 November 1519 (in fact, they were juridically married since 1515, but because they were underage at that time, in his will Maximilian I entrusted his grandson to celebrated the formal weddings). His other sister, Archduchess Isabella, was already married since 1515 with King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, so the hegemony of the Habsburgs reached to the Baltic states.
Following the death of King Miguel of Portugal on May 1522, was the Dowager Princess of Asturias who fiercely promoted the union between her daughter and her nephew, despite the clear opposition of both the Castilians and France.
::::::::::::::::::::
The papal dispensation for affinity (both bride and groom are double first-cousins) was granted on 1 August 1523, and the marriage capitulations were signed ten days later, on 11 August simultaneously in Burgos and Innsbruck.
Three days after the signing of the marriage capitulations, on 14 August, was signed the Treaty of Paris between Charles V and Francis I, under which the Emperor, in exchange for the neutrality of France and the acceptance of his wedding, agreed to engaged his first-born son with Princess Charlotte of France (born 1516), second daughter of Francis I; in this way, the French King had his two oldest daughters the nexts Queen of Castile-Portugal and Holy Roman Empress, and his vanity would be satisfied, according to chroniclers.
As a part of the capitulation, Queen Juana I had to travel to Vienna to marry the Emperor (because he was the monarch with bigger rank). In the marriage capitulations was also included a codicil demanded by the Castilian Cortes, under which the Queen was forced to sworn that the current line of succession would be respect, i.e. all the children born from the first marriage (males and females) had precedence over any future children born from the second marriage.
Only after the Queen solemnly promised to respect the rights of her children, began her trip to Vienna with a magnificent retinue of Castilians nobles and one of the biggest dowries of the Middle Ages: almost 1'500,000 florins.
TO BE CONTINUED.....
::::::::::::::::::::
Early orphaned after the death of his father in 1506 and due to the mental incapacity of his mother, Charles of Habsburg and his siblings were raised in Vienna at the court of their paternal grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and German King.
During the minority of Charles, the Netherlands were ruled by a Council of Regency leaded by Willem II van Croÿ, Lord of Chièvres, although the main decisions were taken by Emperor Maximilian I, who was the legal guardian of his grandchildren.
The succession over the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Germany wasn't secured to Charles, despite he was the Habsburg male heir. The main obstacles were that Emperor wasn't crowned by the Pope and thus unable to pass the title to his descent (however, he was able to use the title of Emperor-elect with Rome's approval in 1508) and the German crown was elective, so since the death of his son, Maximilian I focused for the rest of his reign to obtain the Imperial coronation and the votes of the Princes-Electors on behalf of his grandson.
One of the first goals of Maximilian I was the hoped Imperial coronation; after almost two years of negociations, he was crowned by Pope Julius II in Rome on 11 January 1510 in a magnificent ceremony who was attended by all the Electors and German courtesans. By the Papal Bull Imperialiis dated 13 January, the title of Holy Roman Emperor -inherent to the German Kingdom- was formally declared heritable by the male descendants of Maximilian I until the fourth generation, with the condition that the House of Habsburg became in "Defenders of the Pope and the Catholicism".
After the solemn ceremonies and festivities ended and backed with the Papal Bull, Maximilian I obtained his second -and most important- political goal on behalf of his dinasty, when the Princes-Electors consented with the coronation of his grandson Charles as German King, who was held in Aachen on 24 February 1510.
Now as German King, Charles became formally associated to the government by his grandfather, who also made him his co-ruler in the Habsburg hereditary domains (the Archduchy of Austria, the County of Tyrol and the Dukedoms of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola) on 17 March 1511.
Despite being carefully educated, Charles, in his childhood, didn't gave a sign of having a precocious intelligence; in fact, he preferred hunting and tournaments, activities that he mastered. He also studied music and was fond of playing the spinel and clavichord. In addition to this, on him rooted deeply the concepts of honor and defense of the Catholic faith.
Only after the death of Maximilian I, on 12 January 1519, Charles developed his political skills. The now Charles V firstly signed a compromise with the Princes-Electors, called the Treaty of Vienna (17 February 1519) under which he promised to respect their political independence but only if they recognized the supremacy of the Habsburgs over them.
The next step of the new Emperor was to approached the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia to his family with the double marriages between his siblings Archduke Ferdinand and Archduchess Mary with the siblings Princess Anna Jagiellon and King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, who taken place at Linz on 24 November 1519 (in fact, they were juridically married since 1515, but because they were underage at that time, in his will Maximilian I entrusted his grandson to celebrated the formal weddings). His other sister, Archduchess Isabella, was already married since 1515 with King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, so the hegemony of the Habsburgs reached to the Baltic states.
Following the death of King Miguel of Portugal on May 1522, was the Dowager Princess of Asturias who fiercely promoted the union between her daughter and her nephew, despite the clear opposition of both the Castilians and France.
::::::::::::::::::::
The papal dispensation for affinity (both bride and groom are double first-cousins) was granted on 1 August 1523, and the marriage capitulations were signed ten days later, on 11 August simultaneously in Burgos and Innsbruck.
Three days after the signing of the marriage capitulations, on 14 August, was signed the Treaty of Paris between Charles V and Francis I, under which the Emperor, in exchange for the neutrality of France and the acceptance of his wedding, agreed to engaged his first-born son with Princess Charlotte of France (born 1516), second daughter of Francis I; in this way, the French King had his two oldest daughters the nexts Queen of Castile-Portugal and Holy Roman Empress, and his vanity would be satisfied, according to chroniclers.
As a part of the capitulation, Queen Juana I had to travel to Vienna to marry the Emperor (because he was the monarch with bigger rank). In the marriage capitulations was also included a codicil demanded by the Castilian Cortes, under which the Queen was forced to sworn that the current line of succession would be respect, i.e. all the children born from the first marriage (males and females) had precedence over any future children born from the second marriage.
Only after the Queen solemnly promised to respect the rights of her children, began her trip to Vienna with a magnificent retinue of Castilians nobles and one of the biggest dowries of the Middle Ages: almost 1'500,000 florins.
TO BE CONTINUED.....
Last edited:
At first, was decided that Queen Juana I would travel firstly by sea to the borders of Holy Roman Empire; however, due to the invitation of King Francis I of France to crossed his domains, the Castilian retinue leave Burgos in the first hours of 10 August 1523 to the port of Santander, where a ship conduced them to the French port of La Rochelle, where an embassy leaded by Anne de Montmorency, Marshal of France, received the Queen.
The government of the Kingdom of Castile, during the Queen's absence, was held by Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Castile.
::::::::::::::::::::
Following a journey through Benon, Niort, Poitiers, Châtellerault, Loches, Blois, Châteaudun, Chartres and Montlhéry, the Castilians arrived to Paris on 24 August, in a middle of magnificent receptions and ceremonies.
Queen Juana I was received in the Louvre Palace by King Francis I and his whole court, who were impressed by the beauty and arrogance of the Queen of Castile and Portugal....the title of Empress was indeed befitted to her, according to Jacques de La Palice, Grand Marshal of France. In representation of the pregnant and sickly Queen Claude, the King's mother Louise of Savoy and famous sister Marguerite of Angoulême were next to him, surrounded by the royal children.
In addition, Francis I use the visit of Juana I in his Kingdom to renew the Treaty of Belleau (with the betrothal of his daughter Louise with Manuel II, King of Portugal and Prince of Asturias) and to secure the acceptance of the Queen to the Treaty of Paris signed between him and Charles V.
After a short stay in Paris, the court translated to the Palace of Fontainebleau, where the festivities for Queen Juana I continue until 27 August, when a message from Charles V urging his bride to reasumed the trip caused that the Castilian retinue leave Fontainebleau; during the second part of the journey to the Duchy of Luxembourg (where the envoys of Charles V are waiting), Marshal Montmorency escorted the Castilian Queen.
In the first hours of 11 September 1523 the entourage arrived to Longwy, in the France-Luxembourg border. Once there, Juana I officially entered in the Holy Roman Empire territories with an escort leaded by Archduke Ferdinand, her first-cousin and future brother-in-law.
::::::::::::::::::::
Following a lenghty trip (thanks to the multiple receptions and ceremonies performed by the local nobles) through Worms, Speyer, Wimpfen, Heilbronn, Stuttgart, Gmünd, Nördlingen, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Passau and Linz, the Castilian retinue finally arrived to Vienna on 28 October 1523. The celebrations and reception were by far the most extravagant and expensive made ever to a future German consort, according to chroniclers.
With a crowd who cheered and blessed her, Juana I, escorted by Archduke Ferdinand, arrived to Hofburg Palace, where she was firstly greeted by her first-cousins and future sisters-in-law, Archduchesses Eleanor and Catherine and by Archduke Ferdinand's wife, Princess Anna of Hungary.
Inmediately after them, entered Emperor Charles V, dressed in silver and gold, surrounded by his court and magistrates to paid homage to her. Juana I, dressed in a Castilian dress made of fine silk with incrustations of silver and jewels, humbly inclined to her future husband. Reportedly, both Juana I and Charles V are satisfied with each other.
The wedding between Juana I, Queen of Castile and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, took place on 1 November 1523 at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna. In the ceremony, Juana I was crowned Holy Roman Empress.
TO BE CONTINUED......
The government of the Kingdom of Castile, during the Queen's absence, was held by Alonso de Fonseca y Ulloa, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Castile.
::::::::::::::::::::
Following a journey through Benon, Niort, Poitiers, Châtellerault, Loches, Blois, Châteaudun, Chartres and Montlhéry, the Castilians arrived to Paris on 24 August, in a middle of magnificent receptions and ceremonies.
Queen Juana I was received in the Louvre Palace by King Francis I and his whole court, who were impressed by the beauty and arrogance of the Queen of Castile and Portugal....the title of Empress was indeed befitted to her, according to Jacques de La Palice, Grand Marshal of France. In representation of the pregnant and sickly Queen Claude, the King's mother Louise of Savoy and famous sister Marguerite of Angoulême were next to him, surrounded by the royal children.
In addition, Francis I use the visit of Juana I in his Kingdom to renew the Treaty of Belleau (with the betrothal of his daughter Louise with Manuel II, King of Portugal and Prince of Asturias) and to secure the acceptance of the Queen to the Treaty of Paris signed between him and Charles V.
After a short stay in Paris, the court translated to the Palace of Fontainebleau, where the festivities for Queen Juana I continue until 27 August, when a message from Charles V urging his bride to reasumed the trip caused that the Castilian retinue leave Fontainebleau; during the second part of the journey to the Duchy of Luxembourg (where the envoys of Charles V are waiting), Marshal Montmorency escorted the Castilian Queen.
In the first hours of 11 September 1523 the entourage arrived to Longwy, in the France-Luxembourg border. Once there, Juana I officially entered in the Holy Roman Empire territories with an escort leaded by Archduke Ferdinand, her first-cousin and future brother-in-law.
::::::::::::::::::::
Following a lenghty trip (thanks to the multiple receptions and ceremonies performed by the local nobles) through Worms, Speyer, Wimpfen, Heilbronn, Stuttgart, Gmünd, Nördlingen, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Passau and Linz, the Castilian retinue finally arrived to Vienna on 28 October 1523. The celebrations and reception were by far the most extravagant and expensive made ever to a future German consort, according to chroniclers.
With a crowd who cheered and blessed her, Juana I, escorted by Archduke Ferdinand, arrived to Hofburg Palace, where she was firstly greeted by her first-cousins and future sisters-in-law, Archduchesses Eleanor and Catherine and by Archduke Ferdinand's wife, Princess Anna of Hungary.
Inmediately after them, entered Emperor Charles V, dressed in silver and gold, surrounded by his court and magistrates to paid homage to her. Juana I, dressed in a Castilian dress made of fine silk with incrustations of silver and jewels, humbly inclined to her future husband. Reportedly, both Juana I and Charles V are satisfied with each other.
The wedding between Juana I, Queen of Castile and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, took place on 1 November 1523 at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna. In the ceremony, Juana I was crowned Holy Roman Empress.
TO BE CONTINUED......
Last edited:
I don't think a crowned emperor actually uses the title King of the Germans.The title King of the Germans was derogatory in it's origin and the king in person would prefer to be called King of the Romans.Even then,once crowned as emperor,the emperor would no longer refer to himself as the King of the Romans/Germans.The title was only reserved for the emperor-elect.Once Maximillian obtained permission to be crowned emperor without being physically crowned by the pope,the title was only given to those that are elected emperor during the lifetime of the reigning emperor.