This essentially turns into a "No Mongol Empire" TL, with the standard effects of such a Mothra-sized butterfly. You'd see a stronger Islamic world, and a much stronger and much more populous Persia. On the latter point, Persia only recovered its pre-Mongol population in the twentieth century, so I'd expect it to be about as densely populated as India in this scenario. The Islamic world is probably the centre of science for longer, but at this point it certainly was in a difficult-to-reverse decline. The Sultanate of Rum is a stronger force for longer and never breaks up into several beyliks, though something like a much earlier conquest of Constantinople is out of the question.
In India, the Delhi Sultanate, only recently established, is much weaker without the migration of Turkic peoples fleeing the Mongols into India. Many important Indian figures like Amir Khusrow were descendants of these Turks, so they're all butterflied away. Also, expect Hindustani literature to take a major hit with the absence of Amir Khusrow. I'd also expect the Delhi Sultanate to break up much earlier, and Islam would also make up much smaller minorities throughout India without the Turks settling themselves and going native. It was really thanks to the Mongols that Islam became a significant Indian religion rather than a minor footnote.