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On the 100th anniversary of Liliuokalani's death (November 11, 1917), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalani I'd like to ask if it would have made any difference if her husband John Dominis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_Dominis had not died in 1891. I have read in a few places that he may have exercised a restraining influence on her:

"Hence, we know that the Prince Consort did not die unexpectedly and that Liliuokalani had ample time ...to prepare herself for the eventuality of his death. But there is no doubt that as long as he lived, he had exercised a restraining power on the Queen's hasty and ill advised political decisions that led to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy by the Revolution of 1893. In fact, her most radical political moves, especially unpopular among the small, but economically strong, Caucasian or haole population in the Hawaiian Kingdom, occurred soon after Governor Dominis' death."

http://www.croatia.org/…/www.croatians.com/HAWAII-PRINCE.htm

Of course one can argue that annexation was inevitable anyway:

"The queen had already done enough to make her seat on the throne most precarious, and reaped the reward in gossip about her private life. In 1891 the death of her husband, a long, weedy, former merchant-seaman named John Dominis, robbed her of a restraining influence. Yet the monarchy had survived previous storms and might have survived this, if events in the States had not made it imperative for sugar to pull the throne down. The McKinley tariff of 1890 had wiped out the competitive advantage of Hawaiian over other foreign sugars in the American market, on which the Island sugar industry was inextricably dependent. There was talk of shifting to the Australian and New Zealand markets but, though a fair amount of sugar had been going that way, no realist considered this a hopeful expedient. The most powerful forces in the Islands had either to get the new tariff revised in favor of Hawaii, a most improbable scheme that would spell bankruptcy if delayed too long, or somehow get Hawaii inside the States' tariff barrier. That meant annexation."
https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofparadis012497mbp…

Did it, necessarily, though? If the monarchy was not seen as anti-American, could some sort of quasi-protectorate deal, keeping the monarchy and at least nominal independence, and granting Hawaii a favorable tariff, be worked out?
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