Would Jews have assimilated more or would they stay a distinct people and offer a different cultural perspective within Germanic society?
Most Jews in Germany in the early 1930s were almost completely assimilated anyway, which is one of the reasons why the Nazis' institutionalized antisemitism, and the Germans' acceptance of it, was so shocking to them.
As for what it would do to Germany...it's hard to say, as so much depends on what happens to Germany even without the antisemitism, as intellectuals tend to flee totalitarian states anyway (lots of non-Jewish scientists and artists left Germany in the 30s, too, or look to the massive emigration from Russia in the 20s and 30s, and to lesser extents from Spain, Portugal, and Italy as each fell to its own brand of fascism). Plus, when talking art and culture, a lot of non-Jewish artists left Germany as well (due to the general air of oppression, or more likely persecution for "degeneracy", or for the very-common family ties with Jews).
That said, if Germany ends up liberal (or not unbearably totalitarian), we'll see at least 2/3 of the "big name" scientists involved with quantum mechanics stay there. Gottingen never loses its reputation as
the place for math, etc. Germany will very likely be the country at the forefront of nuclear science (though ultimately who gets the bomb first may end up being more of a question of industrial output and whose colonies have uranium). Not to mention that it'll probably be even better at industrial chemistry and medicine, say, than it was anyway.
There's almost certainly going to be a vibrant intellectual community in Germany, many of whose members are Jewish, but I'm not sure there'll necessarily be a separate Jewish intellectual sphere, simply because the Jewish intellectuals in Germany really were well-assimilated for the most part. Who knows, though? There could be a Jewish revivalist movement or some-such similar thing.